Nokukhululwa Budapest amabutho Soviet

NgoMatshi 1944, nabaphumi-2 Ukrainian Front bafika emdeni eSoviet Union kunye Romania. Phantse iminyaka emithathu, abantu Soviet Alwa imfazwe wamagazi nxamnye abahlaseli lwamaNazi kwintsimi yabo. Ke kaloku ekhululekile isibetho emdaka wonke ummandla yaseYurophu kwikhompyutha lwamaNazi. Kodwa kude kuloyiso ekugqibeleni waba ngaphezu cwaka ngaphezu konyaka.

Kuphela ngoSeptemba 1944 nomkhosi ikwazile ukuba bambambe Bulgaria kunye eRomania yaye ukuba uye ngokukhawuleza kwimida kunye Hungary neCzechoslovakia. Ukulwa e Hungary wayehluke ferocity ezizodwa kunye nelahleko enkulu. Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi ukuba ikhulule lizwe uthathe ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintandathu. Ukuze siqonde unobangela kwezi ziganeko, thelekisa imbali yokungena Hungary ukuya emfazweni. Kwakhona sithethe ngendlela yaba kwinkululeko Budapest amabutho yiSoviet (ngokufutshane malunga oku kweli nqaku).

Ifayile yongeno ye Hungary kwi imfazwe Soviet Union

Iziphumo ze leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wabangela ukunganeliseki ebantwini isiHungary. Ngubani liphelelwe lixesha laza lalahlekelwa isixa omkhulu ummandla wabo lizwe ndirhalela ukuba ubabuyisele. Oku sasisithini isizathu esiyintloko ezakhokelela urhulumente ka Miklos Horthy kungena iingalo eJamani. Ukuzama ukuba acele inkxaso Hitler amabango zabo phezu yesiYugoslav kunye namazwe Czech, Hungary yabhengeza zokurhoxa wayo ukususela kuManyano Lwezizwe wajoyina i eMithathu Pact.

De facto, eli lizwe wangena kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngo-Apreli 1941, waba ilungu yokuhlasela Hitler phezu njengeYugoslavia. Imfazwe eSoviet Union waqala Hungary ngomhla wama-27 Juni 1941 Xa zizonke, baye bathunyelwa ngaphambili elingasempuma amakhulu amawaka amajoni, abaninzi kubo bafa okanye athathwa ibanjwa e Stalingrad. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yinxalenye 2 Hungarian Army eSoviet Union baba ngakumbi abangenatarhu, angagcina nje amajoni, kodwa abahlali.

Ngo-1944 kwaye kwacaca ukuba ngokoyiswa eJamani - ngumbandela kwexesha kuphela. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, urhulumente Horthy waqalisa ukufuna indlela yokuphuma emfazweni. Kubekho thethwano kunye iBritani neUnited States, leyo akazange abonwe yi Hitler. UMlawuli, esoyika ubuqhophololo, ndandiba Hungary le imikhosi yaseJamani kunye nokudalwa urhulumente pro-German eli lizwe. Ukubopha abanegama ekubizeni ukuba kumiwe lobudlelwane encedisayo kunye eJamani.

Ke zonke ezi zenzo azikho kakhulu kwaye akwamnceda. Le meko mandundu ngo-Agasti 1944, xa Romania wayeka ukuxhasa iJamani yaye wamkela imiqathango eSoviet Union, ukuba benze ecaleni kwi anti-uHitler womanyano. Horthy wenza iinzame lithemba ukuthethana kunye Soviet Government ekupheleni kwemfazwe efanayo. Kodwa ezi zicwangciso ekuye akwaphumelela oko.

Hitler and yonopopi urhulumente wakhe phantsi kobunkokheli Szálasi eqatha ngesothuso wokwenene Hungary. Eli lizwe iye yaphela imisebenzi, zonke izithuba zemfundo kunye nokuvuselelwa iyonke wavakaliswa. Hungary ibhengeze uhlanga songame yonke indawo weDanube. It Sabuyela ukugxothwa amaYuda kwiinkampu lokufa.

Ukuqala ngamajoni ye-Red Army e Hungary

Phambili iiyunithi ze-Red Ibutho kummandla Hungary luthintelwa nokumelana komsindo evela kumaqela isiHungary kunye nesiJamani. Sekunjalo, omdala ushukuxwa ze anti-Soviet ubuxoki wenze umsebenzi wayo. Hungarians becala nokuba zinkuni Szálasi babekulungele ukuxhasa kodwa hayi ukungena umfelandawonye Russia.

Liyinyaniso elokuba, omnye wamagosa eliphezulu wamajoni Hungary kwakukho abo bakhetha ukuba babeke phantsi izixhobo zabo ukunqanda kwegazi. Ngoko ke, ngo-Oktobha wanikezela B. Miklos alimwi 1st Hungarian Army wabiza kunomathotholo amajoni ukuba silandele umzekelo wakhe. Ngaphezulu kwama-10 amawaka. Abangaphantsi bakhe nabo wabeka phantsi iingalo zabo. Izenzo ezinjalo zarekhodwa phakathi kwezinye ophandonzulu we2 3 yomkhosi isiHungary. Kodwa ke kukho ukuhla olwandle.

Ubizo ezingundoqo okuphazamisa Carpathian- Transylvanian iqela utshaba wabelwa abendlu ka-Front 2 Ukrainian phantsi Marshal Malinovsky kunye Front 4 Ukrainian phantsi umyalelo Jikelele Petrov. Eethenda kwisicwangciso kwafuneka ukuba athathe abapase nge-Eastern Carpathians, liweyise, kunye nokuphuhlisa yosizi mmandla Tisza lomlambo.

Umkhomba-imivimbo esisiseko kwafuneka ukuba zilungiswe izihlandlo eziliqela. Oku kungenxa yokuba iingalo 2 Ukrainian Front ayikwazanga ukuphatha ukwenza ngokomyalelo GHQ. Nqanda lokuhlaselwa utshaba enkulu. Kodwa ke, nangona imeko enzima emkhosini, umkhosi Malinowski e nantoni na efunekayo ukoyisa iintaba yayo kwaye ukufika Debrecen. Lo msebenzi wasilela ukufikelela imikhosi German bayirhawula kwi Carpathians.

Lohlaselo entsha ezicwangciselwe-6 Oktobha. Ngaphandle amabutho yiSoviet, kwayiwa ngokwezahlulo isiRomania 22. Iingalo imikhosi yotshaba kude kunathi 2nd Criminal. Ingxaki ubukhulu becala umgca ngaphambili (800 km) kunye namalungiselelo abahlwempuzekileyo. Kwaye ukuba ityala lachithwa akhethe amaJamani kaloliwe kunye neendlela lonke eRomania.

luck Good kwi kuhlasela kwicala-mkhosi Soviet. BaseJamani nje akazange aqonde ukubaluleka esithumela Debrecen, ndawonye imikhosi eziphambili ekwimimandla emelene yeBudapest. Afterthought, angxamisa baqalisa kuphosa phantsi kwizahlulo Debrecen ezintlanu imishini. Kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha.

October 6 yaqalisa advance ngokukhawuleza amabutho Soviet. Zonke iinzame yi amaNazi ukumisa phambili yabo akuphumelelanga. Ayizange ukunceda naziphi na iindlela zemigodi, akukho airstrikes. Ngosuku olunye, i-Red Army phambili km 50, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo kotshaba.

Ngo-Oktobha 10 iyantlukwano Soviet kwayileka ngekhilomitha-100 nesinqumka ibe zokuzikhusela kotshaba. October 20, Debrecen ikwazile ekugqibeleni kuthinjwe. Yaba impumelelo ebalulekileyo ngexesha lohlaselo, unikwe ukuba Debrecen waba inqaba likhulu lwamaNazi kunye isixeko yesibini ngobukhulu Hungary.

Inqanaba lesibini operation Debrecen

Awu, ukuthatha Debrecen ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle umdlalo umkhosi Hungarian akuphumelelanga. waye ke yokuhlala ebalulekileyo elandelayo isixeko Nyiregyhaza. City esilala ukufumaneka kakhulu lula ukuwela Tisza River. Umyalelo we "South" yomkhosi olawula eli candelo ngaphambili, wenza konke ukuze agcine edolophini, kwangaxeshanye ukuzama kwakhona ulawulo lwe Debrecen. Ukususela 22 ukuya kwi-27 Oktobha umlo onzima kummandla Nyiregyhaza. Ngenxa yoko, wasiwa umzi. Kodwa zithini iindleko!

Eyona nxaxheba iphambili ukulwa - imishini amahashe amabutho General Pileva - elahlekelwe amagosa phantse 10 lamawaka Awaxela, yaye malunga 17 amawaka eziqhelekileyo, amakhulu izixhobo, amatanki 250 kunye nezinye Powers utshaba, kuye kwenziwa umonakalo endilisekileyo kakhulu .... Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - Battle of Debrecen ukuya ku-Oktobha 28 sele sigqityiwe, nesahlulo sesithathu kummandla Hungary, waba ezandleni nomkhosi. Lohlaselo lwathabatha iintsuku 23 aze avunyelwe ukuba bafudukele kwilizwe ukuya ku 275 km. Kodwa ukulujikeleza German kunye neeyunithi Hungarian akuphumelelanga. Bathi lweMedia, ukuthatha imigca ezintsha wokhuselo, ngasinye apho, ukuba ngabo, umgcineleyo ndinobushushu obukhulu ngayo yonke imigaqo izakhono ezithile emkhosini.

Isigaba sokuqala sale nokusebenza Budapest

Lohlaselo Soviet kwi Budapest kunye lokufakwa kwe-isixeko - omnye kakhulu elikhulu-isikali nezintsonkothileyo imisebenzi yemfazwe. phambi Egqugqisileyo (420 km) umyalelo ingqalelo imikhosi enkulu: i 2nd Ukrainian Front, 3rd Ukrainian Front (umphathi - Marshal Tolbukhin), umkhosi 1 kunye 4 ngesiRomania kunye iDanube wayenothotho. длилось более трех месяцев. Ukukhululwa Budapest ukusuka amaNazi zathatha ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezintathu.

Ngo-Oktobha 29 icala yiSoviet ye ukongama kwamanani amajoni kunye nezixhobo ibonakala. Kungenxa yoko le nto Ikomkhulu Jikelele azotywe eqaqambileyo amathemba umbane ekhubekisayo kwi Budapest. Malinowski akazange ukunikela ezintlanu iintsuku wacela ukuba lokulungiselela iiyunithi yomkhosi.

началось 29 октября силами частей 46-й армии (2-й УФ). Nokukhululwa Budapest amabutho yiSoviet waqala Oktobha 29 imikhosi iinxalenye 46th Army (UV 2nd). Ngemihla kwakusasa siye savela kakuhle kakhulu. inxalenye awayedimazekile yomkhosi Hungarian lihambe zidlakadlaka ku eBudapest. November 5 ukuya engaphandle Uyalwa Budapest ecaleni kwaba km kungekho ngaphezulu kwe-15. замедлилось. Kwaye ngoko ke inkululeko yeBudapest ukusuka amaNazi kwathotha. Wadlala indima iimeko zemozulu amahlwempu supply engabalulekanga. Plus kwikomkhulu, kwagqitywa ukuba yimbumba ke amajoni, ukuze esichengeni iingalo we2 4 imishini lweSizwe, ngubani kuqala wenza indlela yabo kwikomkhulu Hungarian.

Zombini ezi zakhiwo babekwa 7 Guards Army, leyo babesilwela lomlambo elisentshona lomlambo. Yew, ukwandisa bridgehead. Kakade ngawo ngoNovemba 4 ke yakwazi ukuba ingaxuthi zokuhlala nje ezintathu: Szolnok, Abony kunye Cegléd. Lo mzuzu nto inzima lohlaselo yaba ekudibaneni Tisza. Ziye zanda kakhulu amanzi emlanjeni. Crossing kuthetha ukuba yakhiwe kutshatyalaliswa ngomlilo yotshaba. Ukuba amaqela athile akwazi uwele, kwangoko amaJamani isibali-yahlaselwa ukusuka nelisemihlubulweni, ezama ukuba kunqumle yokuwela kunye ilimele.

Ukuhlasela yesibini Budapest

Ukuhlasela yesibini isixeko kwaqala nge-11 Novemba. Ngelo xesha, iqela German-Hungarian kwindawo kwakuba amandla endilisekileyo, kwaye 2 Code Criminal ukubulawa langutana. Kodwa kule meko kuno usaqhubeka kwicala-mkhosi Soviet.

Emva kokuba zokudubula ithala elifutshane nabaphumi-7 Guards Amanxusa lasungula yosizi ngakwicala Jaszbereny kunye Hatvan. East wenza imishini amahashe amabutho Jikelele Pileva and 23 vehicles Brigade, kunye 4 kunye 6 Guards-Calvary lweSizwe. Baya ziyakulithabatha umzi Dendesh.

Full-scale kakubi Udaka ekuthinteleni, ukwakhiwa understaffing, ukuphelisa ukusilela inani elikhulu amagosa kunye nokungabikho kukho unxibelelwano wire. iiyunithi German-Hungarian waba mandundu kakhulu. Abazange baswele units emhlabeni. Kodwa ke umsebenzi olongeziweyo moya German. Kodwa esibhakabhakeni kubulelwe 5 Air Army waba kuyigqitha komntu UV we2.

November 25 amajoni eSoviet wathimba ezi dolophu Hatvan - yaba yimpumelelo yokugqibela uhlaselo yesibini Budapest. Elikomkhulu Hungary waba kwisangqa. Kodwa ke Ukuphosa yokugqibela amajoni Soviet kwakufuneka ixesha lokulungiselela.

Capture yeBudapest

Lohlaselo entsha yaphehlelelwa ngentsasa Disemba imikhosi-20 ezahlukeneyo Front 3 Ukrainian. Kwakufuneka ukuba indlela yabo iDanube entshona Esztergom. Oku kungavumela maka mabazalise le encirclement-mkhosi wotshaba kummandla Budapest.

inkqubela ngokukhawuleza ziye kuphazanyiswa embi: inani elikhulu leentaba iindonga awavumelekanga ukuba amaqhinga iiyunithi ngempumelelo imishini. Kwaye zonke amaNazi kweenduli isetyenziswe amanqaku esalathisi.

Disemba 22 6 Panzer Army (UV-2) kunye ezithile 3 Ukrainian Front likwazile ukuhlanganisa emlonyeni omlambo Hron. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 27 bakwazi ukuze zingqonge yonke inxalenye isiHungary-German ye kumntla-ntshona yeBudapest. Inani lilonke kubo 188,000 (10 amacandelo kunye iindawo ezininzi ezahlukileyo).

Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukuba akhulule eBudapest. Kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu. Inxalenye ntshona isixeko iye yaguqulwa yaba onamandla enqatyisiweyo. Plus, oda uHitler ukuba Budapest waseJamani kwaziswa imikhosi ezongezelelweyo. Kwakhona indawo umphathi yomkhosi "South", waqeshwa kwisikhundla O. Weller endaweni I. Friessner.

December 29 icala yiSoviet, kwagqitywa ukuba athumele izigidimi ngesiphakamiso uzinikele kuye: Group Captain Ostapenko - to Buda, iqela Captain Steinmetz - e Pest. wawungamkelekanga isindululo, kunye izithunywa abulawe. It waqala nokuphelisa imikhosi yotshaba.

Ukususela 2 January 26, lo myalelo waseJamani iinzame eziliqela phosa amajoni Soviet kunye ukulwa-hlaselo. Kweli nqanaba, kufuphi Budapest, uninzi onke amaqela German vehicles kwaye ngenjini zaye bagxila. Kodwa Malinowski kunye neeyunithi imishini Tolbukhina bakwazi ukubonisa zonke ukuhlaselwa lutshaba.

Ukulwa emzini

Ngokuba imisebenzi kuliwe e Budapest Budapest kudweliswe Imikhosi ephantsi umyalelo M. Afonin walungiswa (ukususela ngoJanuwari 22 - I. M. Managarova). Kwakugcwele umpu lamajoni ezine, 83 Marine Brigade, inxalenye 5 Air Army, le zokudubula kunye 7 zezindlu isiRomania 183 Tank Brigade.

Nokukhululwa Budapest wayesondele, kodwa esi siganeko kuye kwafuneka ukuba baphalaze igazi elininzi. Ngu January 18 amajoni eSoviet kunye ngenkxaso Romanians wasityhobozela kwimimandla olusempuma Pest waza wathabatha inxalenye-bank lasekhohlo umzi, nangona amaJamani balwa kakhulu kuba phantse wonke sakhiwo. Ukulwa zazilwela kwaye ngaphantsi komhlaba - kule migca kwelindle yonxibelelwano. I-Pest kwi imeko yaba likhulu ekampini sewaka baseJamani. Ke inxalenye iqela likwazile kukuphuma khonkcweni. Yasha iibhulorho eziliqela phesheya iDanube, bakwazi ukuzimela Buda.

Phezu kodonga lasekunene kwedatha kwathabatha phantse omnye ezine iiveki. Nangona ekuqaleni Marshal Tolbukhin abelwe lo msebenzi ayikho ngaphezulu ngemini. kwafuneka ukuba owabo amaqela zakhe ukubetha encinane. Aviation, kwagqitywa ukuba isicelo, ukuze atshabalalise inxalenye yimbali wedolophu. Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, kwaba kakuhle ukusebenzisa zokudubula.

Kwidabi ndiya kuba amawaka ambalwa amajoni isiHungary wathabatha inxaxheba, ngokuzithandela wanikela elibanjwa yaye ukulungele ukuba basebenzisane kunye neeyunithi ze-Red Army. Februwari 13 emva yimizamo ukwaphula iintsalela kaNdikhoyo ekampini German phantsi umyalelo Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch iflegi ezimhlophe yazinikela. Umhla kwinkululeko Budapest - February 13, 1945

Nangona eMoscow ngokwemiyalelo umthetheli Ephakamileyo sabingelela amadoda - abaphumelele miba mibini bazama ukuphelisa iqela 500 - 600 abantu abasindileyo amaJamani kunye Hungarians e Budapest. Umsebenzi ophambili kukuba ubatshabalalise wabelwa 46th UV Army 3.

Xa iyonke, ngexesha lokusebenza inkululeko Budapest (umhla wokugqibela - 02.13.1945) yatshatyalaliswa kwamasoldati, yokuba angaba 50 amawaka yotshaba 138 amawaka kuthinjwa ...

Imbasa "Kuba Capture yeBudapest"

Ngo-Epreli 1945 (unyaka inkululeko amabutho yiSoviet e Budapest), xa kwakucaca ukuba wonke umntu ukuba ukoyiswa lokugqibela eJamani - eli lixesha elifutshane, intloko General Logistics Khrulev lagunyazisa iqela amagcisa ukuba ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi ze iimbasa ukuba kukhululwe aze asithimbe imizi ngobuchule ebalulekileyo yaseYurophu. Emva kokuphonononga oluneenkcukacha zonke imizobo yandululwa Elawulayo USSR Council Ephakamileyo Juni 9, 1945 yena isalelo kwi ngokusekwa imbasa "Kuba Capture yeBudapest". Emnika bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ngqo kwi ukubetha, wathabatha inxaxheba iimfazwe ezinkulu Hungarian kwi-20 Disemba 1944 ukuya kowe-15 Februwari 1945. Xa iyonke, uluhlu lwe imbasa yanikezelwa ukuze kukhululwe Budapest iqulathe ngaphezulu kwama-360 lamawaka. Man. Ukuba ijoni wawongwa kokufa imbasa kunye iziqinisekiso zakhe imbasa babeza ukudlula isizalwane njenge keepsake.

Imbasa inkululeko Budapest (photo unalo ithuba lokubona kwinqaku) kufuneka zixhonywe kwicala lasekhohlo apha esifubeni. Yeyona zokuqala kuthotho, kwaye kukho imbasa "Kuba Ukoyisa phezu Japan" - owesibini.

Le ngqekembe lunikezelwa engama-50 woloyiso kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic

February 14, 1995 ukulungiselela unyaka wama-50 engange ingqekembe uloyiso 3 wakhululwa kwi Enkulu Patriotic War.

• Avers: phezulu ecaleni undi ebhaliweyo ihlelo kunye nonyaka woyekelelo, emazantsi - BANK OF ERASHIYA. Embindini (in kongqameko wamachaphaza) - le umfanekiselo Spasskaya kwiNqaba Moscow yesicelo, ngaphakathi kodini - monogram Mint MMD.

• reverse: Lo mzobo amajoni amane eSoviet (ekulweni imvelaphi ezikhumbuzo yokwakha yeBudapest). Imibhalo ngapha undi: "Inkululeko yaseYurophu ukususela Fascism," "Budapest 13.02.1945, i" (Phezulu nasezantsi, ngokulandelelana).

uncedo Red Army xa ekubuyiseleni isimo Hungarian

Ngomhla ukufunyanwa oomatshini karhulumente isiHungary, inkokheli eSoviet baqalisa ukucinga kakuhle ngaphambi kokuphela operation Budapest. Lo msebenzi esingundoqo kwakhe uyilo amaqela pro-eSoviet. Isiseko yabo kuba awodwa wengingqi anti-zwilakhe, waza wabuya amalungu ekuthinjweni le isiHungary Communist Party.

NgoDisemba 2, eli lizwe wadalwa yi-Hungarian National Independence Front. kwiikomiti zayo kazwelonke anikwe kamva inkxaso ebalulekileyo ukuze kupheliswe imikhosi ngokungenalusini karhulumente kummandla Hungary. Yaba abo kuthwalelwa phandle ukubuyiselwa kulawulo babulala kuqoqosho isiHungary. Kwisiqingatha sesibini Disemba waqalisa umsebenzi alo Provisional yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe kunye Provisional National Government.

Ukuze ezi arhente zikarhulumente ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo, i Military iBhunga UV 2 wayalelwa ukuba nokubanika ukutya, amafutha, ukukhusela izakhiwo.

NgoDisemba 28, 1944 i-GNP ligqibe ukuba lirhoxe mdibaniso zwilakhe nemfazwe bevakalisa iJamani. Hungary asayina ukuxolelana, hayi kuphela eSoviet Union, kodwa ne-Great Britain ne-United States. Ngelo xesha mvano kweli lizwe elisebenze Allied Control iKomishoni, apho umsebenzi ukukhokela Voroshilov.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe Budapest features ukutya abantu basekuhlaleni baye bathunyelwa umyalelo eSoviet. Abahlali zadluliselwa ngaphezu kweetoni kwe-5 zengqolowa kunye neetoni 100 cereals. A amajoni aselula Hungarian eSoviet ukutya nje evela Kitchen entsimini.

Iziphumo wenkululeko yeBudapest

Ngexesha lo msebenzi, yenziwa inxalenye Budapest Army Group "South" umonakalo omkhulu noqhekeko. Aphela amaqela 56 kunye imikhosi. Germany walahlekelwa ally yokugqibela kunye namafutha Hungarian. Ukutshintshelwa yoqhekeko Wehrmacht 37 ukusuka ngaphambili Mpuma e Hungary nayo intshabalalo yabo emva zabangela ukuba advance ngokukhawuleza kakhulu amajoni Soviet ukuya ngasentshona. Budapest Capture ukuba i-Red Army ngakumbi ukufikelela iphiko esemazantsi utshaba umkhosi, kwaye sokubiza kuhlaselwa eVienna ne Prague.

uphuhliso baso qhinga kunye Amaqhinga ekulweni imikhosi Soviet. Budapest operation umyalelo watyhila iimpazamo ekuqhutyweni impi ezinjalo.

I-negative engundoqo yaba ilahleko ekungenakufumaneka ubomi bomntu. Ukusebenza inkululeko yeBudapest ukusuka amaNazi (umhla osikiweyo - February 13, 1945) ithathwa yeyona onegazi yonke imisebenzi zomkhosi yaseYurophu. Uloyiso waya nendleko ngaphezu kwama 80 amawaka ubomi wamajoni. Yokwenzakala ngaphezulu kwama-240 amawaka.