Yam Zapolskaya kuthula - isivumelwano soxolo phakathi Commonwealth kunye nobukumkani Russian

Russia and Poland ziye walwa imfazwe kunye nezinye kangangeenkulungwane. Enye kwezi mfazwe laba yinxalenye Livonian War, ngexesha apho aseBalti wajamelana izilangazelelo States eziliqela.

Njani i War Livonian

Ngowe-1558, Russian Tsar Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi ehlasele ummandla yoMyalelo Livonian. Wayefuna ukuba uwine amaphondo lweBaltic kummandla Estonia-mihla Latvia. Sasihlala apha phambi kweentlanga, yaye ngenkulungwane XIII, kwafika Crusaders apha namaKatolika. Bona waseka Order Livonian, wakha Riga kunye nezinye iinqaba ezininzi.

Yenko- balwa amaRoma ngaloo ugunyaziso ezivela Pope. Kwabo, ngokoluvo lwabo, isimo sengqondo kunye Orthodox, naye imbeko iGolden mkhosi. Ngoko, kunye kartel Livonian walwa Alexander Nevsky. Kwixesha elizayo, ungquzulwano iye yaba yinto esisigxina yaye kuphazamiseka kuphela ngokwemigqaliselo isgqibo.

Xa ndaqalisa walawula Grozny, eRashiya elimanyeneyo ngeenxa Moscow, waziphosa ngaphandle Tatar idyokhwe, yaye baqalisa nokongezwa ngempumelelo ukuya empuma (kokuba kuthinjwe Kazan kunye Astrakhan). Ivan IV wayekholelwa ukuba buthathaka Order Livonian akwazi ukumelana kakhulu.

Ixesha lokuqala imfazwe yimpumelelo ngokwenene iRashiya. Voivod ukumkani wayithimba Dorpat, Narva kunye nezinye iidolophu ezinkulu eziliqela. Oko konke kwatshintsha xa amagunya angabamelwane babeza- imbambano. Yaba Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (umanyano kwezopolitiko iPoland Lithuania), kunye Denmark (ubukhulu engaphantsi). Ukususela ngoko abangcangcazelisi wazifumana kwindawo nzima kakhulu zodwa.

Ukuncipha kwamazwe izilwi

Noko ke, kwiminyaka emininzi kwempi sasihamba impumelelo bokwexeshana kokuyaphula Poland naseLithuania. ndiloyisile ke ngo-1564 imikhosi Russian Polotsk (umzi, nto leyo nayo ezoyikekayo amalungelo njengoko Rurik). Kodwa ke walandela loo bahlulwa Idabi Chashniki.

ukusilela nkqubo angaphandle kunye nangoloyikiso eRashiya. Emva kokufa obufihlakeleyo yakhe yokuqala umfazi Ivan Grozny waba nokusola ngokunxulumene ezikuyo. Clinical nokoyika lokungcatsha kwakhokelela unya. Ngoxa eMoscow, le skillet isigebenga ashushu ahlukunyezwe irhuluneli, abantu boyiswa emva kokoyiswa.

Ekugqibeleni ngo-1577 wavalelwa wabuyela Polotsk, kwaye balwa wayithimba Narva. Kuyinto ngenxa kuphela ubuqhawe ukuxhathisa zabantu kunye wakwazi ukuyeka ngoncedo amazwe. Izinti 1581-1582 gg. azamile sivete Pskov kunye Swedish aye aphanza phantsi nati. Le mfazwe yaba sele engama-24 ubudala, yaye kwamanani yelizwe ufuna uxolo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamagunya

Best zonke isgqibo Yam Zapolskaya kunye thethwano ziboniswe kwi memoirs Antonio Possevino. Kwaba wamaJesuit kunye ngonozakuzaku onamava. Yena wayemele izilangazelelo Catholic Church kwi-thethwano phakathi iPoland neRashiya. Ukongeza, waba unobhala abanezakhono, yaye ukwazi ukudlulisela zonke iinkcukacha zale nkqubo ezintsonkothileyo.

Uthethwano baqala December 13, 1581. Kwaye loo ndawo yakhethwa indawo iikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka Zapolskoho Pit (kungoko igama). Waba kufutshane nomda yangaphambili kufuphi nesixeko Russian ka Pskov, nto leyo nangoku kutshanje Wangqingwa nguKumkani Polish Stefan Batory. Yam Zapolskiy uxolo senziwa kummandla site idabi kutshanje.

Akukho namnye ngookumkani nabangazange baye iintetho. izinto zabo zimelwe oonozakuzaku ezininzi. Ziipali kwaye Lithuanians kufika Braslavsky kwirhuluneli Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh nePrince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill kunye nonobhala Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny zange okwenkawu kwi amalungu epalamente. Bona Kashinskij Governor nguDmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy irhuluneli yaseRoma Alferov kwaye umabhalane Nikita Vereshchagin. Yam Zapolskaya kuthula yagqitywa esingeneleiwe yi ngentla wamaJesuit Antonio Possevino.

Nokunyenyiswa kwemiqathango Livonia

Uthethwano waqhubeka malunga inyanga. Ekugqibeleni, January 15, 1582 watyikitywa Yam Zapolskaya izikhali. iimeko bakhe nzima iRashiya, kodwa ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo nale nyaniso ezingemnandi.

Ivan IV wala yonke nemizi yonke oyiswa Livonia. Kwakufuneka ezininzi iinqaba ezohlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Nazi nje uluhlu encinane imizekelo: kwaphinda Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, ehlawulelwayo, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, njl Uninzi la magama historicism ... Ngoku ezi dolophu wafumana indawo amagama kwiilwimi zikazwelonke - Latvian kunye Estonia. Intsalela Livonia ngelo xesha ekwakusetyenzwa yi Sweden (contract yakhe yasayinwa emva konyaka).

Ezinye ngokwemvumelwano

Ukongeza, Yam Zapolskaya mvano sicacisa bayahlelwa mzi, apho ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zifakiwe Ivanom Groznym e Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Baba Velizh kunye Polotsk. ukumkani Russian ukuba- (nangona oku kuphela usana, ekubeni ngelo xesha yoyiswa Stefan Batory).

ukumkani Polish wavuma ukubuyela ezixeko, wabathimba eRashiya. Yaba Enkulu Luke Hill, Nevel kunye Zavolochye. Yam Zapolskiy ihlabathi oluqulethe inqaku apho waphinda emva Pskov ebumelwaneni, kuyo ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni yokugqibela.

Umhlaba ithinjiwe Livonia Sweden ngexesha lokusayina uxwebhu, bavalelwa ngaphandle kule iphepha. Noko ke, izibonda wenza ingxelo ukuba nabo amabango kule mimandla. Ngoko ukusilela yagqitywa Yam Zapolskaya izikhali. Umhla ukusayina kwayo sirhoxisiwe ekuqaleni kolu xwebhu.

Bayahlelwa oonyana sokubeka

Ngaphandle koku, wonke umntu waqonda ukuba oku kuphela nethuba lokuphefumla, kunye izimpi zaphela okwethutyana. Yam Zapolskaya kuthula kunye Poland iye ibalwe isithuba seminyaka eli-10. Kwixesha elizayo oko kwandiswa. Imbali ibonisa ukuba isivumelwano wahlala ngoku de Ixesha Iingxaki eRashiya. Emva kokufa Ivan Grozny, unyana wakhe Theodore nabo bonke ezihlangwini zabo, ubukhosi Rurik iyanqanyulwa. Ekuqaleni ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela izinduna babanga ukuba amagunya.

Ngelo xesha elinye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth weza bhedengu eyayizibiza ngokuba usindileyo Tsarevich nguDmitry - unyana Ivana Groznogo, ngubani wafa umntwana Uglich ngo-1591. Owenza ogama Grigoriem Otrepevym. Yena kwaba indela obalekayo. Yayame ngukumkani Polish, ngubani ahlasele eRashiya, nto leyo yephule Yam Zapolskaya izikhali. Unyaka yena ayingqinga ESmolensk, uze ngokufutshane ahlala eMoscow. Ekugqibeleni, umkhosi wamajoni yesizwe Russian bagxothwa izibonda, kwaye izinduna umthanjiswa uMikhail Romanov, owaba ngunozala indlu entsha royal abalawula iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu.