Olingene mninzi

Umlinganiselo Ubunzima into yokuba umthamo wayo okanye ubunzima yayo nganye kwiyunithi volume kuthiwa mninzi. It zonke izinto ayifani kwaye ixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nokwakheka. Umzekelo, ngokuba amanzi acocekileyo ilingana nama-1,003 g / cm3, kunye Marine - 1,025 g / cm3. Kwakhona, le ubungakanani komzimba kuxhomekeke umthetho additivity. Oko kukuthi, lexinene umxube multicomponent (oko kukuthi, umzekelo, ipetroli) lilingana sum of eziveliswa iimpawu kwicandelo ngalinye iqhekeza yayo ubunzima: ρsmesi = Σρi • ci. Indlela yokubala zingasetyenziswa sisincoko eyaziwayo, ngokunjalo kwezo meko apho kungeyomfuneko ukuba ukujonga lexinene zepetroli kunye ngendlela ophezulu. Enye ethile le indlela yoyilo - nobuntsompothi kunye neendleko eziphezulu ngokuzimisela kwicandelo ngalinye. Ke ifuna izixhobo chromatographic zexabiso kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu, njengoko oyile nganye brand lubonakala ngokuba Ukwahluka ngokubanzi Iiseti inani elikhulu ngamnye, ekukhethwa oganikhi khompawundi (hydrocarbon).

kuqamba uhlobo kangakanani evelisa loxinano amafutha yahluka kwaye ixhomekeke izinto ekrwada kunye nendlela zeteknoloji ukuze iqwalaselwe. brand okulungiselelweyo ezahlukeneyo ngqo ulwelo petroleum, ukuguqula, isomerization, alkylation, nokuqhekeka encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Olingene iquka lusa lwa ngomxube paraffins, naphthenes kunye olefins. Okwangoku, amazwe amaninzi aye kuqaliswa miqobo ngomxholo hydrocarbon ibhedolaki olefins. Le meko ibangelwa iimfuno zokusingqongileyo kunye nemfuneko ukunciphisa carbon ekwakhiweni, olwenzeka ngenxa yobukho yebhenzina kwamafutha kunye ethylene uthotho iikhompawundi, badla ziqulathe ipetroli. Product Ukuxinana, octane inani leyo linyuke ngenxa aromatics iphezulu ngokubanzi kunalowo amafutha ezinomthamo elisezantsi benzene kunye homologues yayo.

Ngaphezu koko, imveliso ogqityiweyo inokuba liqulathe kudla ezizodwa. Kwakhona kuchaphazela lexinene zepetroli. Umzekelo, oxygenates, ezifana ethanol, ukuvumela ukwandisa ukwanela yokutsha nokunciphisa uyondelelwano lwee- carbon monoxide kwi iigesi zeemoto. Imigaqo kunye nemimiselo zeteknoloji lweshishini limisela izakhi zingadityaniswa kwi amafutha. Okwangoku kwilizwe lethu kukho amaxwebhu embalwa, normalizing umgangatho amafutha motor yezithuthi kunye injini epetroli.

Interstate standard GOST 2184-77 yakhutshwa ngoFebruwari 2003, kunye nezilungiso 1-6 nge-1981, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1997 no-2002, kwakunye nezilungiso ezimbini ukususela ku-2000 no-2001, ibe ivunyiwe 10 lithi - .. eyayisakuba yiRiphabliki USSR. Kwi-Russian Federation, iimfuno zayo zisebenza kuphela nemveliso unleaded A-76. olingene Density kwi-20 ° C ngokutsho KARHULUMENTE ezilungiswayo azilawulwa, kodwa inkcazelo yayo iyafuneka phambi ukuthunyelwa kubathengi. Kuba iindlela le njongo pycnometrically hydrometric kunye novavanyo, nakuzo izinto ezibhaliweyo kunye GOST 3900-85.

umgangatho State of kwilizwe lethu GOST 51105-97 (kuye yapapashwa ngo-1999 no-2000, utshintsho inombolo 1 kunye nenombolo 2.) Xana isicelo 01.01.1999 kwaye ibhekisela ipetroli motor unleaded, leyo, kuxhomekeka kwixabiso inombolo octane ukuwa ukuya brand: Super 98 Premium 95 rhoqo 92 rhoqo 91, 80. Ubuninzi eliqhelekileyo zepetroli kunye nezinye iimveliso 92 RON 91 ukuya 98 ikumgangatho kwi-15 ° c kwaye kuluhlu ukusuka 725 ukuya-780 kg / m3. Kuba grade imveliso Eqhelekileyo 80 oko ziyahluka ukusuka 700 ukuya 750 kg / m3. Olu phawu ugqibe ngokusebenzisa i hydrometer ovavanyo indlela ngokutsho GOST 51069-97.

Okunye national standard - GOST R 51886-2002 - owiswe kwi Russian Federation, 01.07.2002, 01.07.2008 kunye naye inani utshintsho 1. Olu xwebhu elivumelana eqhelekileyo EN 228-2004 baseYurophu, usebenza brand ipetroli unleaded Super Euro -98 kunye Euro-95 Premium. Bona ebalasele inani octane-98 kunye nama-95 ngokulandelelanayo. Ukuxinana zombini ipetroli kumabanga e-15 ° C kuluhlu 720-750 kg / m3, abakhethwa ngokwesikhokelo GOST 51069-97 indlela hydrometric.

Yintoni eyabangela imfuneko ukufumanisa lexinene amafutha motor? Okokuqala, eli xabiso ngqo olwahlula ukwakhiwa imveliso kwaye kunceda ukuchonga oko. Umzekelo, ukuba loxinano elilinganisiweyo ngu 0,980 kg / m3 okanye 0.650 kg / m3, singatsho kakuhle ukuba akukho nto ipetroli, kunye nezinye imveliso. Kwakhona, lexinene zepetroli sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yokusebenza: ukwazi ubungakanani imveliso kwitanki enkulu, zibe ubunzima, ukubala ubunzima balo yokuphindaphinda nge umthamo mninzi. Loo indlela ebizwa ngqo apho iimfuno iquka GOST 8.595-2004. Balinganise iqondo lobushushu kunye nenqanaba imveliso kweli dama kwaye ibalwa umthamo wayo. Ukurhoxisa indawo isampuli ngokungqinelana GOST 2517-85, ezibenza nokujonga mninzi ngokutsho GOST 51069-97 kunye GOST 3900-85. Iziphumo lomlinganiselo kukhokelela nemiqathango (ubushushu-15 ukuya kuma-20 ° C), kuphela emva koko, ezi amaxabiso zisetyenziselwa ukubala ubunzima imveliso kule ndawo.