Nobel Prize e Physics: kuluhlu. zesayensi Russian - Nobel Prize

I-Nobel Prize yanikezelwa okokuqala ngo-1901. Ukususela ekuqaleni yiKomishoni kwenkulungwane ye ukhetha ngonyaka yingcali ilungileyo, wenze ubhaqo ebalulekileyo okanye fyabo wadala ukuba imbeko kuye ibhaso yekhethelo. Uluhlu kaNobel engaphezulwana nje kancinane kune inani leminyaka nyulu, njengokuba maxa wambi babeba indibaniselwano kwabantu ababini okanye abathathu. Noko ke, ezinye ekubalulekileyo ukuzikhankanya ngokwahlukeneyo.

Igor wachaza oku

yamachiza Russian kaNobel, owazalwa kwisixeko Vladivostok usapho injineli yoluntu. Ngowe-1901 intsapho safudukela eUkraine, kukho Igor Evgenevich wachaza oku waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ngoko ndaya kufunda e Edinburgh. Ngowe-1918 wamkela idiploma ye-Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University.

Emva koko, waqala ukufundisa, okokuqala Simferopol, ngoko e Odessa, uze emva koko eMoscow. Ngowe-1934 waba unyuselwe intloko physics theoretical component kwi kwicandelo Institute Lebedev, apho wayesebenza kude kube sekufeni kwakhe. Igor Evgenevich wachaza oku wafunda electrodynamics zezinto eziqinileyo, kwakunye neempawu ezamehlo le kwakheka. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, yena kuqala wavakalisa ingcamango ufaka ngamaza yesandi. ubucukubhede Relativistic ngelo xesha belibukhali kakhulu, yaye wachaza oku wakwazi ngokomfuniselo ukuqinisekisa indlela iingcamango bokuba ngaphambili. Izinto abazifumanayo bakhe ebalulekileyo kakhulu. Ngowe-1958, umsebenzi kuye kwaqatshelwa kumgangatho wehlabathi, kunye noogxa Cherenkov, kunye noFrank, wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel.

Otto Stern

Kubalulekile ukuphawula enye ingcali yale, abonise ubuchule ivamile futhi ukuba kunjani. yamachiza German-American, owazuza Prize Otto Stern wazalwa ngoFebruwari 1888 ngo Sora (ngoku isixeko Polish Dawn). Ngasemva waphumelela esikolweni ngo-Breslau, waza wachitha iminyaka emininzi zenzululwazi zendalo kwiiyunivesithi German. Ngowe-1912 wamela ithisisi zobugqirha wakhe, intloko umsebenzi wakhe onesidanga kwaba Einstein.

Ngexesha yeHlabathi yokuQala Otto Stern awathunyelwa emkhosini, kodwa baqhubeka nocwaningo theoretical entsimini kwethiyori quantum. Ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya 1921 wasebenza e Frankfurt University, apho wayefunda isiqinisekiso umfuniselo motion eziphilayo. Kungelo xesha ukuba nako ukuphuhlisa indlela nocamba atomic,-ebizwa ngokuba amava Stern. Ngowe-1923 wamiselwa Unjingalwazi University of Hamburg. Ngowe-1933, wathetha nxamnye nokonyanywa kwamaJuda kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ifuduke eJamani eUnited States, apho wafumana nobumi. Ngo-1943 waye wajoyina i-uluhlu lwe kaNobel ukuba igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso indlela ray ezinto eziphilayo kunye kokufunyanwa mzuzu otsalayo le Proton. Ukususela ngo-1945 - ilungu le-National Academy of Sciences. Ukususela ngo-1946, wayehlala eBerkeley, apho yaphela imihla yakhe ngowe-1969.

O. Chamberlain

yamachiza American Ouen Chemberlen wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1920 eSan Francisco. Sikunye Emilio Segre, wasebenza entsimini of physics quantum. Oogxa babo bafumene impumelelo ebalulekileyo kwaye wenze nokufumanisa: bafumana antiprotons. Ngowe-1959 wabonakala kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye kukhutshwa ngolu abaphumelele Nobel Prize physics. Ukususela ngo-1960, Chamberlain usiwe kwi National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Wayesebenza kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard njenge unjingalwazi, yaphela imihla yakhe Berkeley ngoFebruwari 2006.

Niels Bohr

Bambalwa Nobel Prize yemvelo eyaziwa ngokunjalo sisazinzulu Danish. Ngandlel 'ithile inokubuyiselwa ngokuba ngunozala bezenzululwazi. Ukongeza, Niels Bohr waseka Institute of Physics theory eCopenhagen. Yena kwithiyori i-atom, ngokusekelwe imodeli langa, kunye postulates. Bona zadalwa yi msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwi thiyori ngumongo atomic abasabela zenyukliya, ifilosofi nesayensi. Ngaphandle umdla isakhiwo yamasuntswana, wamelana ukusetyenziswa kwazo ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi. yamachiza elizayo Education zafunyanwa esikolweni igrama, apho waye waduma ngumdlali webhola. Waziwa ngumphandi onesiphiwo ubeminyaka imashumi mabini anamithathu emva kokuphumelela University of Copenhagen. Lakhe project thesis wawongwa imbasa yegolide. Niels Bohr ocetywayo ukuba ukujonga akhululeke phezu kwamanzi intlokoma jet. Ukususela 1908 ukuya 1911 wayesebenza yunivesithi ekhaya. Emva koko wafudukela eNgilani, apho wayesebenza noYosefu John Thomson, uze emva koko Ernest Rutherford. Yena wachitha amava akhe ibalulekileyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni le mbasa ngo-1922. Emva koko wabuyela Copenhagen, apho wayehlala de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1962.

Lev Andau

yamachiza eSoviet kaNobel, owazalwa ngo-1908. Andau wadala umsebenzi eyothusayo kwiindawo ezininzi; wafunda ubutsalane, esebenzayo, nuclei atom, amasuntswana limalunga, electrodynamics, kwaye ngaphezulu. Kunye ne Evgeniem Lifshitsem udale ikhosi ezaziwa physics theoretical component. Ibali lobomi bakhe uphuhliso olukhawulezayo ngokungaqhelekanga umdla: sele wangena University of kwiminyaka Andau elinesithathu. Kuba gama wayefunda chemistry, kodwa kamva ndagqiba ukufunda physics. Ukususela ngowe-1927 waba umfundi kwesidanga sokuqala Ioffe Leningrad Institute. Ababephila kumkhumbula okuhle, indoda ebukhali, ezithandwa uqikelelo ezibalulekileyo. Isiyalo engqongqo wavumela Andau kuphumelela. Wayesebenza phezu ifomula kakhulu kangangokuba ukuba bawabona kude ephupheni ebusuku. baphenjelelwa ngamandla ngaye, neehambo zenzululwazi aphesheya. Zibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo yaba utyelelo Institute of Physics theory, Niels Bohr, xa nzulu waba nako ukuxoxa imiba nzala kuye kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Andau ingqalelo ngokwakhe ngumfundi edume Dane.

Ngasekupheleni banesifo Scientist bejamelene zocindezelo kaStalin. Physics waba ithuba kusinda eKharkov, apho wayehlala nentsapho yakhe. Ayizange ukunceda, waza wabanjwa ngowe-1938. Iingcaphephe zeenzululwazi zehlabathi baye babhenela Stalin, yaye ngowe-1939, Andau wakhululwa. Emva koko, iminyaka emininzi ukuba benza imisebenzi yesayensi. Ngowe-1962, ungeniswe ibhaso Nobel ngo Physics. IKomiti ezikhethiweyo babesondela ezintsha ekufundweni nto yinto enye, ingakumbi helium ulwelo. Kulo nyaka ndafumana ingozi embi, nemoto kwilori. Emva koko, waphila iminyaka emithandathu. yemvelo Russian, Nobel Prize winners kunqabile bawongwa ezinjalo, eyayise Lev Andau. Nangona isiphelo anzima, kuthwelwe zonke amaphupha akho waza wenza indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo kwinzululwazi.

max Wazalwa

yamachiza German kaNobel, enye ingcali yale umsunguli ukukhanda quantum wazalwa ngo-1882. Umbhali elizayo imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwi kwithiyori kwezinto, electrodynamics, imibuzo bulumko, i kinetics zolwelo nabanye abaninzi basebenza eBritani nasekhaya. Uqeqesho lokuqala esikolweni samabanga aphakamileyo kunye ukuqhubela ulwimi. Emva kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, wangena University of Breslau. Xa inkqubo yokufunda kumamela iintetho ezinikelwa zezibalo adumileyo ixesha - Feliksa Kleyna, uDavide Hilbert kunye Germana Minkovskogo. Ngowe-1912 waba wawongwa indawo unjingalwazi oncedisayo Göttingen, kwaye ngo-1914 waya Berlin. Ukususela ngowe-1919, wasebenza e Frankfurt ukuba ngunjingalwazi. Phakathi koogxa bakhe Otto Stern, ikamva Nobel Prize, leyo sele kuthethiwe kubo. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, Bourne wachaza eziqinileyo theory quantum. Ndiya kuza kufuneka utoliko olulodwa lencinibakazi-isuntswana uhlobo mba. Ungqinile ukuba imithetho nokwakheka microworld ingabizwa-manani nokuba umsebenzi yomtshangatshangiso kufuneka ukuchazwa njenge inani ezintsonkothileyo. Emva kokuba igunya, amaNazi yafudukela eCambridge. Wabuyela eJamani kuphela ngo-1953, yaye wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel ngo-1954. Ndiya kuhlala ngonaphakade kwimbali wezenzululwazi njengenye kwezi nkolelo anempembelelo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

uEnrico Fermi

abaphumeleleyo Not abaninzi Nobel Prize yemvelo weza evela eItali. Nangona kunjalo, oku kulapho owazalwa uEnrico Fermi, ingcali ibalulekileyo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Waba umdali physics yenyukliya kunye neutron, osondele izikolo ezininzi zenzululwazi yaba lilungu le-Academy of Sciences eSoviet Union. Ukongeza, Fermi bobabo isixa esikhulu theory entsimini kwamasuntswana nezakhiwo. Ngowe-1938, wafudukela US, apho wafumanisa imisebe ngumntu, waza wakha lokuqala embalini yoluntu yi reactor yenyukliya. Kulo nyaka mnye wawongwa Prize Nobel. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iifama inkumbulo kuyamangalisa, wabulela yena ngeyona kuphela yamachiza nako, kodwa ngokukhawuleza bafunda iilwimi zasemzini ngoncedo self-ukufunda, angenayo ukuyalwa, njengoko inkqubo yayo. Ezi ziyakwazi ukukhulula khona nokuba eyunivesithi.

Ngokukhawuleza emva uqeqesho, waqala eyayinesihloko ingcamango quantum, ngelo xesha eItali phantse fundanga. Uphando lwakhe lokuqala electrodynamics nabo bafanelwe ingqalelo. Endleleni eya kwimpumelelo Fermi nokuphawula UNjingalwazi Mario Corbijn, abakwazisayo italente sisazinzulu waba umxhasi yakhe kwiYunivesithi eRoma, ukubonelela ulutsha umsebenzi omangalisayo. Emva kokuba sifudukele eUnited States wayesebenza Las Alamos kunye Chicago, apho wafela khona ngowe-1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

yesayensi Austria yemvelo owazalwa ngo-1887 e Vienna, usapho usomashishini. Ubawo osisityebi ke likamongameli yoluntu sezityalo kunye umyezo zasekuhlaleni kunye esemncinane owafaka umdla unyana wakhe kwinzululwazi. Iminyaka elishumi elinanye Erwin ofundileyo ekhaya, yaye ngowe-1898 wangena isikolo kwezemfundo. wagqiba ngobuciko kuyo, wangena University of eVienna. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba okukhethekile ngokubhulelwa emzimbeni, Schrodinger wabonisa iitalente yabantu: wayesazi iilwimi ezintandathu zasemzini, wabhala umbongo eyazi ncwadi. Impumelelo zenzululwazi ngqo baphefumlelwa uFritz Gazenrolem, utitshala onesiphiwo Erwin. Yaba nguye lowo wanceda abafundi baqonde ukuba kuyinto umdla yakhe ephambili. Ngokuba thesis doctoral yakhe Schrödinger wakhetha umsebenzi yokulinga, abeza nako ukuzikhusela ngokunamathelene-. Umsebenzi wawuqala eyunivesithi, apho sisazinzulu ukwenza umbane esesibhakabhakeni, ngokukhanya, umsindo, theory umbala kunye quantum physics. Sele ngowe-1914 yayamkela uprofesa oncedisayo, nto leyo eyamnceda abathethise. Emva kwemfazwe, ngo-1918, waqala ukusebenzela kwi-Institute of Physics of Jena, apho wayesebenza kunye Max Planck kunye Einstein. Ngo-1921 waqalisa ukufundisa e Stuttgart, kodwa emva konyaka omnye waya kuhlala Breslau. Emva kwexesha elithile, ndiye ndafumana isimemo evela Polytechnic Zurich. Kweli thuba ukususela 1925 ukuya 1926 wayenza imifuniselo eziliqela revolution, epapashwe iphepha ebizwa ngokuba "quantization njengengxaki lwamaxabiso zabo." Oku kudala inxaki ebalulekileyo leyona yangoku mihla. Ngowe-1933 wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel, yaye emva koko kwanyanzeleka ukuba emke kweli lizwe: amaNazi weza ngamandla. Emva kwemfazwe wabuyela Austria, apho wayehlala yonke iminyaka yakhe eseleyo waza wafa ngo-1961 lomthonyama eVienna wakhe.

Vilgelm uKonrad Rentgen

I edumileyo yamachiza German zovavanyo wazalelwa Lennep, ukuba kufuphi Dusseldorf, ngo-1845. Emva kokufunda e Zurich Polytechnic, wayecebe ukuba yinjineli, kodwa wayesazi ukuba wayenomdla physics theoretical component. Waba umncedisi yesebe kule yunivesithi ekhaya, emva koko waya Giessen. Ukususela 1871 ukuya 1873 wayesebenza baseWürzburg. Ngowe-1895 wafumanisa-X-reyi kwaye sasifunda ngenyameko iimpawu zazo. Yena waba yimbangi imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwi kwiipropati pyroelectric kunye piezoelectric ziikristale kunye ubutsalane. wokuqala Nobel Prize kwihlabathi physics, analamkela ngo-1901 ngenxa yegalelo laso eliphum 'izandla kwinzululwazi. Ngaphezu koko, uye wasebenza Kundt yesikolo X-ray, waba uhlobo ngunozala a ntsingiselo yenzululwazi, esebenza bexesha lakhe - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. Nangona ubuqaqawuli a experimenter ngempumelelo, wayeqhuba ubomi noko wodwa yaye wathetha kuphela kunye nabancedisi. Ngoko ke, ifuthe izimvo zakhe ngomhla yemvelo ukuba abafundi bakhe, akazange ibalulekileyo kakhulu. -Nzulu athobekile wala igama imitha imbeko wakhe, ebomini ngokuzibiza-X-reyi. ingeniso yabo, wabanika urhulumente yaye bahlala kwiimeko singaxineki kakhulu. Wafa UWilhelm Roentgen Februwari 10, 1923 eMunich.

Albert Einstein

Yamachiza edumileyo, wazalelwa eJamani. Waba umdali le ngcamango ka yaye babhala imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwithiyori quantum, waye ilungu bezinye iintlanga Russian Academy of Sciences. Ukususela ngowe-1893 wayephila eSwitzerland, yaye ngowe-1933 bafudukela eUnited States. Einstein yaqalisa ingqiqo photon, elasekwa kwemithetho isivamvo kwaye abonakala kwafunyanwa ifezekiswe kwavusa. Waba le ngcamango okukhe kunye nokungazinzi, kwakunye wadala manani umyinge. I babesebenza iingxaki ngokuma. Ngowe-1921 wafumana ngeMbasa kaNobel ukufunyanwa yakhe isivamvo imithetho. Ukongeza, Albert Einstein yenye lwabasunguli engundoqo ekusekweni kaSirayeli. Kule banesifo, wathetha nxamnye iJamani yamaNazi sazama ukugcina tipolitiki ukusuka inyathelo yokuzibhubhisa. uluvo lwakhe ngale ngxaki senyukliya akuzanga kuviwe, ukuba nosizi iphambili ebomini ISAZINZULU bakhe. Ngowe-1955, wafela yasePrinceton ukusuka kwemithambo aortic.