OQhelekileyo oSetyenziswa: idliso Function. umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa Keynesian

Ngesifo sephepha, ukusetyenziswa umsebenzi - enye ngongoma ibalulekileyo ithiyori zoqoqosho zale mihla. iindlela ezahlukeneyo kubekho ukugwetyelwa akhokelayo gama elibaluleke kakhulu kungangqinelani ekuqondeni umongo walo ngaphakathi.

Ingcamango ngesifo kunye nolondolozo

yokonga kunye nemisebenzi yokusebenzisa zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni undoqo woqoqosho emarikeni ukutolika zayo ezahlukeneyo. In lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo losetyenziso ithathwa njengokuba nemali echithwayo kule meko, injongo ephambili apho - nokuthengwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa nayiphi na inkonzo. Kwakhona ingongoma ebalulekileyo kakhulu kukuba ezi iimpahla kunye neenkonzo zisetyenziswa kuphela ukuhlangabezana umbandela ngamnye kunye noninzi kunye neemfuno zokomoya.

Ngesifo sephepha, umsebenzi konga kulwalamano olusondeleyo kakhulu umsebenzi imali. Yena, ke, akukho nto kodwa, njengenxalenye onesiphumo ingeniso izinto ezithile ukuba lo mzuzu esithile ezingasetyenziswanga kwaye ebizwa ngokuba yi-kwabadla mini ngemvula. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye yale mali kufuneka kutyalwa ngabemi iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo, ajike ngaloo kuzaliso-mali. Yeyona impembelelo kunye impefumlelwano imiba yezoqoqosho njengoko ngesifo sephepha, utyalo-mali kunye nolondolozo, yaye yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu elalikummandla izazinzulu noqoqsho ye XX kunye xxi eminyaka. A indima ekhethekileyo edlalwa umsebenzi D. Keynes.

Eyona engundoqo imibandela JM Keynes

D. Keynes igqalwa omnye amanani ezibaluleke kakhulu kwinzululwazi kwezoqoqosho-zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Igalelo lakhe substantiation theoretical component iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwimiba zoqoqosho wabona Inani lamabhaso esizwe kunye nawezizwe ngezizwe, kwakunye kuyimbonakalo igama elikhethekileyo - "Keynesianism" lisetyenziswa lokukhetha indawo ekhethekileyo imfundiso iniyo-yamandulo.

umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa Keynesian - yenye amagatya ingqiqo yayo neoclassical. umongo wayo, kwelinye icala, yokuba nayiphi na inkqubo kwimarike priori ezingazinzanga, kwaye kwelinye - ukuba sifuna esebenzayo nkqubo karhulumente kwi ummiselo kunye nongenelelo kwinkqubo. Ekuvuseleleni ibango, ISAZINZULU kuchaziwe umsebenzi wakhe, urhulumente ithuba ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukoyisa le ngxaki. Ngesifo sephepha, ugcino kunye nokudlala utyalo-mali kulo mzekelo, indima ebaluleke kakhulu.

Umsebenzi kokonga kwaye itye njengenxenye yenkqubo ye ekumisweni bafuneka

Xa ubalo yakhe theoretical component D. Keynes kwaphuma into yokuba ngxaki iphambili phantse naluphi theory kwezoqoqosho kukudala ulungelelwano phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuneko, kunye embalwa yokuqala kufuneka ibe ngaphambi yesibini. Kwelinye icala, bafuneka - linyathelo elibalulekileyo ukunyuka esisigxina kwinqanaba zengeniso likazwelonke, nto leyo lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo naliphi na ilizwe kuqoqosho emarikeni.

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi ukusetyenziswa Keynesian - sisiseko sophuhliso ngempumelelo kuluntu luphela. A indima enkulu nentsingiselo yalo efanelekileyo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamagxa karhulumente.

Ngesifo kunye nezakhiwo

Xa kuthelekiswa imali kunye notyalo-mali, ngesifo sephepha, umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa badlale ephambili kakhulu indima kwimveliso yasekhaya naliphi na ilizwe. Ngokutsho data yakutshanje, oko nje kwama-50%, lo gama eUnited States kwilizwe lethu - phantse 70%. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa - luphawu oluphambili lobudlelwane yemarike yaye iqondo kwempembelelo karhulumente malunga neenkqubo kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe.

Imikhwa yokusebenzisa idla iquka zonke iindleko yentsapho ethile. Noko ke, ukuze kube lula ukuhlalutya ukusetyenziswa zasekhaya isixhobo kwilizwe liphela, ngokuqhelekileyo ukwahlula amaqela ezininzi ezingundoqo kweempahla kunye neenkonzo, inqanaba ukufunyanwa apho abantu yahlulwe kumaqela eziliqela. Kuthathwa ukuba isethi yeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezithengiweyo usapho ethile nganye - iyodwa, ngoko ke Ucazululo ngokupheleleyo babesebenzisa ekuthiwa-imodeli umsebenzi ukutyiwa.

Iimfaniso Engel: uhlobo nempembelelo

Model, nto leyo echaza umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa nakwezoqoqosho, waziwa njengomzekelo Engel, emva kokuba amanani odumileyo waseJamani kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX ngu E. Engel.

-Nzulu German, kuqulunqo imithetho yabo, ngokusekelwe yokuba iqela kwi eziphambili imali alandelelana zilandelayo: ukutya, impahla, indawo yokuhlala (indlu), ezothutho, iinkonzo zempilo kunye nemfundo, imali wayiqokelela.

Noko ke, Engel nje yachonga ezi maqela, kodwa wabonisa ipateni article: ukuba ingeniso yosapho kwithuba elithile konyuso ixesha, iindleko zokutya uya kwandisa, ukunciphisa isabelo sawo kulwakhiwo lilonke losetyenziso. Nangona kunjalo, kakhulu ngokukhawuleza kunye ukwanda kwengeniso kufuneka ukukhula imali, ukususela, ngokutsho Engel kaThixo, ukuba iqela nezinto zodidi.

umsebenzi ukusetyenziswa Keynesian: eyona miba ephambili eziphembelela ukhetho yabemi ephambili

D. Keynes kwabangelwa bayavumelana ingqikelelo Engel, nangona kunjalo, wayinika nenkangeleko ogqityiweyo ngakumbi ngokwezibalo iqinisekisiwe. Ngokutsho ingcamango yakhe, ukusetyenziswa umiselwa zinto zilandelayo.

Okokuqala, ezi ingeniso ukuba abemi emva ukuhlawula zonke iirhafu mandatory kunye nemirhumo ukuya kurhulumente. Le ingeniso ezilahlwayo - isiseko iindleko elizayo kwabemi.

Okwesibini, Milton Keynes ukusetyenziswa umsebenzi obandakanyekayo kungasisalathisi esibalulekileyo ezifana lulwahlulo inqanaba iindleko (okt umsebenzisi) ukuba ingeniso iyonke. Lo mba ubizwa olungaka umlinganiselo ukuba awadubadube, yaye, ngokutsho sisazinzulu, lo umlinganiselo kufuneka ngokuthe ukuncipha abanemivuzo ezandayo.

Ekugqibeleni, okwesithathu, Keynes uqalise ngokukodwa into enjalo njengoko inqanaba ngokupheleleyo wayevuma ukuba zibe kukudla. Le ratio kubonisa umlinganiselo nokusetyenziswa kwi imali ukuba ummi egqithileyo zengeniso zabo zangaphambili.

Le postulates ezisisiseko Keynes

Ngesifo sephepha, umsebenzi ngesifo sephepha, nto leyo iye yaphuhliswa kwaye likugqinile ngokwezibalo ezaziwayo-kakuhle Economist, yakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba kunye nokukhula ingeniso yekhaya kunye gakanani yayo ezikhona. Nangona kunjalo, oku - ingcamango eziphambili Keynes, asingabo bonke ingeniso ezongezelelweyo iza kusetyenziswa umbane, inxalenye kusenokuba kuba ukonga kunye notyalo-mali. Eyona ezisemqoka eziphembelela oku unikezelo Isazinzulu ikhutshwa zilandelayo:

1. Ukusetyenziswa - ke into egqiba indlela yobomi becala abahlelelekileyo abakumgangatho ophakathi. Xa sithetha ngalo elite apha phantse yonke ingeniso olongezelelweyo iba savings okanye utyalo-mali.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kuxhomekeke nje kuphela ntetho ngamnye kunye nosapho, kodwa nommandla ongqongileyo kwezentlalo. Kwakungqina ukuba nokuba abantu abane ingeniso hayi eziphakamileyo kakhulu bathanda (ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye) ukuthenga izinto zifumaneka iyaxela ezizisekondari ephezulu yoluntu, esebenza njenge uhlobo standard lwentlalo. Kungenxa yoko le nto badla kakhulu umgangatho imali evela Ingxenye kude ngezantsi noko ukuba babe.
3. Lo ukusetyenziswa falling kwinqanaba ingeniso iza kwandisa ngesantya enkulu kakhulu kunokuba yawa kwinkqubo umva.

Isigqibo eziphambili kwezi postulates ye Keynes kukunqongophala inyuka ngqo (okanye ukwehla) ubudlelwane phakathi ukwanda ingeniso kunye nokukhula ukutyiwa.

ukumelwa Ujongano imisebenzi

Zonke assumptions bha kwaye nantoni na awayefike sele Keynes wafumana ziyavumelana kakuhle kunye neshedyuli ukusetyenziswa. umsebenzi Ishedyuli konga umgca ngqo, zibekwe kwi-engile ukuya iasi enqamlezileyo, ixabiso apho ngaphantsi kwe-45 °, ngakumbi kwimarike esithile kweli kuluntu noku.

kwindawo Virtual leyo unqumla nethayimthebhile ezilindelekileyo, phantsi kwayo yonke imali baya ngesifo sephepha, ebizwa ingongoma apho kungekho mali, kodwa usapho ayenzi mboleko. Ukuya ekunene lo msebenzi wenziwa endaweni ka lokonga kwaye ekhohlo - elibi, oko kukuthi, umntu onjalo kunyanzeleke ukuba athathe ngaphandle mboleko ukuze kukhuselwe ubuncinane esisiseko.

umsebenzi konga umgca kwandiswa ukuya ngasekunene. Ukuze ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ngesifo sephepha, kuyimfuneko ukubala umgama ukusuka y-axis ukuya kwinqanaba kuthethwa. Ngelo xesha kuchazwa imali ukuba ibalwe, akuba wagawulwa umsebenzi kwi ukuya bisector.

umthetho Psychological Keynes

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, phakathi kwezinye izinto, le nzulu waseMelika wazisa ngokombono of "wayevuma eludinini ubatshise", yona QUOTIENT yokukhula ukusetyenziswa ukuba zengeniso zenzululwazi. Kungenxa yale ulwalamano kwavela i "umthetho nangokwasengqondweni Keynes" odumileyo.

Undoqo yalo mthetho siqinisekisa ishedyuli yokusebenzisa - eliphezulu inqanaba ingeniso yomntu othile okanye usapho othile, uninzi lwezi mali ezongezelelweyo esiya imali. Ngokutsho isakhiwo ukuthenga kugwetywa nje kwinqanaba ntle usapho kunye inqanaba lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kuluntu lonke.

Lo mthetho siqinisekisa kwakhona laliqulunqwe kwinkulungwane XIX lo mgaqo eluncedo. umsebenzi eluncedo Consumer okunene uphiwa ngaye ulwaneliseko ukuzalana zonke izibonelelo kunye nenani lilonke izinto eziphathekayo ezifunyenwe kunye neenkonzo. I eliphezulu inqanaba zengeniso, yaye iqondo luncedo kwizinto ezifunyenwe ngasentla.