WTO - ntoni na? WTO lombutho: nemiqathango lizwe, ubulungu

Ngamnye kuthi rhoqo kuliva iindaba malunga WTO. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ngale mbutho inokufumaneka zezifundo geography economics. umsebenzi wayo kubaluleke kakhulu kumazwe aseYurophu, kodwa abantu bethu bayazi malunga nayo kancinci. Kutshanje ixakeke kakhulu axoxa ngesihloko ezifana "Russia kunye WTO." Kwaye Emva inzala banda, makhe uzame ukuqonda oku iingxaki zoqoqosho nezopolitiko.

Isakhiwo nentlangano

Ngenxa yoko, i-WTO - ntoni na? Basisishunqulelo limi njengoko "World Trade Organisation". Yasungulwa ngo-1995 ukwandisa inkululeko kurhwebo kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngokunjalo phakathi kwamazwe, ukuba bajoyine i-WTO. Xa njengesiseko yesiVumelwano Jikelele ngomhla lwamaxabiso kunye noRhwebo, eyasekwa ngo-1947.

ikomkhulu yayo ise- Switzerland (Geneva). Okwangoku, umlawuli jikelele yesakhiwo Pascal Lamy, kwaye inamalungu kumazwe 159 embindini ka-2013. UMlawuli-Jikelele uzithoba kwiBhunga Jikelele okanye Secretariat, nto leyo ikhokelela iimvumelwano eziliqela.

Conference yaBaphathiswa - WTO umzimba oyintloko esemthethweni. Ihlangabezana ubuncinane kanye qho emva kweminyaka emibini. Imbali ubume leenkomfa ezinjalo ezintandathu, kwaza phantse ngamnye kubo sikhatshwe inani uqhankqalazo kwicala eentshaba jikelele. Sicinga siye wawuphendula lo mbuzo: "? WTO, yintoni na". Ngoku makhe sihlolisise iinjongo zalo mbutho.

Iinjongo ezintathu eziphambili

1. Ukukhawuleziswa kakuhle urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye kususwe nemiqobo kuyo. WTO Umbutho akavumeli kule iziphumo ezingalunganga, kunye kakubi ezahlukeneyo. Osomashishini ngamnye, amashishini kunye nemibutho yesebe imithetho yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe musa ukutshintsha ngaphandle kwesaziso. intsingiselo yazo icacile kwaye ziqondakale, kunye nokusetyenziswa - gqolo.

2. Ukususela ukutyikitywa izicatshulwa isivumelwano ababandakanyekayo kakhulu kumazwe, iingxoxo rhoqo evela phakathi kwabo. WTO lisebenza njengomthetheli-thethwano ngokuthi unike Inani lezithintelo ezilawulayo kunye nokudala ukuthembeka, nto leyo inceda ukuthintela ukubethabethana.

3. Inkalo yesithathu ebalulekileyo lombutho - ukulungisa iingxabano. Ngapha koko, amaqela thethwano zikholisa ukuba iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Iimvumelwano kunye nezivumelwano baqukumbele yolamlo WTO, ntonje ukutyhilwa kuyimfuneko ezilandelayo. Yonke imiba disputable iqwalaselwe kakuhle entlanganweni emisiweyo ukuze ngokusekelwe ndivuseleleke kwavunyelwana ngemiba yomthetho ukuqinisekisa amaqela amathuba alinganayo kunye namalungelo. Kungenxa yoko le nto zonke izivumelwano ezisayiniweyo phakathi sikhokelo lombutho iquka umba kwi nemiqathango ukulungisa iingxabano.

Le migaqo mihlanu

Okwangoku, kukho imigaqo ezintlanu ukuba ilingane inkqubo yorhwebo yehlabathi.

1. Non-calulo

Akukho urhulumente unelungelo kuphazamisana kwenye ngokubeka miqobo neentengo kwamanye amazwe kwempahla. Ngokusesikweni, iimveliso zikazwelonke angaphandle kufuneka bethengisa kurhwebo lwasekhaya phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.

2. Ukuncitshiswa ezizenzekelayo (trade) imiqobo

izithintelo Trade - ezi zinto ethintela ukuvela kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kweli kurhwebo lwasekhaya naliphi na ilizwe. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ziquka abanokubuloba yokungenisa kunye nemisebenzi namasiko. Kwakhona le zorhwebo ngamazwe luchaphazela nkqubo yokuseka amazinga exchange kunye nemiqobo zolawulo.

3. Le nakwiingqikelelo ezenziwayo kunye nozinzo iimeko zorhwebo

Urhulumente, abatyali kunye neenkampani zangaphandle kufuneka eqinisekile ukungaguquleki iimeko zorhwebo (izithintelo lwamaxabiso kwaye non-lweerhafu) indlela ngesiquphe kunye esicalanye.

4. Ingqondo Icandelwana yokhuphiswano

Kukhuphiswano phakathi mveliso abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo yaba imfuneko ngokulinganayo ukuthintela iindlela ezingalunganga yomzabalazo - mali kumazwe angaphandle (inkxaso karhulumente ekuthumeleni iinkampani) kunye isicelo zokulahla ixabiso (ingakumbi lingako) ukungena iimarike ezintsha angaphandle.

5. Iinzuzo kumazwe kunye namaqondo asezantsi lophuhliso

Njengoko umthetho, amazwe WTO ibe kuqoqosho olomeleleyo, kodwa kukho ezinye amazwe ngokwaneleyo, apho mbutho unika amalungelo akhethekileyo. Lo mgaqo achaseneyo nabanye, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba bazobe urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lamazwe ne kwinqanaba elisezantsi yophuhliso.

imisebenzi

• esweni ukuthotyelwa ye-WTO amalungiselelo esisiseko;
• ukusonjululwa iingxabano phezu iingxaki yorhwebo langaphandle;
• ukunceda zombini ukuphuhlisa kunye eliphantsi amazwe aphuhlileyo;
• Intsebenziswano kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo jikelele;
• Kudalwe iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu thethwano phakathi kwamalungu WTO;
• esweni imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe kwinkalo urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Inkqubo lokunithumelela

Thina ngokoqobo wavula umbuzo "i-WTO - ntoni na?". Kuhleli ukuba siqwalasele le yeyona ndawo ibaluleke kakhulu kuyo - inkqubo yamangenelo, inkunkuma yeminyaka yokuba ubukho mbutho. Xa amava kumazwe sicelo, le nkqubo ithabatha 5-7 iminyaka.

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala, amaqela ezizodwa ukusebenza laqhuba uhlalutyo olubanzi kurhwebo kunye ulawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nendlela kwezoqoqosho acceding State nokuthobela imithetho nemimiselo ye-WTO. Emva koko uqale thethana imiqathango yokungena lombutho kwilizwe yomviwa. Kwaye inxaxheba kunye nomdla amazwe angamalungu maqela zokusebenza.

Isihloko iphambili iintetho - minyinyiva "ngokorhwebo esikhulu" ukufumana WTO kwi ukufikelela kwiimarike yayo emva kokuba urhulumente ukulawula umgqatswa esemthethweni kwintlangano an. Kubalulekile ukuxoxa umba - ixesha lokuthatha le mbopheleleko ezivela kobulungu.

Ngenxa yoko, iqela urhulumente uya kufumana amalungelo, leyo kwelinye amalungu WTO. Iza kuphela calulo yayo kwiimarike zangaphandle. Ukuba naliphi na ilungu lombutho ekwenzeni izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, naliphi na ilizwe angafaka isikhalazo OPC (Body Settlement sempikiswano). Kwinqanaba likazwelonke, kunyanzelekileyo ukuba aphumeze isigqibo, ilungu ngalinye le-WTO.

Inyathelo lokugqibela ukuvunywa yi-mthetho uRhulumente komviwa onke amaxwebhu ekuvunyelwene ngayo yi-Group eliSebenzayo yaze yavunywa liBhunga Jikelele. Emva kwale nkqubo, eli lizwe mvotelwa ufumana imo efanelekileyo.

Russia and WTO

Ekubeni uqoqosho lwelizwe lethu (ukususela ekuweni USSR), ngakumbi nangakumbi ihlanganiswe urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe baqalisa ukuba kuvela imfuneko ukuphuma kwibakala lehlabathi. siqala ukungena i-WTO kwaxutyushwa bubunkokheli Russian kwangethuba-1995, lo gama i-thethwano zaqhutywa. ukufikelela ilizwe entlanganweni iza kubonelela ezininzi iingenelo. Kwaye anikwe isantya sophuhliso jikelele, ukulungiswa yabo ekubeni phambili. Iibhonasi eziya kufumana eRashiya emva Ukuvuma WTO:

• iimeko kakhulu ukwenzela ukufikelela kwiimveliso zethu emarikeni yehlabathi;
• nokwandisa amathuba abatyalimali Russian ngokwemigaqo yokufikelela kwiimarike yamanye amazwe ilungu lombutho;
• ukuphucula umfanekiso lizwe kwezopolitiko ngamazwe;
• ukukwazi ukusebenzisa WTO isiseko esisemthethweni zokusonjululwa kweembambano zorhwebo;
• inxaxheba kuphuhliso imithetho kunye nemigangatho yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa izilangazelelo zabo.

Ngo-2012 yaphela kwiminyaka 16 thethwano kwi eRashiya Ukuvuma i-WTO. INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko sele ithunyelwe isivumelwano samazwe ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela yayo nomthetho Russian. Ngo-Julayi ka-2012 inkundla ndafumana kubhaliwe kwi imiqathango yesivumelwano umthetho WTO, njengazo zonke sivumelwano sonke. Emva kweentsuku ezili-11 kaMongameli VV Putin isalelo kwi eRashiya Ukuvuma entlanganweni.

ukugxekwa

Ngethemba, sathetha iinkcukacha malunga umbutho, kwaye akusekho umbuzo: "WTO - ntoni na?". Xa ndiqukumbela, amagama ambalwa ukugxekwa.

Abantu abaninzi abavumelani nemigaqo WTO of lorhwebo olukhululekileyo. Bakholelwa ukuba le migaqo musa negalelo kubomi elifumileyo kubantu abaninzi, kodwa kukhokelela kuphela ukutyebiseka iintlanga sele owayesisityebi (kunye nabantu). Kwakhona, izivumelwano WTO batyholwa ephambili amazwe unfair izityebi zamazwe ngamazwe.

Abahlalutyi bakholelwa amazwe ezincinane WTO lilungu azinampembelelo kulo mbutho, baza - zinikela ingqalelo iimfuno zabo zorhwebo. Kwakhona, ngokutsho iingcali, ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo sisoloko wangena imvelaphi ngakwicala izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo ukuze ishishini.