Alfred Marshall. Cambridge School of Economics

I neoclassical Isikolo kwezoqoqosho iquka Cambridge Anglo-American. Eyokuqala ithathwa indlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni uqeqesho. Ukuqulunqwa kwale sikolo ezoqoqosho ezinxulumene amagama zezazinzulu ezibalaseleyo. Phakathi kwabo - Valras, Clark, Pigou. A osemqoka ukuyilwa iingcamango ezintsha yaba Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). Le nkqubo, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngokudibeneyo kunye noogxa, yaba nokuqhubekeka yamandulo kunye nofakelo kwezibonelelo uhlahlelo indlela kunye umda omtsha. Yaba umsebenzi wakhe ngeendlela ezininzi zichazwe kwicala elizayo zehlabathi izimvo.

Alfred Marshall: biography

Nizalelwe nani kwinkulungwane ye-19 eLondon. Yena isidanga kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Ngowe-1877 le nkampani liqalise imisebenzi yayo yolawulo kwiYunivesithi Bristol. Kweli xesha ukususela 1883 ade th 1884 yena into emandiyenze e Oxford. Emva koko wabuyela kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge yaye ukususela 1885 kude 1903rd wayesebenza khona ngunjingalwazi. Ekuqaleni-imi- 90 kwinkulungwane ye-19, uye wasebenza njengelungu le-Royal weKomishoni yabasebenzi. Ngowe-1908 wasishiya of Economy Political yeSebe eCambridge. Ukususela ngoko de ekufeni kwakhe; waba uphando lwabo.

Alfred Marshall: negalelo kuqoqosho

Eli nani ithathwa omnye wabaseki kwicala neoclassical. Yena wazisa umba yengqeqesho "ezoqoqosho ', ngaloo ndlela egxininisa ukuqonda yabo kwisifundo sophando. Wayekholelwa ukuba eli gama ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi yaye kubonisa ngokuchanekileyo into yokufunda. Phakathi leyona wahlola iimeko zoqoqosho kunye iinkalo zobomi luluntu, imiqathango kumsebenzi yezoqoqosho. Kuyinto isiyalo isicelo kwaye azisayi kuqwalaselwa imiba aluncedo. Nangona kunjalo, imiba nkqubo zezoqoqosho ayifanele isifundo yayo. kwentlalo efanayo yezoqoqosho, ngokoluvo Marshall, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngaphandle impembelelo kwezopolitiko kunye ngoncedo kurhulumente. Wayekholelwa ukuba inyaniso eziye eza ezakudala, baligcine ixabiso phezu ixesha kwehlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwamaLungu amalungiselelo kuphuhliswa ngaphambili, kufuneka ucacise intsingiselo, ngokungqinelana kukutshintsha iimeko. iimbambano phakathi izazinzulu aphambili oko kuthathwa njenge umthombo yexabiso: iinkalo zemveliso, iindleko zabasebenzi, okanye into eluncedo. Economist Alfred Marshall wakwazi mpikiswano kwenye moya. Weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba akukho mfuneko ukuba umthombo ixabiso. Oko kunilungele ngakumbi ukufunda imiba echaphazela ixabiso kwinqanaba layo kunye neentshukumo.

Nezidingo

Okokuqala, kufuneka imisele ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokufunda okhethwe Alfred Marshall. Iimbono ezisisiseko mzobo ngokusekelwe imbambano malunga nemiba yeendleko. Xa imisebenzi yakhe, yena wachaza indlela ecacileyo kule ngxoxo. Ukuqwalasela imfundiso imiba yemveliso, wakhetha omnye ezahlukeneyo - ingqikelelo amaxhoba ezi zinto. Studies wafumana uhlobo isivumelwano phakathi kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga. Ingcamango iqhosha kukugcina ekutshintsheni iziko womxhuzulane ngemisebenzi abaphengululi yamaphephandaba ngokucalula ngexabiso isifundo ukuyilwa iipatheni yentsebenziswano lobonelelo kunye nemfuno. Ngokusekelwe kule, into leyo enokuthi ibe rates ukukhulelwa. Ngaloo ndlela, kwacetyiswa indibanisela ukuhlehla ezi ndidi zibalulekileyo nesigama evela kumacala ahlukeneyo theoretical component. A Inani ingqiqo ka imiba yemveliso sele ifakiwe izifundo regularities ukubunjwa iminikelo imveliso. Iimbono kwengcamango eluncedo eziseludinini, njengokuba yena wangena, yena, ukuze achaze isakhiwo yabathengi kwemfuno ukubunjwa imithetho. Ebudeni besifundo, iindlela ezininzi ezitsha abeke phambili, laqalisa ukusebenzisa amahlelo kunye ingqiqo, ngoko ngokuqinileyo ziqukwe uqeqesho.

ixesha factor

Imfuneko sizidibanise uhlalutyo ixabiso le igxininiswe kuphando lwakhe, Alfred Marshall. Inkalo ephambili ngokokubona kwakhe, yaba intsebenziswano phakathi iindleko zemveliso kunye neendleko zemfundo. Le intsebenziswano kuxhomekeke kuhlobo indlela elele ekuhlalutyeni. Ekuhambeni elifutshane ukunyuka kakhulu imfuneko phezu unikezelo, ukungakwazi ukuphelisa le luncedo ngokuthi amandla ekhoyo likwaqhuba ebizwa ngokuba yi-Indlela sasemthethweni esinelungelo lokuwisa. Abo amashishini avelisa iimveliso ezinqabileyo, phambi kokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezitsha kufuneka ithuba lokuba ukwandisa kakhulu ixabiso. Ngenxa yoko, befumana extra, "kvazirentny" ingeniso odala ezo kwingeniso. Alfred Marshall wachaza indlela nakumandla eemarike ukuya ukuhla kwi kwakunye nokufunwa kwixesha elifutshane.

Kakuhle eli ukulalanisa

theory Economic Marshall iye yaxhaswa bexesha lakhe. Wacela ukuvumelana kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo isivuno ingqeqesho ezisengozini apho uyifumane ngokwayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. theory yayo ixabiso iye ziphuhliswa ngaphezulu kwaye waqalisa ukwenza inxalenye yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko, ekuthiwa kwicandelo loqoqosho oluncinci. Le Isazinzulu wabona uluntu yamaphephandaba njenge inkqubo ngokwanelisayo iyavisisana, nto leyo eye kuvinjwa nakuphi na ukuphikisana ezibalulekileyo zoqoqosho nezentlalo. Alfred Marshall ucazululo olunzulu nokusekwa kunye impefumlelwano iindidi ezingundoqo, wazisa iikhonsepti ezintsha. Ukuziphatha, ngokwembono yakhe, hayi kuphela uphonononga nohlobo ubutyebi. Isifundo sokuqala uphathelene iintshukumisa yemisebenzi yoqoqosho. Ngobunzulu isivuseleli ulinganiswa ngemali - utsho Alfred Marshall. Principles of Economics, ke ngoko, zaye ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo ukuziphatha kwabantu.

Amaxhoba umsebenzi nekomkhulu

Alfred Marshall ingqalelo imiba enxulumene nokusekwa mithombo ixabiso kunye nenzuzo lokugqibela. Kwezi zifundo, waqhubeka isithethe imiyalelo IsiNgesi. Ukuqulunqwa ingqikelelo ifuthe msebenzi Seniora kunye nenani abalandeli bakhe. Alfred Marshall wayekholelwa ukuba ngemali iindleko zokusebenza nizimele iindleko zokwenene. Ngabo ekugqibeleni kugqibe ngumlinganiselo exchange ukusasazwa kwempahla. iindleko Real kwinkqubo nkulu akhiwa eyinkunzi kunye nabasebenzi amaxhoba. iindleko ezizinzileyo kunye irenti zaye ngaphandle ingqiqo. Ukuchaza ingqiqo amaxhoba yabasebenzi, Alfred Marshall phantse ilandelwe ngokupheleleyo le mfundiso Seniora. Olu didi wabachazela ukuba sizive sikhathazekile luluvo ezihambisana umkhosi zokusebenza. Capital ixhoba Marshall - i uphepha mali ukusetyenziswa lobuqu nangoko.

Unobangela nesiphumo

Alfred Marshall kwiincwadi zakhe walatha ukuhamba kunye ukungacaci. Ukongeza, watsalela ingqalelo imithetho Okukodwa, esebenze ngokuqhelekileyo ngokohlobo eziqhubekayo. Le Isazinzulu wathetha ingakumbi imithetho yezoqoqosho. Yile nzima lo ukufuna inyaniso efunekayo ukusetyenziswa ubuchule ezifanelekileyo yohlalutyo. Ithiyori lusekelwe sengxoxo ukuba nabani na ufuna fun and okulungileyo, ufumana kude. Kuzo zonke iimeko abantu bakholisa ukufumana okuninzi nantoni na xa kukho ubuncinane omnye komnye. Alfred Marshall ecetywayo indlela kufuneka ukuchonga izizathu eziphambili ngaphandle nefuthe kwezinye iimeko ngayo kuqala. Wacebisa ukuba impembelelo unobangela izenzo ngaphandle kwaye kukhokelela kwiziphumo eziphathekayo. Noko ke, kwenzeka le meko ukuba kwangaphambili kuya kwamkelwa hypothesis, njengako apho kungekho sizathu ngaphandle yokuba imfundiso iphawulwe ngokucacileyo, aziyi kuthathelwa ngqalelo. Xa inyathelo elilandelayo sithabathela ingqalelo izinto ezintsha efundwayo. Umzekelo, zithathelwa utshintsho zobonelelo kunye nemfuno akhawunti kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo iimveliso. Ukuhla nokunyuka Dynamics wafunda, hayi-manani. Ulinganisa imikhosi eziphembelela intshukumo kwamaxabiso kunye nemfuno.

lomdiliya ongagqibelelanga ncam

Alfred Marshall bendiqonda kwindibano ethile kunye neentsilelo ezaziwayo le ndlela, leyo ibandakanya ukususwa lweempembelelo musa ukuba ngalo mzuzu isigqibo into. iimeko Secondary umbono ingcamango zaguqulelwa kwelinye, "igumbi" okhethekileyo. Wabhekisela "phantsi ilingana kwezinye iimeko." Alfred Marshall lo mlinganiselo awubandakanyi impembelelo kwezinye izinto, kungekhona bewagqala kwi egalelwe efanayo. Indiva ukusebenza kwazo okwethutyana nje. Ngoko ke, kukho enye kuphela sizathu - ixabiso. Kusebenza uhlobo umazibuthe. Ihlabathi kwezoqoqosho ivela njenge phantsi kwempembelelo komlawuli omnye, onke nenkuthazo kunye namandla kuchaphazela inkqubo yonikezelo kunye nemfuno.

analysis of iingxaki

Alfred Marshall safuna ukuhlola nemiba xa moya neemeko kanye ubomi kwezoqoqosho. umsebenzi yakhe iyaphuphuma ngemizekeliso emininzi, imizekelo apho abeyithabathile ezintlangeni practice. Izazinzulu zizama ukudibanisa iindlela ithiyori kunye nembali. Ngelo xesha iindlela zakhe kwezinye iimeko, schematize, lula kwenzeka. Alfred Marshall wabhala ngento yokuba ukuba ingqeqesho lujoliswe, kuqala kwiinto zonke, yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi ngokwayo. Umsebenzi wesibini yenza ingcaciso ngemiba ezisebenzayo. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukujolisa ngqo ekusetyenzisweni ebalulekileyo iziphumo zokufunda. Ukwakhiwa yophando kuyimfuneko kwisiseko hayi isekelwe nenjongo, yaye ngokutsho kwisiqulatho into uhlalutyo. Marshall wathetha nxamnye iingcamango Ricardo ezinxulumene ingqalelo kakhulu ukuba iindleko zemveliso size siye uhlalutyo kwindawo imfuno eziziisekondari. Kuye wenza njengesinye izizathu underestimating ixabiso imibuzo yophando ezinxulumene nasekufundweni iimfuno zabantu.

imfuno ijika

Inxulunyaniswa kohlolo eluncedo. Marshall wabeka phambili indlela Ukwanda okanye amaxabiso ukunciphisa njengesiqhelo, impahla esisiseko yobuntu. Ngokutsho kokugqitywa nzulu, kwigophe imfuno ayidli kwithambeka ezimbi. Ukwandisa imali yezibonelelo kuphungula luncedo umda kweeyunithi yayo. Umthetho yonikezelo iphathwa yi Marshall ngale ndlela ilandelayo: ". Inani impahla, leyo yawangenisa ukunyuka imfuno kunye nokuhla kwamaxabiso sehlise neendyebo zalo"

Le steepness le curve kwi iimveliso ezahlukeneyo kuyahlukahlukana. Kuba kukho iinzuzo, oku kunciphisa kakhulu, kuba abanye - a kakuhle. Ithambeka degree (engile) ziya kwahluka ngokungqinelana neenguqu zifunwa phantsi kwempembelelo nokungazinzi kwamaxabiso. Ukuba oku kuza kwenzeka kamsinya, kuya kuba bhetyebhetye, ukuba kancinci, inelastic. La magama intsha kuhlalutyo kwezoqoqosho, nokuba Marshall ndabasa imfundiso.

iindleko Supply kunye nemveliso

Ukuphonononga ezi ndidi, Marshall wabelana iindleko ezongezelelweyo kunye esisiseko. Xa isigama mihla, le esisigxina kunye neendleko eziguquguqukayo. Ezinye iindleko kwixesha elifutshane alunako ukutshintshwa. Kumba umthamo impahla ochaphazelekayo uphiko iindleko eziguquguqukayo. Imali ngokufanelekileyo imveliso kuyafikelelwa xa ixabiso ebekiwe equalized kunye ingeniso aseludinini.

iindidi ezintsha

Ekunciphiseni ixesha elide iindleko zemveliso yabangela imali yangaphandle nangaphakathi. Le migaqo nazo baziswa izazinzulu. Ukuphumeza imali yangaphakathi kunokwenzeka ngokuphucula mbutho kunye nemveliso nobuchwepheshe. Yangaphandle, nto, yenziwa yi kwinqanaba ukuzikisa ingqondo, iindleko, ubunakho zothutho. Ezi zinto zinxulumene kuluntu lonke. Enyanisweni, kule ndawo ibonisa umahluko phakathi iindleko buso bebonke imveliso.