Philosophy Berdyaev

Berdyaev (1874-1948) wayevela kwintsapho unguwo. Ngoxa ukufunda kwiYunivesithi of Kiev, waqala ukuya ejikeleza of Democrats Social waza waba nomdla iingcamango Marxism. Sele kweli xesha ukuba waba nomdla kwimibuzo bulumko, ndifunda Hegel, Kant, Schelling, Marx, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Tolstoy. Ngokuthe ngcembe kwakhiwa ifilosofi eyeyalo Berdyaev embindini leyo, yaba bulumko idealist yonqulo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, waba ngomnye nabagxeki kakuhle izinto ezibonakalayo Marxism.

inqubo yakhe kwasekwa ngexesha umsebenzi "Imibuzo of Life" yaye "Entsha". Waba ngunozala yoluntu zonqulo-bulumko, ebizwa "Inkumbulo Soloviev." Ngowe-1911 wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala. "Ifilosofi wenkululeko," Berdyaev ephawulwe kokugqitywa kwiphulo lakhe kubekho ukugwetyelwa ifilosofi "zeniyo-ubuKristu" kunye kwenkcazo 'omtsha lokuqonda yonqulo ". Ngowe-1916 wabonakala umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo, "The Meaning of Ubuchule", nto leyo ingqalelo izimvo zakhe.

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi nempembelelo kakhulu isimo sengqondo bulumko, ngubani akuthabatha ekupheleni humanistic imbali. amandla Historical unako ukwenza umsebenzi Ukuhlangana lobuntu zamaKristu, engekamboni kuphela eRashiya. Wasamkela ngoko ngokufudumeleyo i Februwari Revolution kunye Oktobha kabukhali embi baqonda. YamaBolshevik Socialism kwincwadi yakhe "The Ifilosofi ukungalingani" Wabiza "wanyanzelwa abazalwana."

Berdyaev wadala Free Academy of Culture Yokomoya. Eli ligatya yamaBolshevik ideology eye yabangela kuyo bonke abasemagunyeni, wabanjwa kabini 1922 - kwendisa ngaphandle for "iphenyane yentanda".

Imisebenzi ephambili ebonisa ubuntu intanda ka Berdyaev, wadalwa ngexesha lokuthinjwa (Berlin kuqala, kwandula ke isixeko French of Clamart). imisebenzi yakhe ezinkulu - "Ifilosofi Free uMoya", "The Meaning of Ubuchule", "Ubukhoboka kunye nenkululeko yabantu", "UMoya kunye Inyaniso," "Ubukumkani uMoya nobukumkani uKesare," ". Amava ezikhona sokugqibela kwimbali"

Iziko kisa bakhe bulumko - umxholo womntu. bulumko Berdyaev wawusekelwe phezu postulate senkululeko ingqondo nobuntu. imfundiso yakhe ekuthethwa ukuthambekela ebomini kunye personalism.

Berdyaev wayekholelwa ukuba abadalwe bubulolo, ukungakhuseleki kunye ulahliwe ezisuka kwi-bume yentlalo, iyabakhobokisa umntu, kwaye uyawakhuthaza ordinariness ukudangala. Ukusuka kukoyika okukhulu umntu akwazi ukuba akhulule bulumko kuphela ukuba idabi engenangqondo, ubudlova zehlabathi (umsebenzi "Mna ihlabathi izinto," abewabhalile kamsinya Berdyaev).

Intanda senkululeko ngo umsebenzi wakhe uye ziyachazwa iimpapasho ezininzi, phakathi kwabo i "Self-ulwazi". imfundiso yakhe ijoliswe ekuncedeni umntu ukuba athathe isikhundla esisebenzayo sokuyila, ngaloo ndlela ngokwaphula ukungafezeki yobomi.

izimvo zalo ezintathu eziphambili - na ingcamango "ubuKristu jikelele," ingcamango inkululeko kunye nobuchule uxolo. Ngokubanzi, iimbono zakhe paradoskalno ingqiqo okusegazini lobunzima yobomi yothando ngexesha elifanayo ukuzithemba uloyiso yale yenziwayo.

Njengomntwana onengqondo yonqulo Berdyaev wadala nembono yantlandlolo cosmogonic zehlabathi. Ngaphambi kokuba ukuphila khona enzonzobileni (imeko ngqiqweni yenkululeko). Oko kukuthi, inkululeko kwakhokelwa ngokupheleleyo yonke into, Thixo, owazalwa yaye kamva wadala ihlabathi kunye nabantu. Of UThixo wathulula umoya kubo bazisezela umntu. Ngoko ke, eli hlabathi zazibini iziseko: umoya kunye nenkululeko. Ezi iziseko adityaniswa indoda iyaphikisana. UMoya ngowona ngokunxulumene ihlabathi eziphathekayo ezibalulekileyo kakhulu ngabantu. Ekubeni lubandakanya sezingqondweni self-ezingqondweni zabantu.

bulumko Berdyaev kaThixo wanikela umnqweno inkululeko yoluntu, koko wathi: "socialism personalist," nto leyo eyayithetha igunya umntu phezu kuluntu. Kodwa lo mphakathi abantu bangakwazi ukuzisa kuluntu, kodwa kuphela uThixo ( "collegiality"). Ngoko ke, intsingiselo kwimbali yabantu obuyiyo ubukumkani bukaThixo. imbali Umhlaba kaThixo anesiphelo, kodwa akukho nto ntlekele, kwaye ekulweni intiyo, lithiwe pahaha kunye objectification.