Classical German ifilosofi ngokufutshane (iimpawu jikelele)

Yintoni umdla intanda-classical German? xelela ngokufutshane ngayo kunzima, kodwa siya kuzama. Kuhle kakhulu negalelo elikhulu kwimbali kunye nophuhliso yehlabathi izimvo. Ngoko ukuthetha malunga iseti lonke iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo senkolelo zavela eJamani kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ukuba sithetha inkqubo ebanzi original zokucinga, oko kukuthi, Kakade ke, lo bulumko German yamandulo. Ngokufutshane abameli balo uthi oku kulandelayo. Okokuqala, lo Immanuel Kant, Georg UWilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lyudvig Andreas Feuerbach. Inani guide iinkcuba le ntsingiselo nayo uquka ubuso odumileyo ezimbalwa. Le uJohann Gottlieb Fichte kunye Georg UWilhelm Friedrich Schelling. Ngamnye kubo original kakhulu kwaye ngumdali kwinkqubo yakhe. Ngaba ke sonke sithethe into epheleleyo ngolo bulumko lakudala German? Ngokufutshane chaza njengento ingqokelela izimvo ezahlukeneyo namabinza. Kodwa zonke ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo eziyimfuneko kunye nemigaqo.

bulumko German ubhedu. iimpawu ngokubanzi (ngokufutshane)

Oku elizibalula kwimbali lengqiqo eJamani. Eli lizwe, njengoko Marx wakubeka wayibeka, ngaloo mihla apho kunokuba theoretical component kunokuba practical. Noko ke, emva kwentlekele ka yiEnlightenment intanda-ziko wasuswa apha. Ekuzalweni yayo iphenjelelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo - revolution kunye neenzame nokubuyiselwa eFransi, ukuthandwa ngcinga komthetho zendalo kunye nepropati, ingqiqo lentlalo yoluntu efanelekileyo. Ukuba ngenene sifuna ukuqonda oko intanda-classical German, ngokufutshane sinokuthi ukuba ababeyiqwebile iingcamango zangaphambili lamazwe awohlukeneyo, ingakumbi kummandla kwingqiqo, ontology kunye inkqubela kwezentlalo. Ukongeza, onke la iinkcuba baye bazama ukuqonda ukuba yintoni inkcubeko kunye seengcamango. Kwakhona unomdla kwinto ndawo uphethe bulumko yonke. iinkcuba German yale xesha wazama isenza kakuhle loo mntu. Baye basungula a bulumko ngendlela njenge "inzululwazi bomoya", ezichongwe iindidi zayo eziphambili, oku kugqamisa shishino. Ke njenge ndlela iphambili yokucinga, uninzi lwabo ukubona ngengqiqo.

umsunguli

Uninzi mbali bakholelwa Immanuel Kant, umseki efumaneka obalulekileyo kwimbali ingqondo yomntu, nto leyo bulumko zoqobo waseJamani. Eshwankathela umsebenzi wayo yahlulwe izihlandlo ezibini. Eyokuqala kwezi ngokwemveli ingqalelo subcritical. Kukho Kant wazibonakalisa zezenzululwazi yendalo, nkqu wabeka phambili Cingela wezijikelezi-langa ngayo isuka. Okwesibini, ixesha ebalulekileyo imisebenzi bulumko, enikelwe obunzulu iingxaki dialectics, yokuziphatha kunye bayo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, wazama ukucombulula byi ukuba kuye kwavela phakathi empiricism kunye rationalism: yintoni na umthombo wolwazi - sizathu okanye amava? Lowo kucingwa ukuba oku mpikiswano ubukhulu becala. Iimvakalelo kusinika izinto zophando, kwaye kwenza ngayo imilo. Amava ikwavumela konke oku balance hlola. Ukuba mvakalelo zexeshana kunye impermanent, iintlobo engqiqo - isegazini kunye priori. Bavela phambi amava. Enkosi kubo siyakwazi ukuthetha inyaniso kunye izenzakalo ngokoMthetho engqongileyo. Kodwa ukuqonda kakuhle eli hlabathi yaye yonke ngendlela thina asikwazi. Nantsi i "into ngokwalo", na ukuqonda ooyihlo phesheya amava, oko ngokudlul.

Ukugxekwa isizathu theory and practical

Lo bulumko ubeke iingxaki eziphambili, ezithi ke ngoko isonjululwe zonke bulumko koko German yamandulo. Ngokufutshane (Kant sobulumko nzima kakhulu, kodwa zama lula scheme), oko kuvakala ngathi. Yintoni nokuba njani umntu akwazi ukusebenza ngayo, yintoni ekufuneka uzilindele enkundleni, yaye yonke into yena? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo wokuqala, sobulumko iqwalasela amanqanaba zokucinga kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Imvakalelo asebenza Iifom priori (umz, isithuba kunye nexesha), isizathu - ezi ndidi (ubuninzi, umgangatho). Facts ezithathwe kumava nabo bayaguquka imibono. Ingqondo nabo kowakha izigwebo priori zokwenziwa. Ngoko ke kukho inkqubo kwingqiqo. Kodwa ingqondo iqulethe iingcamango ngaphezulu kwemibandela - ubunye ihlabathi, umphefumlo, kaThixo. Zimele umzekelo ofanelekileyo, kodwa esisiso ndibanyuse baphume amava okanye zibe nzima. Naziphi na iinzame ukwenza njalo yenza eziphikisanayo enganyibilikiyo - le antinomy. Achaza ukuba kukho isizathu sokuba ayeke ukunika indlela ukholo. Ligxeka ukucinga yeengcingane, kant uyaqhubeka eya kwenziwa, oko kukuthi, ukuba yokuziphatha. isiseko sayo uthathwa sobulumko, ummiselo categorical priori - ukuphunyezwa umsebenzi yokuziphatha, kungekhona kwiminqweno zobuqu kunye notyekelo. Kant obuqhajelweyo izinto ezininzi bulumko yamandulo German. Makhe bahlale ngokufutshane kwezinye abameli balo.

Fichte

Lo bulumko, ngokungafaniyo Kant, wakhanyela ukuba ezingqonge akuxhomekekanga ezingqondweni zethu. Wayekholelwa ukuba intloko into - nje njengokubonisa eyahlukileyo kaThixo "I". Ebudeni eqhelekileyo yoshishino kunye nokufunda okunene lwenzeka nokuthembela. Oku kuthetha ukuba le yokuqala "Mna" uyaqonda (yenza) ngokwayo, yaye emva koko izinto. Baya uqala ukusebenza ngalo mbandela yaye babe nemiqobo kuye. Ukuze liweyise, "Mna" luphuhla. Eli nqanaba liphezulu yale nkqubo ukuqonda ukuba ngubani lo mbandela kunye nenjongosenzi. Ke izichasi zitshatyalalisiwe, kwaye kukho i "I" epheleleyo. Ukongeza, ngokuxhomekeke ukuqonda Fichte yolwazi kwaye aluncedo. Ubeko yokuqala i yesibini. Absolute "Mna", ngokwemiqathango Fichte, ukho kuphela amandla. umatshini yaso i "thina" UThixo esihlanganyelweyo okanye.

Schelling

Ukuchola ingcamango Fichte umanyano kwisifundo andimangalele, ukuba nzulu ngezinto wacinga zombini ezi ndidi ze yokwenene. Indalo ezibonakalayo ngenxa yokuba baqonda ukuba i "I". Le self-zingqondweni lonke imbonakalo kunye nokungcola okunokuvela kwesi sifundo. Faka avela izichasi kunye, ngexesha leyo uphuhliso Soul yehlabathi. Lo mbandela izalwa indalo, kodwa kudala kwihlabathi yaso, nizahlule ukusuka "Mna" - inzululwazi, ubugcisa, inkolo. Anengqondo ekhoyo nje kuphela ingqondo, kodwa kwindalo. Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo ke leyo eyenza sibe, kunye nehlabathi. Indawo ukuze abone umanyano womntu nendalo, ukuqonda akwanelanga, kufuneka intuition ngokwasengqondweni. Yena abe bulumko nobugcisa. Ngoko ke, indlela yokucinga, ngokutsho Schelling, kufuneka luqulathe izahlulo ezintathu. Nguwo lo bulumko wendalo, ngoko obunzulu (ejongisisa umgca priori bengqondo). Kodwa ke uzuko kunayo yonke le ukuqonda ubunye yesifundo kunye nenjongosenzi. Le Schelling apogee ngokuba bulumko yesazisi. Ukholelwa ubukho Absolute Mind, apho umoya kunye nohlobo nezinye ezichaseneyo ziyafana.

Le nkqubo kunye nendlela

Le sazi idumileyo, nto leyo ehambisana kunye bulumko German yamandulo - Hegel. Ngokufutshane chaza inkqubo yalo kunye nemigaqo esisiseko. Schelling, Hegel uyayamkela imfundiso iinkcukacha kant bagqiba kwelokuba lo mbandela ongenakucimeka ngaphandle osezingqondweni, kwaye vice versa. Kodwa wayekholelwa umgaqo engundoqo zeentanda-bulumko umanyano kunye nomzabalazo izichasi. Ihlabathi isekelwe phezu ungubani yokuba nokucinga, ingcamango epheleleyo. Kodwa sifihla yempixano ephikisanayo. Xa oku bunye uthe wanolwazi ngokwayo, lahlukanisa kwaye idala kwihlabathi izinto (umcimbi, nature). Kodwa le otherness isakhula ngokunxulumene nemithetho zokucinga. In "Science of Logic" Hegel alujonga ngayo le mithetho. Yena ufumana ukuba izinto ezifana njengoko akhiwa kunye uphawu umahluko phakathi kwe-logic esesikweni dialectical, yintoni na imithetho yokugqibela. Ezi nkqubo okufanayo yokucinga, kunye nokusingqongileyo, kuba ihlabathi kusengqiqweni nengqiqo. Eyona ndlela ingundoqo ngengqiqo Hegel uye waba iindidi ezisisiseko kunye nemithetho leyo wayisa, babethelelwe.

triad

eminye imisebenzi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ze-sobulumko German yi "intanda wemvelo" yaye "Phenomenology uMoya". Kubo, yena uphonononga uphuhliso ingcamango otherness Absolute uze uyibuyisele ngokwam, kodwa kwisigaba eyahlukileyo yophuhliso. Ifom lisezantsi ubukho kweli hlabathi - ubucukubhede, ilandelwe yi-physics, yaye ekugqibeleni organic. Ekugqityweni kwale oneziqu awuphumi endalo kwaye iqalisa umntu kunye noluntu. Ekuqaleni, akaqondi yena. Kweli nqanaba, kuba umoya ayinyani. Ngoko ke ivela ngeendlela kawonke - wokuziphatha, umthetho kunye norhulumente. imbali yabantu iphela kunye ukuvela umoya epheleleyo. Kwakhona unalo iintlobo ezintathu kuphuhliso - yinto ubugcisa, unqulo kunye bulumko.

izinto ezibonakalayo

Kodwa inkqubo Hegel akuthethi iphele kunye waseJamani classical bulumko. Feuerbach (ngokufutshane siya ukuchaza imfundiso yakhe ngezantsi) uthathwa ukuba abe ngummeli yayo yokugqibela. Uye waba umgxeki bangi of Hegel. Ekugqibeleni waboleka ingcamango lokuphelisa. Phantse bonke ubomi bakhe wayitshabalalisa, ukuze ufumanise ukuba iindlela zakhe kunye neentlobo. Wazama ukwenza ithiyori yokulwa eyedwa, kwaye wagxeka nenkolo ngokwembono eziphathekayo. Kwincwadi yakhe ngembali yobuKristu, wathi ukuba umntu wadalwa nguThixo. Ngaloo ndlela kwabakho yokuhlukana kwabantu ukusuka ezifanelekileyo. Kwaye oku kukhokelele ekubeni indalo yayo womntu wenza into yokunqula. Ukuba kuthunyelwa neminqweno yabantu ngezinto ngokwenene bafanelwe - kubo ngokwabo. Ngoko ke, le ndlela inokuthenjwa ukuba boyise kunjani - kodwa uthando ukuba kubekho ubudlelwane omtsha phakathi kwabantu.

bulumko German ubhedu. Isishwankathelo imiba ephambili

Siyabona ukuba zonke ezi zobulumko ezahlukeneyo baye bazama ukuhlola loo ndoda, ubuntu bakhe nenjongo. Kant babekholelwa ukuba ukuze yokuziphatha kwabantu kukuba, Fichte - asebenzayo kwaye ekrelekrele, Schelling - ukuba ungubani kwisifundo andimangalele, Hegel - logic kunye Feuerbach - uthando. Xa kumiselwa ixabiso bulumko, nabo kuyo ezahlukeneyo, nangona izikhundla rhoqo efanayo. Kant igxininisa ukubaluleka kwe obunzulu kunye neendlela zokuziphatha, Schelling - ifilosofi zendalo, Fichte - amacandelo ezopolitiko, Hegel - panlogism. Feuerbach uhlola zonke ezi imiba entsonkothileyo. Bona dialectics, wonke umntu ayiqonde ukubaluleka kwayo, kodwa elowo kubo oye abeke phambili uguqulelo yaso thiyori zonxibelelwano jikelele. Ezi ngxaki eziphambili, ezo ingqalelo bulumko German yamandulo. iimpawu ngokubanzi (ngokufutshane ezichazwe ngasentla kuthi) yale mba kwimbali yokucinga yabantu, ngokutsho inkolelo edumileyo, kukuba yenye lunempumelelo enkulu yenkcubeko eNtshona Yurophu.