Polymorphism - ntoni na? polymorphism genetic

polymorphism Genetic - imeko apho kukho iintlobo elide yemfuza, kodwa rhoqo isakhi kakhulu kunqabile obukhoyo phakathi labemi ekhulwini ngaphezu kwesinye. Ukugcina oko kungenxa ukuguquka zochuku yemfuza, kwakunye recombination babo njalo. Ngokutsho uphando, izazinzulu obeqhuba polymorphism yemfuza isagquba, kuba nendibaniselwano iigene kunokuba ezininzi million.

supply enkulu

Ukusuka eninzi polymorphism kuxhomekeke kukhubazeko ilungileyo labantu ukuba indawo entsha, kwaye kule meko, lo buxoki ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Uvavanyo inani elipheleleyo alleles polymorphic usebenzisa iindlela zemveli yemfuza, akukho ithuba aluncedo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ubukho isakhi ethile kwi kweejini ukuba ikhutshwa phandle bewela abantu ukuba babe neempawu ezahlukeneyo phenotypic ufuzo ichaziwe. Ukuba uyazi ukuba yimalini lwabemi ethile ziquka abantu phenotypes ezahlukeneyo, kuba nokwenzeka ukucwangcisa inani alleles ezichaphazela ukuyilwa uphawu.

Njani ukuba kwaqala?

Genetics baqala ukwanda kwi-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, kwaba ke waqalisa ukusetyenziswa electrophoresis kweziyi okanye enzyme ijeli, leyo basivumela ukuba ukugqiba polymorphism yemfuza. Yintoni na le ndlela? Kungenxa kulo kudala intshukumo ye iiproteni esigangeni yombane, leyo ixhomekeke kubungakanani protein abathuthwayo, uqwalaselo layo, nesigxina net kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ngejeli. Emva koko, kuxhomekeka kwindawo kunye nenani amabala ukuba nakala kwenziwa isigqibo kweziyobisi lokuzazisa. Ukuba bahlole polymorphism iiprothini kwabemi, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola malunga-20 okanye ngaphezulu ngeso na. Emva koko, usebenzisa indlela izibalo umiselwa inani alleles, kwaye umlinganiselo khuba kunye heterozygotes. Ngokutsho izifundo, ezinye izakhi ukuze monomorphic, kunye nabanye - polymorphous kakhulu.

iintlobo polymorphism

Ingcamango polymorphism ibanzi kakhulu, oko kuquka umboniso exeshana elungeleleneyo. Kuya kuxhomekeka kwixabiso isakhi uyakhetha zivunywa, nto leyo ibeka uxinizelelo olukhulu labemi. Ukongeza, kunokuba isakhi kunye chromosome.

Gene kunye chromosomal polymorphism

Gene polymorphism linikwa kwi alleles umzimba ngaphezu kwesinye umzekelo obalaseleyo oku kunokuba igazi. Chromosomal imele umahluko phakathi zofuzo oko kwenzeka ngenxa aberrations. Ezindaweni heterochromatin kukho umahluko. Xa kungekho leengxaki ekhokelela uphazamiseko okanye ukutshatyalaliswa ezinjalo izakhi cala.

Inguquko polymorphism

Transition polymorphism kwenzeka xa abemi a allele replacement, nto leyo kanye ke njengesiqhelo, omnye olunika uyinxibileyo yayo bhetyebhetye enkulu (ekwabizwa ngokuba allelism ezininzi). Xa uhlobo ithe ngqo ngokutshintsha ipesenti genotypes, oko kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba izinto zazivelela, kunye neentshukumo zayo ikhutshwa phandle. Lo mkhuba koomatshini mveliso kunokuba ngumzekelo omhle, nto leyo isenza polymorphism yenguqu. Yintoni na ubonisa ibhabhathane elula ukuba kunye nophuhliso kolu shishino iye yatshintsha amaphiko ayo ezimhlophe emnyama. Le nto yaqala obo bokugcinwa eNgilani, apho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-80 amabhabhathane yayifafazeke moth imibala cream sakuba kwaba mnyama, okokuqala baqaphela emva 1848 e-Manchester ngokunxulumene nophuhliso olukhawulezayo shishino. Sele 1895, ngaphezu kwama-95% ye-kungonakalisi nundu Ndizuze umbala emnyama Ematikweni. Olo tshintsho ezinxulumene yokuba imithi waba nomsi ngakumbi kwaye eqaqambileyo ibhabhathane lula ixhoba kunye blackbirds yokuhluzana. Eziye zenzeka kwi ngeendleko alleles njengesi melanistic.

polymorphism elungeleleneyo

Igama elithi "polymorphism balanced" olwahlula kungekho naziphi Umlinganiselo shift wokwamanani yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezweni elinabantu genotypes ukuba isitali nemiqathango yokuhlala. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukususela kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya ratio uhlala ngokufanayo kodwa zisenokwahluka kancinane ngaphakathi ixabiso elinikiweyo, oko kukuthi rhoqo. Xa kuthelekiswa inguqu, a polymorphism elungeleleneyo - yintoni na? Yena becala yinkqubo static ngamabonandenzile. I. I. Shmalgauzen ngo-1940 wamnika igama kuvuselele heteromorphism.

UMZEKELO polymorphism elungeleleneyo

Umzekelo omhle polymorphism elungeleleneyo isenokuba ubukho ngokwesini ezimbini izilwanyana ezininzi umfazi oyedwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba ube iingenelo elinganayo uyakhetha. Umlinganiselo kubo ukuba zenzeke engaphelanga labemi enye efanayo. Ukuba kukho inani yabaThembu ratio ukukhetha amadoda namabhinqa ukuze kakuhle, kwimeko apho abameli besini esifanayo isenokuba zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo okanye zisuswe yokuzala kangangoko ngaphezu besini esahlukileyo.

Enye yomzekelo izakuba yi amaqela igazi sendlela AB0. Kulo mzekelo, amaza genotypes ezahlukeneyo kwimiphakathi ezahlukeneyo inokuba ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwi belingana ukuba kwisizukulwana ngesizukulwana, akunamsebenzi ukutshintsha uzinzo yayo. Ngamafutshane, akukho kweejini akukho kuyigqitha uyakhetha phezu kwezinye. Ngokutsho manani, amadoda iqela lokuqala igazi abe iminyaka yokuphila ngaphezu ezinye besini eyomeleleyo kunye namanye amaqela igazi. On belingana oku, ingozi yokuba nesifo isilonda Peptic 12 isilonda duodenal phambi iqela lokuqala ngasentla, kodwa unako egqojozwe, yaye oko kuya kuba ngunobangela wokufa kwimeko seladlula ancedise.

lizama genetic

Le embrittlement ukuba anyhashwe apha eluntwini ngenxa zofuzo ezivela ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoko ke kufuneka abe yinxalenye ethile kwaye kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba polymorphisms zofuzo kwenkqubo hemostatic, ukucazulula esinika ukuqonda yokuzivelela kwezinto kunegalelo ezi nguqu okanye, icala, kuthintela kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuba silandela ikhondo inkqubo njengesi ezweni elinabantu onikiweyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ndigwebe ixabiso layo yokulungisa. Kunokuba alinganayo kwelinye ukuba yemfuza kwinkqubo yokhetho ayikho ngaphandle, kwaye nemiqobo kwi ukusasazeka kwayo apho.

Amatyala amaninzi abonisa ukuba ixabiso sofuzo ngaphantsi kwe omnye, yaye kwimeko sentsilelo eziguqulwe zizalana kuzo zonke zehla ukuba 0. imizila yale hlobo zitshayelelisekile ukukhusela bucala kwinkqubo yokukhethwa zendalo, kodwa oku akukhethi utshintsho okuphindwayo isakhi efanayo kuvala lokuphelisa nya leyo ikhutshwa phandle yokhetho. Ngoko ke lizama sifikelelwayo, zofuzo mutated kwenzeke, okanye, icala, ukuba shwaka. Le nkqubo ikhokelela balance.

Umzekelo ukuba abonakalise ngokucacileyo into eyenzekayo, - irhengqe cell anemia. Kulo mzekelo, isakhi mutated ebhudla zikarhulumente homozygous kunegalelo nokufa phambi kwexesha eziphilayo. eziphilayo Heterozygous asinde, kodwa ezithandwa kakhulu isifo seengcongconi. Balanced gene polymorphism cell irhengqa anemia kunokubonwa kwicandelo ukwanda kwezifo yimvula. Xa inani enjalo homozygotes (abantu izakhi ezifanayo) zithi nya, kunye ukhetho esemthethweni ngakwicala heterozygotes (intlanzi izakhi ezahlukeneyo). Ngenxa ukhetho into eyenzekayo abantu abahlukene- kwi lezakhi yabemi uza sihlale kuzo zonke sizukulwana genotypes, leyo zinika bhetyebhetye olungcono ephilayo iimeko zokuhlala. Kunye phambi irhengqa-cell anemia sofuzo kwamanani abantu, kukho ezinye iintlobo yemfuza eziphawula a polymorphism. Yini eyenza? Impendulo yalo mbuzo iya kuba isenzeko of heterosis.

ukuguquka Heterozygous kunye polymorphisms

polymorphism Heterozygous inikeza akukho lutshintsho phenotypic phambi kuguquka sofuzo, nokuba eziyingozi. Kodwa belingana ukuba yande labantu ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu ngaphaya ezi ukuguquka eziyingozi lubalaseleyo.

Sine ao non inkqubo yendaleko

Le yokuzivelela yinto eqhubekayo, kwaye imeko yaso kufuneka babe polymorphism. Yintoni na - ityhila kulwamkelo rhoqo ezahlukeneyo abemi ukuya kwindawo yazo. eziphilayo Hetero ezihlala kwiqela elifanayo ube kwimo heterozygous wegqitha kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana iminyaka emininzi. On belingana ibinzana phenotypic kubo akanakuba - ngeendleko egciniweyo enkulu lula ukumisela yemfuza.

lwefibrinogen zofuzo

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi abaphandi ngayo lwefibrinogen gene polymorphism njengomqathango phambi kuphuhliso stroke kobuchopho. Kodwa okwangoku kwindawo yokuqala umba apho ufuzo kwaye zifunyanwe benokuzama impembelelo yazo kuphuhliso sifo. Olu hlobo icala kuphuhlisa ngenxa thrombosis ezincinane yobuchopho, kwaye ngokufundisisa gene polymorphism of lwefibrinogen, siqonde uninzi iinkqubo echaphazela ukuba isigulo zinokuthintelwa. Enxulumene yokwahluka kwemfuza negazi zengqo- iparameters okwangoku ayikaqondwa zizazinzulu. izifundo Eminye uza kuba nefuthe indlela yesi sifo, ukutshintsha ikhondo layo okanye nje ukulumkisa naye lukwisigaba sokuqala kophuhliso.