Carbon - oku ... carbon atom. carbon Weight

Omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke Akumangalisi, onako ukwenza iindidi ngeendidi iikhompawundi endalo eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, le carbon. Yinto iipropati ukuze engaqhelekanga of an element ukuba kunjalo Mendeleev kwangaphambili ikamva enkulu, singasathethi ke iimpawu kuvezwe okwangoku.

Kamva kuqinisekiswa practice. Kwazeka oko ukuba - i element oyintloko biogenic iplanethi yethu, nto leyo eyinxalenye ngokupheleleyo nguye lonke uluntu. Ukongeza, ekwaziyo ekhoyo iifom kwahluka kakhulu kuzo zonke, kodwa kwenziwa kuphela athom carbon.

Ngokubanzi, ingakumbi kweli isakhiwo baninzi, kuba nabo yaye uya kuzama ukuya kukhangela nqaku.

Carbon: ifomula kunye isikhundla kwinkqubo yeseli

Inkqubo ngamaxesha eziqalelo carbon ibekwe IV (ngokwendlela entsha isampula 14) iqela, le subgroups eziphambili. serial number 6, ubunzima atomic ka-12,011. Ukumakishwa uphawu element C lubonisa igama layo Latin - carboneum. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo apho carbon ikhona. Ifomula ihlukile kakhulu kwaye buxhomekeke iinguqulelo ezithile.

Noko ke, ukuba ubhale zibalo indlela amele ethile, kunjalo. Ngokubanzi, xa kukho into ekwimo ecocekileyo, wathabatha carbon ifomula molekyuli C ngaphandle isalathiso.

Imbali kwafunyanwa element

Ngokwawo, lwesi sakhi kuye kwaziwa ukususela maxesha amandulo. Ngapha koko, enye kwezimbiwa ibalulekileyo kwindalo - kuba namalahle. Ngako oko, ngenxa amandulo amaGrike, amaRoma kunye nezinye izizwe iimfihlelo wayengekho.

Ukongeza kule iintlobo, naye wasebenzisa diamond mifanekiso. Kowokugqibela ithuba elide ixesha babeye oluninzi ezintsonkothileyo iimeko, ngokufuthi ngaphandle ukuhlaziya ukwakhiwa grafayithi lithathwe iikhompawundi ezifana ne:

• phambili yesilivere;
• khabhayithi yentsimbi;
• molybdenum emanzini.

Bonke bephela, laba mnyama kwaye ngoko uthathwa mifanekiso. Kamva lo ukungaqondani yacaciswa, yaye olu hlobo carbon iye ngokwayo.

Ukususela ngo 1725 ixabiso elikhulu yorhwebo yokufumana iidayimani, yaye ngowe-1970, ubuchule nobugcisa ukuze izityalo ukuba enziwe. Ukususela ngo-1779, kwaye sibulela umsebenzi Karla Sheele, wabancina iimpawu imichiza, nto leyo ebonisa carbon. Esi sisiqalo uthotho yezinto ezibaluleke entsimini i element, waza waba isiseko ukucaciswa zonke iimpawu zayo ezizodwa.

Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo carbon kwindalo kunye nokuhanjiswa

Nangona sakhi umbuzo - an zimbiwa kubalulekile, isiqulatho ogcweleyo yi 0,15% in ngokobunzima noqweqwe. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kubhaliwe phantsi kwegazi eqhubekayo, ukujikeleziswa bendalo Nature.

Ngokubanzi iikhompawundi more kuchazwe indalo ngezimbiwa, apho ekwakhiweni iquka carbon. Ezi rocks zendalo, ezifana:

• kunye ne limestones;
• anthracite;
• namafutha shale;
• igesi yemvelo;
• amalahle;
• ioli;
• lignite ;
• nja-;
• ngetha.

Ukongeza asifanele, silibale ngayo izinto eziphilayo ukuba nje yokugcina ye iikhompawundi carbon. Ngapha koko, ukuba akhiwa iiproteni, amafutha, iikhabhohayidrethi, nucleic, yaye ngaloo ndlela imolekyuli ibaluleke kakhulu zesakhiwo. Ngokubanzi, ukuguqukela ezinqinileyo umzimba ubunzima 70 kg 15 kuwela kwi into ecocekileyo. Yaye ngoko wonk 'ubani, singasathethi ke izilwanyana, izityalo kunye nezinye izidalwa.

Ukuba sicinga ukwakhiwa zezulu kunye namanzi, oko kukuthi, kwehayidrosfere, yaye umoya liphela, kukho ekhoyo umxube carbon-oksijini, ababalulwa CO ifomula _2. Dioxide okanye carbon dioxide - enye zegesi eziphambili, abameleyo umoya. Kule fomu iqhezu ubunzima carbon ka-0,046%. More zichithakala carbon dioxide emanzini kwezilwandle.

Ubunzima atomic le carbon njengento sakhi 12,011. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba eli xabiso zibalwe imin yokalo emileyo phakathi ubunzima atomic zonke ezi ngokwendalo iintlobo Isotope, ngenxa yolwaphulo (njengepesenti). Ngoko ke le into umbuzo. Kukho ezintathu Isotope ephambili, leyo ngohlobo carbon. Zezi:

• ¹² C - iqhekeza layo elikhulu uninzi 98,93%;
• ¹³ C - 1,07%;
• ¹⁴ C - a radioactive nesiqingatha-nobomi 5700 minyaka, ozinzileyo beta-emitter.

Kulo mkhuba yokufumanisa iisampulu abaneminyaka geochronological ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa radioactive Isotope ¹⁴ C, nto leyo sisalathisi, ngenxa yokuba ixesha layo elide kubola.

ukuguqulwa Allotropic i element

Carbon - yinto isici yimilo wenkqu elula olukhoyo ngeendlela eziliqela. Oko kukuthi, ukuba uyakwazi ukwenza le inkulu ezaziwayo ukuba kuthi ga ngoku inani zokuguqulwa allotropic.

1. Crystal ukwahluka - ezikhoyo ngokohlobo isakhiwo esiluqilima kunye efestileni rhoqo uhlobo atomic. Eli qela libandakanya esixhoseni ezifana:

• diamonds;
• fullerenes;
• graphites;
• carbines;
• lonsdaleite;
• carbon kunye ithumbu.

Zonke ezi isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo crystalline emkhusaneni, apho kwamiliselwa iiprojekthi - carbon atom. Ngenxa yoko, a iipropati ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo, hayi efanayo, emzimbeni kunye imichiza.

2. Iifom Amorphous - iintlobo ze carbon atom kwi isakhiwo iikhompawundi ezithile zendalo. Oko kukuthi, akukho iintlobo ehlambulukileyo, kunye ubumdaka nezinye izinto hi mpimo lowutsongo. Eli qela libandakanya:

• yasebenza carbon;
• namatye nemithi;
• omnyama;
• Carbon Nanofoam;
• anthracite;
• yiglasi;
• izinto grade Technical.

Baya kungadityaniswa iinkalo yikristale structure emkhusaneni yokucacisa kunye neepropati oluboniswe.

3. Carbon iikhompawundi ngohlobo ngokwamaqela. Loo isakhiwo, apho athom evaliwe a Ukumila ekhethekileyo ezibuhlazarha ngaphakathi, izele ngamanzi okanye eziba ezinye izinto. imizekelo:

• carbon nanocone;
• astralenes;
• Dicarbon.

Iipropati Physical of carbon amorphous

Ngenxa iintlobo ngeentlobo zokuguqulwa allotropic ukwaba ezinye iimpawu ngokubanzi emzimbeni le carbon unzima. Kulula ukuthetha malunga ifomu ethile. Hi xikombiso, le carbon amorphous neneempawu zilandelayo.

1. Xa intliziyo zonke iintlobo - ngokuhle kakhulu-olungisiweyo iintlobo mifanekiso.
2. umthamo ubushushu High.
3. iipropati Good umqhubi.
4. Carbon density malunga 2 g / cm ^3.
5. Xa itshiswe ngeqondo elingaphezu kuka- 1600 C ⁰ shintsho lwenzeka ngezibumbi mifanekiso.

Uthuthu lweziko, amalahle ilitye emaXhoseni zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi iinjongo zoshishino. Ewe awubonisi ukuguqulwa carbon kwifomu yayo enyulu, kodwa aligcine kukuninzi kakhulu.

carbon crystalline

Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho carbon - into iikristali rhoqo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, apho athom ezidityaniswe ngokulandelelana. Ngenxa ekubunjweni zokuguqulwa zilandelayo.

1. Diamond. Ulwakhiwo - cubic, abaqhagamshelwe tetrahedrons ezine. Ngenxa yoko, iibhondi covalent iikhemikhali atom nganye Ukwanda ubuninzi kwaye womelele. Oku kuchaza iimpawu ezibonakalayo le carbon mninzi 3300 kg / m ^3. Phezulu yobulukhuni, libya ngqo ubushushu, ukungabikho electric conductivity - konke oku kukuthi ngenxa ngembonakalo yikristale ngekroba isakhiwo. Kukho diamonds Nngokobuchwepheshe zaveliswa. Kwenziwa utshintsho le mifanekiso kweli ukuguqulwa kulandelayo phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu eliphezulu kunye noxinzelelo ethile. Ngokubanzi, lobushushu diamond ukunyibilika yi phezulu amandla - malunga 3500 ⁰ C.
2. Mifanekiso. Ezi athom zicwangciswe enjengesakhiwo izinto zangaphambili, kodwa Ukwanda kwenzeka links ezintathu kuphela, kwaye owesine iba elide yaye ngaphantsi ixesha elide, idibanisa i "maleko 'amakhonkco emkhusaneni ezinamacala amahlanu. Isiphumo kukuba le mifanekiso - soft, kutyetyiswa ukuya izinto kwebala emnyama. It has conductivity elungileyo zombane kwaye lobushushu eliphezulu enyibilikayo - 3525 ⁰ C. sublimable - sublimated ukusuka okuqinileyo ukuya kurhulumente sukube, ngokudlulisela ulwelo (ikwiqondo lobushushu ka-3700 ⁰ C). Carbon Density - 2.26 g / ^cm3, nto leyo kakhulu ngaphantsi kunolo diamond. Oku ebangela iimpawu zazo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yokuba yokumiswa sekhombuya yikristale Ilibele kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa grafayithi Manufacturing izibambo iipensile ezilula. Xa uqhuba ishq exfoliate iphepha kwaye ushiye umkhondo ephepheni in black.
3. Fullerenes. Yaba ivuleleke kuphela 80s zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Bamele kokulungiswa, apho carbons ezo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kwisakhiwo ekhethekileyo evaliweyo khaxa ukuba iziko umngxuma. Kunye nokumila yikristale - emacala, umbutho echanekileyo. Inani atom kude. Le ndlela iqhelekileyo le fullerene C _60. Iisampula zezi zixhobo zokufunda kwafunyanwa kwizifundo:

• ayevela;
• neetyuwa;
• folguritov;
• shungites;
• indawo apho irhasi eziqulathwe kule fomu.

Zonke iintlobo ngeentlobo carbon crystalline zibaluleke ngokoqobo, ekubeni abe inani iipropati luncedo kwimizobo.

reactivity

carbon Ezinto uba reactivity eliphantsi ngenxa kuqwalaselo lwayo izinzile. Ukwenza kube lula ukuba asabele ukwazisa atom amandla extra kuphela kwaye atsho electron kwinqanaba sangaphandle ukuze ezikucaphukisa kakhulu. Ngeli xesha uba lilingane valency 4. Ngoko ke, kule iikhompawundi ze igcwala karhulumente + 2, + 4, - 4.

Phantse zonke abasabela ngayo izinto ezilula ezifana isinyithi kunye nonmetals, kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. element kujongwa angaba arhente oxidizing kunye arhente nokunciphisa. Nangona kunjalo, eli lase mihlaba ngayo ingakumbi ngamandla, ngokusekelwe kule sicelo kumashishini zayo metallurgical kunye nezinye.

Ngokubanzi, ukukwazi ukungena intsebenziswano kwemichiza kuxhomekeke zinto zintathu:

• carbon kwiintsali;
• ukuguqulwa allotropic;
• lobushushu reaction.

Ngenxa yoko, kwezinye iimeko, oko esinxibelelana izinto ezilandelayo:

• nonmetals (hydrogen, oksijini);
• izinyithi (aluminiyamu, intsimbi, calcium, njl);
• oxides metal kunye neetyuwa zabo.

Isakudityaniswa nee-asidi kunye alkalis modem kunye halogens kunqabile kakhulu. Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo carbon - ukukwazi ukwenza imixokelelwane elide kunye nabanye. Baya masivalwe ibe eyayizalwa loop imilo. Ekubeni ukuyilwa oganikhi khompawundi, apho inani namhlanje ngezigidi. Isiseko ezi zihlanganisi ezimbini element - carbon, hydrogen. Kwakhona isakhiwo kwakhona ziquka ezinye atom ioksijini, initrogen, isalfure, halogens, phosphorus, kunye nezinye zesinyithi.

iikhompawundi BASIC kwabalinganiswa yazo

Kukho iikhompawundi amaninzi awahlukeneyo kwi sisincoko apho kubandakanya carbon. Formula edume ezi - _CO-2 - carbon dioxide. Nakuba kunjalo, ukongeza oxide, kukho CO - monoxide okanye carbon monoxide kunye nedooksid C ₃ O _2.

Phakathi iityuwa, eziquka element esebenzayo, aziwayo kakhulu ke calcium nezinki carbonates. Ngaloo calcium carbonate lineqela izifanokuthi isihloko, njengoko zifumaneka kwindalo ngohlobo:

• ngetshokhwe;
• nezemarmore,
• lekalika;
• dolomite.

Ukubaluleka carbonates zomhlaba metal obrak ebonakalaliswe kwinyaniso yokuba zezona nxaxheba abakhutheleyo kwiinkqubo ukuyilwa stalactite kunye ne stalacmites, kunye komhlaba.

Asidi - omnye compound eyenza carbon. ifomula wayo - H ₂ CO _3. Noko ke, ngendlela eqhelekileyo, oko iyahlozinga kakhulu yaye ngoko nangoko isisombululo abole abe icarbon dioxide namanzi. Ngoko ke, eyaziwa kuphela ityuwa zayo, kodwa akukho ngokwaso, njengoko isisombululo.

halides carbon - afunyanwa ikakhulu kusetyenziswa ngqo, njengoko syntheses ngqo kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunye nesivuno ephantsi. Enye ixhaphakileyo - CCL ₄ - carbon tetrachloride. A compound eziyityhefu ezinokubangela yityhefu yi inhalation. Efunyenwe ngayo olukhulu nomsi ze kufakwe le athom hydrogen in methane.

Metal carbides - carbon compound, apho ine- igcwala karhulumente 4. Kwakhona ubukho kunokwenzeka imibutho kunye boron lesilicon. Eyona impahla ezinye carbides yesinyithi (aluminiyam, Tungsten, titanium, ukrweco, tantalum, ചിഹ്നം uphawu) - i amandla ephakamileyo Unikezelo lombane obalaseleyo. Ibhoroni khabhayithi B ₄ C - enye emva diamond (9.5 Mohs). Ezi khompawundi kusetyenziswa ubugcisa, ngokunjalo noshishino yemichiza njengoko imithombo hydrocarbon (calcium khabhayithi ngamanzi kukhokelela nokusekwa iasithilini kunye hayidroksayidi calcium).

aluminiyamu abaninzi metal eyenziweyo ngokusebenzisa carbon kakhulu ngaloo ukwandisa umgangatho wabo kunye nokubalulwa (intsimbi - i intsila zentsimbi kunye carbon).

Individual ingqalelo ezininzi organic carbon compound, apho kuyo - into ebalulekileyo ukuze zingadityaniswa kunye atom efanayo ngemixokelelwane elide izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ziquka:

• alkanes;
• alkenes;
• enkundleni;
• protein;
• carbohydrate;
• nucleic;
• alkoholi;
• carboxylic acid kunye nezinye iiklasi ezininzi kwezinto.

Ukusetyenziswa carbon

Meaning of iikhompawundi carbon nokulungalungiswa yayo allotropic ubomi bomntu liphezulu kakhulu. Ungatsalela umnxeba ezinye lamashishini jikelele, yenza kucace ukuba oku kuyinyaniso.

1. Le ngxenye iintlobo zonke iintlobo ezimbiwa fuels apho umntu afumana amandla.
2. kushishino Metallurgical isebenzisa carbon njenge arhente onamandla ukunciphisa ukuvelisa iintsimbi ivela ezintweni zabo. Kukho zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi nje carbonates.
3. Ukwakhiwa kunye noshishino yemichiza kudla imali eninzi iikhompawundi kwekhabhoni kuyondelelaniswe kwezinto ezintsha kwaye bafumane iimveliso ezifunekayo.

Kwakhona iquka amacandelo afana kwezoqoqosho, ezifana:

• ushishino lwenyukliya;
• ekwenziweni inkohliso;
• izixhobo (ukuthambisa ajikeleze, crucibles-amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, iipensile, njl);
• nokuzimisela yobudala wejoloji yamatye - tracer radioactive ¹⁴ C;
• carbon - adsorbent emangalisayo, oko kusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa lwamacebo okucoca ulwelo.

Cycle endalweni

Ubunzima carbon ngoku kwindalo, iqukiwe ngomjikelo rhoqo, nto leyo yenzelwa cyclically yesibini yonke ehlabathini lonke. Ngenxa yoko, uwabonisa carbon mthombo - _CO-2 ifunxwe izityalo kunye nazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo uyakhululwa ngexesha nokuphefumla. Kanye apha emoyeni, oku kwakhona ako, yaye ke mjikelo uyaqhubeka. Ngaloo zabadla iintsalela eziphilayo iziphumo ukukhululwa carbon kunye nokwanda yawo emhlabeni, apho ke iye ithathe kwakhona izinto eziphilayo akhutshelwe emoyeni njenge gas.