Prince nguDmitry Shemyaka: biography. Basekhaya angaphandle Politika Dmitriya Shemyaki

Kwimbali Russian, le kumnombo Moscow zakwaEsawu ezukileyo wayesaziwa umntu amandla ongalawulekiyo: yena umgxeki lowo lume nantoni na ukuze kuphunyezwe le njongo. Ngubani na yena? Umzukulwana nguDmitry Donskoy - Prince nguDmitry Shemyaka. Yena abamkhumbulanga sezakhiwo iingalo, kunye namatyala nempumelelo kulawulo i ubulawuli ozimeleyo, yaye oko kwakhokelela umlo engenasiphelo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi. NguDmitry Shemyaka wayefuna ukuba alawule lonke urhulumente Russian, kunokuba iinxalenye zayo ngamnye. Kulo mzekelo, njengoko igxininiswe sele kumajelo eendaba, apho wayedla ukuthatha etroneni, inkosana wayengekho ingakumbi ukhetho. Indida siyifumana yokuba wakwazi ukuphumeza injongo yakhe waba yintloko ke ubulawuli eMoscow. Njani, ke ngoko, Dmitri Shemyaka bangathabatha itrone kwi komkhulu Russian? Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Facts evela biography

NguDmitry Shemyaka (iminyaka yobomi: 1420-1453) wayengunyana ka-Grand Prince of Moscow kaYuri Dmitrievich.

Sele eselula, Prince sacinga ukuba ku "ikepusi Monomakh", nangona uyise wakhe nempilo entle. Young Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka, eliqulethe ngobomi emfutshane phantse nayiphi na incwadi kwi imbali, waqalisa ukuba nenxaxheba feuds dynastic nxamnye Basil II (Dark), ngenkxaso umzalwana wakhe omdala Vasiliya Kosogo. Inkulu young linike inkxaso epheleleyo kuyise wayo Yuriyu Dmitrievichu, xa kufikwa zamabango eendleko eziya etroneni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umzabalazo ukuba ilungelo uphathe isimo phakathi contenders zaphezulu 'nzima': zarhwebisana etroneni yanjalo.

ukufa kayise

Xa Grand Prince uYuri Dmitrievich uyafa (kwathi 1434), ohleli etroneni nonyana wakhe omdala - Vasily Diagon. NguDmitry Shemyaka wathabatha ezi ndaba kunye ingcaphukiso undisguised; ukuba abanelisekanga le miba. Ekunye umninawa wakhe omncinane nguDmitry Krasnov zinceda eziwisa Basil II kunye nomntakwabo omdala ukuthatha itrone. Ukubonga le nkonzo nguDmitry Shemyaka (wolawulo: ulawulo lwe galich - (1433-1450), i-seLizwe Uglich - (1441-1447), Moscow - (1445-1447) efumana ilifa waba ngumlawuli Uglich and Rzhev ..

Race amandla

Noko ke, emva kwexesha elithile Shemyaka jikisa prince yebhongo; ugqiba ukuba bazibandakanye kumlo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi, ukuqokelela ngeenxa inkcaso ezininzi izinduna.

Noko ke, ukuze ndifezekise amaphupha abo ukuba zange baphumelele, yaye wanyanzeleka ukuba beze phantsi ngalo naliphi na ixesha Vasily II. Kanti ke noko, ngenxa mbali ezininzi, yaba yinto ngokupheleleyo yinto yokuba nguDmitry Shemyaka ixesha inganga eMoscow. Nantsi loo nto yenzeka njani.

Ngowe-1445 kwathiwa yenkolo nxamnye Golden mkhosi mkhulu kunene, apho amajoni yephule imida eRashiya. Emva kokulahlekelwa Idabi Suzdal, Basil II kuthinjwa, phantsi imigaqo yolandelelwano, ezihlangwini zakhe, nangona okwethutyana, waba nguDmitry, ngokuba mdala kwinzala Ivan Kalita.

lemali lizwe

Imithombo zibonisa ukuba Grand iNkosana Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow waba nomphathi 'engathethekiyo ". NguDmitry Shemyaka, waba imigaqo amazwe kunye domestic ngazo kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukomeleza kwizikhundla zabo amandla zange kukhokelela ayinikwe urhulumente ukuba uhlume ube nempumelelo.

Ukususela izigqibo zakhe kakuhle elifutshane maxa wambi ubunzima zonke iiklasi: wabanumzana, abarhwebi, imfazwe nabathetheli. umsindo Ukwanda phakathi kwabantu kuthiwa iinkundla ekuthiwa-Shemyaka. Prince Upstart wayengawafuni Ngabasileyo umntu, ukuze izivakalisi ezithwele okusesikweni zidalwe ngaye, waba encinane kakhulu esifana nokusesikweni.

Malunga nalwazelelelo, apho wayesebenza khona ke abameli Themis, qhalo ezichazwe satirical "I Tale of Shemyakinsky enkundleni." Yaba ngeli xesha, libekho kwatyatyamba iziganeko ezifana zokunyoba, ukuphanga, kakubi amandla abo phambi kwabagwebi. Indiva imimiselo imimiselo yamandulo, izigwebo ababekwenza nangqondo. Umbhali-mbali Karamzin wayekholelwa umzukulwana imeko ngumtyholwa nguDmitry Donskoy.

nalwazelelelo Loo wadala zonke zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ingqukuva kwakukho sisixa esikhulu abantu. Inani nkqubo akanelisekanga nguDmitry Yuryevich wakhula imihla ngemihla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle of Russia ebudeni bolawulo Shemyaka kwakhona ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ixesha. Prince olukhulu Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow ukuba athimbe itrone, abazange ahlawulele abantu abathinjiweyo Basil II, yaye ukubambelela ngamandla, wazama ukuba ukukholisa khan le-Golden mkhosi. Wacela kwakhona inkxaso brother-- yakhe Grand INkosana Lithuania Svidrigailov Olgerdovich, ngoyaba umdla zezopolitiko Novgorod Republic.

zamehlo uyaqhubeka

Emva kwexesha elithile, Basil II ilawula ukwahlukana Tatar ekuthinjweni ngokuhlawula intlawulelo enkulu. Ukufunda le, Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich Awuyi kuthabatha isikhundla bamkhuphela ukuvala indlela elikhuselayo kwi "ilitye elimhlophe". Xa Basil e zintathu Ongcwele Monastery, The Great INkosana Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow, ndayihluthwa naye ukukwazi ukubona kwaye wamgxothela Uglich.

Kodwa kungekudala Shemyaka yakhulula umzala wakhe waza wamnika ilifa Vologda. Kulo mzi baqalisa ukufika abaxhasi kunye nabalandeli Basil II, owathi emva kwexesha sele ziqokelelwe umkhosi oxandileyo aqhankqalaza phezu kweengqukuva ukuphumelela yena etroneni. Yaye ephumelela. NguDmitry Yu angeniswe Grand iNkosana Uglich kunye Rzhev Bezhetskaya Parish. Ukongeza, afunga ukubuyela imali wokulondoloza imali karhulumente engasekho bango etroneni. Noko ke, ngokuphindaphindiweyo waphula izithembiso kwixesha elizayo.

sinh walahlekelwa

Ukususela ngo 1447 Shemyaka Dmitriy Yurevich ithatha ulawulo Suzdal-Nizhny ilizwe Novgorod, kwaye kwisithuba ukususela 1451 ukuya 1453 iminyaka nokulawula le Novgorod Republic. Kodwa apha ke bema. Wabuya waqala sondle izicwangciso olubonakala ukwandisa imida wobukumkani bakhe. NguDmitry Yu nomkhosi wakhe behla i Dvina waza wathabatha Ustyug ngaphandle nokumelana kakhulu. Noko ke, asingabo bonke abemi beli dolophu bavuya luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi Grand, esazi kakuhle ukuba unempembelelo ngamandla yonke imihla uyafa. Shemyaka kodwa wayefuna ukulawula abantu, nkqu ukuba ulawulo olunye, ngoko ngenkohlakalo waba phezu ustyuzhanami owabonisa nokungahloniphi kuye.

Kwaye kuye isicelo amanyathelo ngokuqatha kaJuni: abanye babulawa, masinxibe intamo ilitye waza waluphosa emlanjeni. Abantu balapha akazange afune ukuba emhlabeni wabo benza nalwazelelelo ezinjalo, yaye wacela uncedo vymechey kunye vychegzhan njengoko ummandla apho ayehlala, elawulwayo banawo Ustyug. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa nguDmitry Yuryevich nako ayilawule isixeko samandulo Russian. Emva kwale loyiso, wayalela vyatchan ebulala wendawo grand, ibekwe kwintsimi Vychegda-Vym emhlabeni.

anathematization

Olahlwa nobudlova ezimzelayo ngokuyalelwa Enkulu Prince of Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow, ayikwazanga ukuphazamisa abefundisi. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, ngo-1450, Prince nguDmitry Shemyaka wasikwa ecaweni, "idiploma esihogweni," ilizwi elibhaliweyo isiqinisekiso. Olu xwebhu yasayinwa yi Bishop Pitirim Permian. Noko ke, kude kube ngoku, ababhali-mbali ukuba ingxoxo malunga nokuba nomzukulwana nguDmitry Donskoy ngokwenene phantsi, ekubeni imithombo kulo mba ziyaphikisana. Ngokukodwa, Metropolitan uYona kwileta yakhe eya uBhishophu Efrim wabhala ukuba nkosana "ngokwakhe ecaweni."

Kutheni Shemyaka?

Ngoko ke, sibonile indlela weza amandla, nguDmitry Shemyaka. Kutheni moniker loo saqhotyoshelwa kule Grand iNkosana Uglich, galich ne eMoscow? Lo mbuzo akukho ngaphantsi umdla kumfundi.

Ngenxa yoku, kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi. Omnye kubo isekelwe kwinto yokuba igama elithi "Shemyaka" entsha Tatar-Mongol "Chimek", into ethetha isinxibo okanye umhombiso. Omnye ke, ukucaciswa lo gama lithi "Shemyaka" - segama "Sheemyaki" (ebizwa ngokuba lowo unamandla amakhulu). Kodwa ke umzukulwana nguDmitry "odumileyo" uDon ngenxa nezinye iimpawu: wengcibi yokuluka, inkohlakalo, inkohliso, uthando namandla. Kuba ngenxa yezilangazelelo babo bonke wayelungele nguDmitry Shemyaka. Isiqhulo nanako abantu, lihanjiswa kulo ilizwe apho igunya enkulu prince Galician. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inkosana uAleksandr Andreevich Shahovsky waqalisa bazinxibe emva noFaro Shemyaka. Imithombo zibonisa ukuba ngo-1538 wayephila Ivan Shemyaka ityala-Saburov, imithi umkhaya iingcambu yaqala ngo Kostroma. Ngowe-1562, loo nto ithethe Shemyaka Istomin-Ogorelkove: ookhokho bakhe Vologda. Ngowe-1550 wasebenza eRashiya Vasily Shemyaka, leyo imisebenzi yayo ityuwa lakhe. Ngenkulungwane XVI, ngokutsho imithombo kummandla Novgorod Republic naye ekhaya kubantu enegama Shemyaka.

Umkakhe nabantwana

Prince olukhulu Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow watshata Nozipho Dmitrievna, lowo, intombi ka-Prince nguDmitry Vasilyevich Zaozersky. NguDmitry Shemyaka e-mthetho wayeyinzala St. Prince Fedor Black. amaxwebhu Imbali ibonisa ukuba umzukulwana Dmitriya Donskogo lomtshato kunye Sofey Dmitrievnoy ezigxekayo ngaphambi kwe-1436. Xa umtshato, baba nonyana, Ivan Dmitrievich. Kwathi Uglich ngaphambi kwe-1437. kweminyaka 12 kamva inzala wayehlala nonina eSt George Monastery.

Kwakhona Nozipho D. wazala intombi Maria. Kamva, watshata Alesandire Czartoryski wahlala Velikiy Novgorod. kwafika ukufa kwakhe ndandingasakulindelanga: angcwatywa ebusika 1456 kwi-St George Monastery.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Inqanaba lokugqibela ubomi ixesha umzukulwana nguDmitry Donskoy ayenziwanga kufundwe kakuhle, njengoko amaxwebhu embali azinamgaqo ulwazi alupheli malunga noku. izicwangciso zakhe yebhongo abazange umiselwe ukuba waqonda kangangoko kakhulu: ukuba ahlale phezu kwetrone, yena nako eMoscow, uze uzame ukuba abe yirhuluneli of a ubulawuli owomeleleyo ezizimeleyo eyinkunzi kabani kufuneka ibe Ustyug, nayo akuphumelelanga. Prince olukhulu Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow wanxunguphala kakhulu yokuziphindezela ngenxa yezenzo zabo phezu inxalenye Basil II, nehlazo ezibe kubathengi kunye Novgorod nguDmitry Yuryevich. Kuba ixesha, "babuya iliso 'ukuba inkohlakalo umzukulwana eziliqela nguDmitry Donskoy, wakhetha ukuba angene ukruthakruthwano phakathi eMoscow Ustyug. Efanayo Shemyaka siyeke ndicinga ngendlela aphinde abe ngumlawuli eRashiya, kodwa abantu sele wadinwa yeemfazwe zembujiswano kunye ingxabano: bonke babefuna uxolo nenzolo. Metropolitan uYona waba imbalelwano ne-Bishop Euphemia, nto leyo eye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wacela ukuba nguDmitry Yuryevich bashiya zonke iinzame ukuyibuyisela itrone ezandleni zakhe kanye nabo bonke ayivumelani Basil II. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, iziphumo ezintle abenabo: Shemyaka akazange afune ukwenza nayiphi umnyinyiva. Kodwa kungekudala ukuba Babesoblwaya ngenxa yobubi babo.

ukufa

Iindaba ukuba wafa umzukulwana nguDmitry Donskoy "weza" evela ikomkhulu Novgorod Republic kwi "ilitye elimhlophe" ngehlobo lowe-1453. Encwadini yeembali ebhaliweyo ukuba uthe umabhalane iindaba ogama Basil, ababethwala lesiqhulo 'inkathazo. " Eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba emveni oku ke waphakanyiselwa oomabhalane. Ngesizathu esithile bafa nguDmitry Shemyaka? A Inani lamaxwebhu ibonisa ukuba Duke Grand kunetyhefu. Yintoni eyaziwayo oko? Imithombo bathi maphilisi enetyhefu ukusuka kwikomkhulu, nebiziswa ngabathengisi, njengoko bathi, "trustee Basil II" - unobhala Stepan elineentshebe. Wayeyindoda krele kwaye waphumeza umsebenzi wayo ngendlela efanelekileyo. Eminye imithombo bathi elineentshebe ityhefu wamnikela Boyar Ivan Kotov, abanye: Boretsky usodolophu. Okulandelayo sibonwe Umpheki nguDmitry, lowo yityhefu idluliselwe. Yahlala kwimeko amancinci: ukuba niyinikele Shemyaka maphilisi, ngoko kwakuhlile. Pischevar wafaka inkosi inkukhu yakhe. iintsuku ezilishumi elinambini Grand Duke baboyisa "hvoroba", emva koko ekugqibeleni wafa. Ukufunda iintsalela Dmitriya Shemyaki iqinisekisa ukuba wafa yityhefu.

A inxalenye ethile mbali ndaqonda ukuba ukufa nomzukulwana wakhe nguDmitry Donskoy - lo umsebenzi izinduna Novgorod, ngubani na ukuba zonke iindleko babefuna ukulungisa ingxabano yawo kunye Basil II. Ngokuba izikhulu Novgorod Grand Prince of Uglich, galich kunye eMoscow, nto leyo waqala ukuphelelwa igunya kunye nezikhundla amandla, ngokukhawuleza yaba ongendawo.

Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ukufa ngesiquphe nomzukulwana wakhe nguDmitry Donskoy kuphakamisa imibuzo emininzi eluntwini. Into yokuba wadliswa ngale ndlela bubugwala, kwabangela idubadubekile. Prince of the lokubhukuqa nguDmitry Shemyaka wajika phantse ngokukhawuleza yaba ngegorha, apho iintshaba yisiwe yokulwa embi.

Kamva, kunye ingcaphukiso undisguised zobundlobongela sikweni nxamnye Grand Duke uya kubhala nomzala wakhe ezikude - Andrey Mihaylovich Kurbsky.