Vasily i Dark 2: Ebudeni bolawulo, Biography

UMlawuli waseMoscow uVasily 2 Imimiselo emnyama ngexesha lokuba ubuqili bakhe bube yinto engundoqo yombuso omnye waseRashiya. Ngethuba lokulawula kwalo Rurikovich, kukho imfazwe enkulu phakathi kwakhe kunye neentsapho zakhe - abafuna izikhundla kwiKremlin. Le ngxabano yezobuqhetseba yayikugqibela kwimbali yaseRashiya.

Usapho

Ixesha elizayo i-Vasily 2 Ubumnyama yindodana yesihlanu kaBasil I noSophia Vitovtovna. Kwinqanaba lomama umntwana wayengummeli wenkosi yaseLithuania. Ngomhla wokufa kwakhe, uVasily Ndathumela incwadi kumkhwezala wakhe uVitovt, apho wacela ukukhusela umntakwabo omncinane.

Oonyana bokuqala abane boMkhulukazi uDuke bafa ebuntwaneni okanye ebusheni besifo esiqhelekileyo ngoko, esaziwayo kwi-annals ngokuthi "mor". Ngaloo ndlela, indlalifa kaBasil Ndasala iBasil uMnyama. Ukususela kumbono wombuso, ubukho bentwana enye yodwa, kuba yavumela umbusi ukuba ahlule amandla akhe phakathi kwabantwana abaninzi. Ngenxa yesi siko esithile, uKivanvan Rus wayesele elahlekile kwaye umhlaba weVladimir-Suzdal wahlupheka iminyaka emininzi.

Imeko yezopolitiko

I-princedom yaseMoscow yayimfuneko ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ihlale iyamanyaniswa ngenxa yongongelo lwangaphandle. Nangona umkhulu kaBasil II uDmitry Donskoi wanqoba umkhosi waseMongol-Tatar kwintsimi yaseKukoko ngo-1380, iRashiya yahlala ixhomekeke kwi-Golden Horde. UMoscow wahlala yintloko yeziko lezopolitiko zaseSlavic Orthodox. Abalawuli balo bebodwa abaza kulwa ne khans, ukuba kungekhona ekulweni, ngoko ngoncedo lokunciphisa idiplomacy.

Ukususela entshona, iinqununu zaseMpuma zaseSlavic zazisongelwa yiLithuania. Kuze kube ngo-1430, uVitutut, umkhulu kaBasil II, walawula kuyo. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka yokuhlukana kukaRussia, abalawuli baseLithuania bakwazi ukuncedisa iinqununu zaseRashiya zasentshonalanga (i-Polotsk, i- Galich, iVolyn, eKy Kiev) kwizinto zabo. Ngaphantsi kweBasil I, uSmolensk walahlekelwa ukuzimela. ILithuania ngokwayo igxile kwiPolish yamaKatolika, eyabangela ukungqubuzana okungenakukhunjulwa kunye nabaninzi bamaOthodoki kunye neMoscow. I-Basil II yayidinga ukulinganisa phakathi kwabamelwane abanobungozi nokugcina uxolo ngaphakathi kwimeko yakhe. Ixesha libonise ukuba akazange aphumelele ngaso ngoku.

Ukuxabana noMalume

Ngo-1425, uNkosana Vasili Dmitrievich wafa, washiya unyana oneminyaka elishumi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Izikhulu zaseRashiya zambona njengombusi wazo omkhulu eRussia. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunikwe inkxaso, isikhundla seBasil encinci sasixakeke kakhulu. Esona sizathu sokuba kungabikho mntu ozokhathaza ukuba amthintele wayengumkhulu wakhe - unamandla waseLithuania u-Vytautas. Kodwa wayemdala kwaye wafa ngo-1430.

Kwaye kwafika udidi lwembali olukhokelela kwimfazwe ephambili ye-internecine. Umphambili omkhulu wongquzulwano wayengumalume uVasily II u-Yuri Dmitrievich - unyana wendoda engummangaliso uDmitry Donskoy. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, u-Mamaia owawunqobayo wayedlulisa inzala yakhe encinane kwilifa lakhe. Ebona ingozi yesi siko, uDmitry Donskoy wazibophelela ekunikezeni iidolophu ezincinci: iZvenigorod, Galich, Vyatka kunye noRuza.

Abantwana benkosana efile bahlala ngoxolo kwaye bancedana. Nangona kunjalo, u-Yuri wayeyaziwa ngokuba nesifiso sakhe nothando lwamandla. Ngokwentando kayise, wayeza kudla ifa laseMoscow xa wayekudala ukufa komntakwabo uVasily I. Kodwa wayenonyana abahlanu, omncinane kuye waba ngumlawuli we-Kremlin ngo-1425.

Konke oku, u-Yuri Dmitrievich wahlala engumongameli ongeyomfuneko kwiZvenigorod. Abalawuli baseMoscow bakwazi ukulondoloza ulawulo lwabo kunye nokunyusa ngenxa yokuba umyalelo wokulandelana kwawo wawusemthethweni, ngokubhekiselele kuyo itrone itshintshe kubaba kuye kwindodana endala, idlula abazalwana abancinci. Kwinkulungwane ye-XV, lo myalelo wawuyizinto ezintsha. Ngaphambi koku, amandla aseRashiya azuze njengefa ngokwemithetho yomthetho, okanye umyalelo wokuqala (okokuthi, oomalume babephambili kubantakwabo).

Kakade, uYuri wayengumsekeli wendoda endala, kuba bamvumela ukuba abe ngumbusi osemthethweni eMoscow. Ukongezelela, amalungelo akhe axhaswe ngokugcinwa kwintando kayise. Ukuba ususa iinkcukacha kunye nobuntu, ngoko kwiMongameli yaseMoscow phantsi kweBasil II iinkqubo zefa ezimbini zidibene, enye yazo yayiza kutshabalalisa enye. U Yuri wayelindele ixesha elihle lokuvakalisa izimangalo zakhe. Ngokufa kukaVitovt, eli thuba lazibonakalisa kuye.

Inkundla eHorde

Ngeminyaka yolawulo lwesiTatar-Mongol, ii khans zanikezela iibhile zokulawula, ezinika uRurikovich ilungelo lokuhlala kulo okanye itrone. Njengomthetho, le nkcubeko ayizange iphazamise ukulandelelana ngokuqhelekileyo etroneni, ngaphandle kokuba umngani-mkhuseli ebenesibindi kwi-nomads. Abacebisi bezinqumo zikaKhan bahlawuliswa kukuba bahlaselwa yintambo yegazi.

Inzala kaDmitry Donskoy isoloko ifumana iilebula zokulawula kwaye ihlawule, nangona amaMongol aqala ukuxhatshazwa kwiingxabano zabo. Ngomhla ka-1431, uBasil okhulileyo u-Dark Dark waya kwi-Golden Horde ukufumana imvume yakhe yokulawula. Ngelo xesha, u-Yuri Dmitrievich waya kwi-steppe naye. Wayefuna ukubonisa u-khan ukuba unamalungelo amaninzi kwisihlalo sobukhosi saseMoscow kunomntakwabo.

Inkosi yeGood Horde Ulu-Muhammed isombulule ingxabano ngokusithanda uVasily Vasilyevich. U-Yuri wahlulwa kokuqala, kodwa wayengayi kuvuma. Ngamazwi, waqonda umntakwabo "njengomzalwana wakhe omdala" waza wabuyela kwindawo yakhe yokuzalwa ukuze alindele ithuba elitsha lokubetha. Imbali yethu iyayazi imizekelo emininzi ye-perjury, kwaye ngolu hlobo u-Yuri Dmitrievich akazange ahluke kakhulu kwabaninzi bexesha lakhe kunye nabaphambili. Ngelo xesha, uVasily waphule isithembiso sakhe. Kwintendelezo kaKhan, wathembisa umalume wakhe ukuba ahlawule isixeko saseDmitrov, kodwa akazange enze njalo.

Ukuqala kweengxabano zangaphakathi

Ngo-1433, umphathi waseMoscow oneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo ubudala wadlala umtshato. Umfazi kaBasil II wayenguMaria, intombi yomlawuli othile we-Yaroslav Borovsky (kwakhona evela kwintando yaseMoscow). Izihlobo ezininzi zeenkosana zamenywa kwimibhiyozo, kubandakanywa nabantwana baka-Yuri Dmitrievich (yena ngokwakhe akabonakali, kodwa wahlala eGalich). UDmitry Shemyaka noVasily Kosoy baya kudlala indima enkulu kwimfazwe ye-internecine. Ngethuba bebeziindwendwe ze-Grand Duke. Phakathi komtshato, ihlazo laphuka. Umama kaBasil II uSofya Vytovtovna wambona uVasili Kos ibhande elithathwa ngokuba nguDmitry Donskoy kwaye labiwa ngumkhonzi. Waqrazula ingubo kwinkwenkwe, eyabangela ingxabano enkulu phakathi kwezihlobo. Oonyana bakaYuri Dmitrievich abahlaselayo bahamba ngokukhawuleza bashiya uyise, besendleleni eya kwi-pogrom eYaroslavl. Iqhekeza kunye nebhanti ebiwe yaba yipropati yendoda kunye nebali elidumileyo kwiimbali.

Ingxabano yasemakhaya yeso sizathu sokuba isikhulu saseZvenigorod sifune ukuqala imfazwe enzulu nomntakwabo. Emva kokufunda malunga nesiganeko emthendelekweni, waqokelela umkhosi onyanisekileyo waza waya eMoscow. Izikhulu zaseRashiya ziphinde zilungele ukuthulula igazi labafundi babo ukuze zihambelane neemfuno zabo.

Umkhosi we-Grand Duke waseMoscow wahlulwa nguYuri ngaselunxwemeni lweKlyazma. Kungekudala umalume wayehlala kwi-capital. UVasily wamkela ngenkokhelo yaseKolomna, apho, eqinisweni, yayikuthinjweni. Ekugqibeleni, u-Yuri wagcwalisa iphupha lakhe elidala lesitrone sikayise. Nangona kunjalo, ukufezekisa oko wayekufunayo, wenza iimpazamo ezininzi ezibulalayo. Isikhulu esitsha saqala ukuxabana neenkwenkwezi zentloko, apho umphumo walo mzi wawuphezulu kakhulu. Inkxaso yale klasi kunye nemali yabo yayibaluleke kakhulu iimpawu zamandla.

Xa uMbuso waseMoscow uqaphela ukuba umbusi walo omtsha wayeqalile ukukhupha abantu asebekhulile ngaphandle kweofisi baze bathathe indawo yabo kunye nabaviwa babo, abaninzi abancedisayo ababalekele eKolomna. U-Yuri wayekhethiwe kwaye wahlulwa emkhosini womkhulu. Emva koko wagqiba ekubeni ahambe ehlabathini kunye nomntakwabo waza wavuma ukuba ambuyise etroneni emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa zokulawula.

Kodwa uVasily wayengenalwazi ngakumbi kunomalume wakhe. Ukubuyela kwinqununu, waqala ukunyanzeliswa ngokunyanisekileyo nalawo makhwenkwe ayexhasa uYuri kumabango akhe kumandla. Abachasene benza iimpazamo ezifanayo, bengabandakanyi kwiimeko ezibuhlungu zabamelene nabo. Emva koko oonyana bakaYuri bathetha ukulwa noBasil. Omkhulu uDuke wabuyiswa kwakhona kufuphi neRostov. Umalume wakhe waphinda waba nguMlawuli waseMoscow. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokufa kuka-Yuri (uJuni 5, 1434). Kwakukho amahemuhemu aqhubekayo ajikeleza kwi-capital ukuba wayetyhelwa ngabanye bahlobo bakhe. Ngaphantsi kwintando kaYuri, isikhulu saba yindodana yakhe endala uVasily Kosoy.

UVasily Kosoy eMoscow

Ngethuba lolawulo lukaYuri eMoscow uVasily Vasilievich 2 wayebalekile, ekulweni noonyana bakhe. Xa uKosoy etshela umzalwana wakhe uShemmyake ukuba ngoku ulawula eMoscow, uDmitry akazange avume lo tshintsho. Wenza uxolo kunye noBasil, ngokuya kuthi, ukuba impumelelo yeSharmyak coalition yamukelwa ngu-Uglich noRzhev. Ke kaloku iinkosana zombini, ezazingabamelene nabo, zadibanisa imikhosi yazo ukuze zixoshe unyana omkhulu kuYuri Zvenigorodsky waseMoscow.

UVasily Kosoy, efunda malunga nendlela eya kutshabalala ngayo, yabalekela kwikomkhulu eya kwiNovogorod, emva kokuthatha kunye novimba bayo. Uproknyazhil eMoscow kuphela ngenyanga enye ehlobo ngo-1434. Ekuhambeni, ukuthunjwa kwaqokelela umkhosi ngemali waza waya eKrostroma. Ekuqaleni yahlulwa kufuphi nomlambo waseKotorosli ngaseYaroslavl, kwaye kwakhona kwi-Battle of the River Cherekh ngoMeyi 1436. UBasil wathatyathwa entolongweni ngo-namesake wakhe kwaye waphuphuthekiswa. Kwakungenxa yokulimala kwakhe ukuba wafumana igama lomnxeba uKosoy. Lowo owayesakuba yinkosana wafa ejele ngo-1448.

Imfazwe neKazan Khanate

Kwaphela ixesha eRussia uxolo lwasungulwa. Omkhulu uDuke waseMoscow, uVasily II, wazama ukukhusela imfazwe nabamelwane bakhe, kodwa akazange akwenze. Isizathu segazi elitsha lakwaKazan Khanate. Ngelo xesha, enye iHardi Horde enye yahlula yaba zilwanyana ezininzi ezizimeleyo. Inkulu kunye nenamandla kunayo yiKazan Khanate. AmaTatars abulala abahwebi baseRussia baze bahlaziya ngezihlandlo kwiindawo zemida.

Ngo-1445, imfazwe evulekile yaphuma phakathi kweenkosana zaseSlavic kunye neKazan khan Mahmud. NgoJulayi 7, kufuphi naseSudal, kwaqhutyelwa imfazwe, apho iqela laseRashiya lahlulwa kakubi. UMikhail Vereisky kunye nomzala wakhe uVasily the Dark babanjwa. Iminyaka yokulawula kwesi sikhulu (1425-1462) yayigcwele iziqwenga xa wayenamandla ngokupheleleyo. Kwaye ngoku, ekubanjweni kukaKhan, waqhawula ngokukhawuleza kwiziganeko ekhaya.

Ukubanjwa kwamaTatar

Ngoxa uVasily wahlala emkhosini kumaTatars, uDmitry Shemyaka, unyana wesibini womfi u-Yuri Zvenigorodsky, wayengumbusi waseMoscow. Ngeli xesha, wafumana abaxhasi abaninzi kwiinkunzi. Okwangoku, uVasily Vasilyevich wancenga uKhanzan ukuba amvumele ahambe. Nangona kunjalo, kwafuneka asayine isivumelwano esibophelelweyo, ngokokufuneka ahlawule umvuzo omkhulu kwaye, ngokubi nakakhulu, anike amaTatars ezinye zezixeko zabo zokutya.

Oku kwabangela ukuxhalabisa eRussia. Nangona bekrokra ngabemi abaninzi belizwe, eMoscow kwaqala ukulawula iBasil 2 Dark. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokunikezelwa kwe-Horde awukwazi ukukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi. Ukongezelela, isikhulu safika eKremlin ngentloko yomkhosi we-khan, eyanikwa yona ngamaTatar, ukwenzela ukuba abuyele etroneni.

UDmitry Shemyaka, emva kokubuya komdlali, waphuma umhlala-phantsi ku-Uglich. Ngokukhawuleza, abasekeli baseMoscow baqala ukumbamba kuye, phakathi kwabo babengumfana kunye nabathengisi, abanelisekanga ngokuziphatha kweBasil. Ngosizo lwabo i-charter prince yalungiselela umbhikisho, emva koko waqala ukulawula kwi-Kremlin.

Ukongezelela, wabhala inkxaso yeenkosana ezithile, ezathi ngaphambi kokuba zibalekele kwimpikiswano. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho urhuluneli waseMoscow, u-Ivan Andreevich noBoris Tverskoy. Ezi nkosana zombini zanceda uShemyaka wamkhohlisa uVasily Vasilyevich kwiindonga ezingcwele zoBathathu Emnye-uSergius Lavra. NgoFebruwari 16, 1446, waphuhliswa. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwakufanelekile ukuba uVasily wenza icebo kunye noHorde owamthiyile. Ukongezelela, yena ngokwakhe wayala ukuba abonakalise intshaba yakhe. Ngaloo ndlela uShemyaka wabuyisela impembelelo yomzalwana wakhe omkhulu uVasily Kosoy.

Emva kokuphosa

Emva kwesi siqhelo, uVasily 2 oMnyama wayethunyelwa ngexesha lokugqibela. Ukukubeka ngokukhawuleza, intlekele yakhe eyingozi yongezwa kuye ngabaxhasayo phakathi kwe-aristocracy. Ukuphofiswa kwakha ininzi yeenkosana ngaphandle kombuso waseMoscow, owaba ngabachasene noShemyaka. Oku kwasetyenziswa nguBasil oMnyama. Kutheni i-Dark Dark ifumana igama lakhe lesiteketiso lisuka kwiimbali, ezichaze ukububungqina kwe-epithet. Naphezu kokulimala, isikhulu sasihlala sisebenza. Indodana yakhe u-Ivan (izayo i-Ivan III) yaba amehlo kunye neendlebe, encedisa kwimicimbi yoluntu yonke.

Kwimiyalelo kaShemyaka Vasily wayegcinwe nomkakhe e-Uglich. UMaria Yaroslavna, njengendoda yakhe, akazange aphelelwe yintliziyo. Abaxhasi baqala ukubuyela kwintloko eyayithunjiweyo, icebo lokubanjwa kweMoscow lalivuthiwe. NgoDisemba 1446, uBasil, kunye nomkhosi waba nenkunzi, kwenzeka ngexesha likaDmitry Shemyaka. Ngoku ngoku ikhulule yaqiniswa ngokuqinile kwiKremlin de yafa.

Imbali yethu yazazi ezininzi iingxabano zangaphakathi. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo, abazange baphele ekunciphiseni, kodwa ekunqobeni ngokupheleleyo komnye wamaqela. Phakathi kwekhulu le-XV, kwenzeka into efanayo. U-Shemyaka waqokelela umkhosi waza walungiselela ukuqhubeka nomzabalazo kunye no-Grand Duke. Emva kweminyaka embalwa emva kokubuya kukaVasily eMoscow, ngoJanuwari 27, 1450, kwakukho imfazwe kufuphi neGalich, abapheli-mlando babecinga i-intecine battle in Russia. UShemyaka wabandezeleka ngokukhawuleza waza wabuyela eNogorgorod. Esi sixeko sasisoloko siba yindawo yokukhusela izithunjwa ezivela kwidolophu yaseRurik. Abemi abazange baqeshise uShemyaka, kwaye wafa ngokufa kwakhe ngo-1453. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba wayetyhelwa ngasetyenziswe ngabaphathi beVasily. Ngaloo ndlela wagqiba ukugqwesa kokugqibela eRussia. Ukususela ngoko, iinkosana zazingenalo iinjongo okanye iinjongo zokuphikisa urhulumente ophakathi.

Uxolo kunye nePoland neLithuania

Ngomncinci, iNkosana Vasily 2 Ubumnyama abuzange bahluke kwizinto ezingaphambili. Akazange abakhulule abantu bakhe xa kwenzeka imfazwe kwaye wayehlala enza iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo, eziye zaholela ekuchitheni igazi. Ukuphofiswa kwamtshintsha kakhulu umlingani wakhe. Uthobekile, uzolile kwaye, mhlawumbi, nobulumko. Ekugqibeleni wagxininiswa eMoscow, uVasily wathatha isixhobo sokuxolo nabamelwane bakhe.

Ingozi enkulu yayimelelwa nguPolish ukumkani kunye nesikhulu saseLithuania uKasimir IV. Ngo-1449, umnqophiso waqukunjelwa phakathi kwabalawuli, apho baqaphela imida ebekwe kwaye bathembisa ukuba bangabancedi abaphikisana nommelwane ngaphakathi kweli lizwe. UKazimir, njengoVasily, wabhekana nesongelo lokulwa ne-internecine. Umchasi wakhe oyintloko nguMikhail Sigismundovich, owathembele kwingxenye yeOthodox yoluntu lwaseLithuania.

Isivumelwano kunye neRiphabhliki yaseNovgorod

Kwixesha elizayo, ukubusa kweBasil uMnyama kwakuqhubeka kwinto efanayo. Ngenxa yokuba i-Novgorod indawo yokukhusela uShemmyaku, iRiphabhliki yazifumana ngokwahlukana, leyo, phantsi kwesivumelwano, yayisekelwa yikosi yasePoland. Ngokufa kweenduna ezivukelayo, iindwendwe zafika eMoscow zicela ukuphelisa i-embargo yezohwebo kunye nezinye izigqibo zesikhulu, ngenxa yokuba ubomi babantu basezidolophini babunzima kakhulu.

Ngo-1456 uxolo lwaseJazhelbitsk lwagqitywa phakathi kwamaqela. Wabeka isikhundla esiphezulu seRiphablikhi yaseNovodod yaseMoscow. Uxwebhu kwakhona kwakhona lwe-jure luqinisekisile indawo ehamba phambili ye-Grand Duke eRashiya. Kamva isivumelwano sasetyenziswa ngunyana kaVasily Ivan III ukujoyina isixeko esisityebi kunye nommandla osemazantsi oseMoscow.

Iziphumo yeBhodi

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi Vasiliy Temny eyayibanjwe ngoxolo. Wafa ngo 1462 ukususela sisifo sephepha kunye nonyango ngokungafanelekanga yale sibetho. Wayeneminyaka eli-47, 37 apho (kunye breaks) inganga eMoscow.

Basil wakwazi ukuphelisa fiefdoms ezincinane ngaphakathi amagunya ayo. Wagxininisa uxhomekeke eMoscow ukuya kwamanye amazwe Russian. Xa kubanjwe isiganeko esibalulekileyo ecclesial. Ngokomyalelo Prince Bishop of Metropolitan uYona yakhethwa. Esi siganeko ekuqaleni lesiphelo ngokuxhomekeke Moscow Church of waseConstantinople. Ngowe-1453 ikomkhulu yaseByzantium yathathwa yi baseTurkey, emva koko kwiziko kanye Orthodox bafudukela eMoscow.