Russian intshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ka-1800-1900

iintshukumo Social kwezopolitiko eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-19 hlukile ububanzi umxholo iindlela amanyathelo. Oku kubangelwa kumiselwa ikamva lizwe kwixesha elizayo.

Xa ngekhulu lokuqala njengoko intshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kwakhiwa conservatism. Karamzin (theoretical component wayo), yathi, ukuba ukumkani ngexesha ukuhlangabezana kakhulu ngokupheleleyo kumphakamo wangoku zophuhliso lwemfundo kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu.

Kweli xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 1830 ukuya 1840 of Kwiingxoxo ezishushu malunga ezahlukileyo indlela Russian zembali bamba izangqa zentlalo. Ngenxa yoko, umbutho kwezentlalo nezopolitiko 'abaseNtshona "yaye" Slavophiles ".

Amanani eziphambili baseNtshona zaba iqela oonjingalwazi, ababhali, publicists Petersburg (Cavelin, Botkin, Granovsky). Bamela malunga nophuhliso komthetho jikelele kuwo onke amazwe ephucukile. Le peculiarity of Russia kwabonwa kuphela backwardness yayo abavela kwamanye amazwe, kokubini kwinqanaba kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Abantu baseNtshona babekholelwa imbono iifom phambili esele zenziwe ubomi bentlalo noqoqosho mngeni ebalulekileyo ejongene uluntu kunye nabasemagunyeni. Ngako oko, ngokuyintloko kuthetha ukupheliswa serfdom, umahluko iklasi kwinqanaba elisemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa inkululeko zoshishino, uphuhliso yolawulo lwengingqi kwaye ngokwentando yesininzi kwinkqubo yenkundla.

Abantu baseNtshona ephikisana Slavophiles. Phakathi amanani phambili kulo mbutho kufuneka kubizwa ngokuba abazalwana abazalwana Aksakov, Khomyakov, Kireevskys. Ayekholelwa ukuba intshukumo imbali Russia yahluke kakhulu kwindlela kumazwe Western aseYurophu. Ngelo xesha linye ulicekisile imfundiso le backwardness kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho looBawo, esithi ukuba urhulumente luphawulwa dissimilarity kwimilinganiselo yaseYurophu.

iintshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko 1840s kwa- ngamagosa kunye nabafundi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo ngeenxa Butashevich- Petrashevsky. amalungu zangoku inxaxheba kwimisebenzi zemfundo esebenzayo, ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwe isichazi-magama Encyclopedic lomxholo lwentando yesininzi kunye nezentlalo.

iintshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko 1860s negalelo lokusekwa mkhuba ezizimeleyo, njengoko liberalism. isiseko alo ezintsha iimagazini, amaphephandaba, imizimba self wengingqi, oonjingalwazi eyunivesithi. Liberalism waba nsimbi. Iphiko kwakhe eshiyekileyo onxulumene komhlaba wotshitsho, kunye nelungelo - ukuya nabondli enkampini.

Xa 1860s yokuqala wabumba Sleptsova Chernyshevsky kunye nezinye iinkokheli intshukumo "Land and Inkululeko" kwafuneka amandla aneleyo ukuba ibe kumbutho lonke-Russian. Noko ke, kamva ke bakhawuleza bangamaqela amabini. Ngaloo wabumba intshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, ebizwa "ngokutsha" yaye "Intando yaBantu". Okwesibini, enyanisweni, yaba ezihlangwini "Land and Freedom".

iintshukumo Russian kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya 1870s kwayeka ukuba izinto ezintsha. Ngoko ke, ukususela 1874 yaqala kakhulu esinobunzima yokuphuma enkonzweni ebantwini, leyo kuyo amawaka amadodana nabasetyhini.

Phakathi 1870-E - sharing-1880 ziyanyuswa wabasebenzi Russian. Ukuba umbutho yokuqala yesigaba e Odessa ne St Petersburg, nangona ekunqongophaleni yayo, ukuze kuhlaziywe olwela nezikhundla zayo.

Imisebenzi ukwakhiwa "Ukukhululwa of Labor", phantsi kwesikhokelo Plekhanov, waqala nguqulelo kwaye zisasazwe eRashiya, Engels neentlelo Marx kaThixo. I Marxists yokuqala baye babonisa ukuba capitalism kweli lizwe sele iqalile, yaye abasebenzi kufuneka onokukhokela umzabalazo kazwelonke ngokuchasene nolawulo tsarist, ngokuba socialism kunye nobulungisa kwezentlalo.

Ngowe-1895 Plekhanov kunye namaqabane akhe wadala ngokwaneleyo yimibutho ezininzi ngenkuthalo wenza nakugwayimbo abanye abasebenzi '.