Cell: amandla kunye nesakhiwo. Ixabiso iiseli ngamandla. Imizekelo leeseli amandla

izifundo zovavanyo zale mihla ziye zasekwa ukuba iseli neyunithi zokusebenza kunye ezisebenzayo entsonkothileyo phantse zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngaphandle iintsholongwane, ezo iintlobo ubomi non-cellular. izifundo Cytology isakhiwo umsebenzi zeselula: yokuphefumla, isondlo, ukuzala, ukukhula. Ezi nkqubo kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kweli phepha.

isakhiwo cell

Ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya electron microscope eziphila baye bafumanisa ukuba iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziqulathe unit komhlaba (nadmembrannye kunye submembrane izakhiwo), kukho icytoplasm kunye organelles. Xa iiseli yezilwanyana phezu inwebu yi glycocalyx equlethe enzyme kunye nokunika amandla iseli ngaphandle icytoplasm. Xa plant cells, prokaryotes (iintsholongwane kunye icyanobacteria) kunye nomngundo phezu inwebu luqokelelane udonga yeseli, nto leyo ibandakanya kwincindi, lignin okanye murein.

I kernel organelle olusisinyanzelo eukaryotes. It is a material ilifa - DNA kokuba zofuzo ifomu. Neentsholongwane icyanobacteria ziqulathe nucleoid, osebenza othwala deoxyribonucleic acid. Bonke enze umsebenzi ngqo ezithile, ebangela iinkqubo yokucolwa cellular.

Yintoni ukuthini igama elithi "iseli ukutya"

Ubomi obubonakala Iiseli nto kodwa kukhutshelo lwamandla uyayiguqulela uhlobo ukuya kolunye (ngokomthetho yokuqala obizwa). Energy, ibekwe izondlo kwi efihlakeleyo, t. Urhulumente E. Bound ingena iimolekyuli ATP. Ngomhla umbuzo oko amandla iiseli eziphilayo, kukho impendulo ethathela ingqalelo le postulates zilandelayo:

1. Iseli njengento iinkqubo elivulekileyo eziphilayo kufuna eyayinethombo rhoqo amandla kokusingqongileyo.
2. izinto eziphilayo eziyimfuneko ukuze amandla, iseli zifumaneka ngeendlela ezimbini:

a) ukusuka eliphakathi extracellular, ngokohlobo iikhompawundi lilungile;

b) ngokuzimeleyo synthesizing iiprothini, isitatshi kunye amafutha, ukususela carbon dioxide, ammonia, njl

Ngoko ke, zonke izinto bohlulwa babe nethe heterotrophic kwaye autotrophic leyo features izifundo ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo.

Ukutya kunye Amandla

izinto eziphilayo nghena iseli baye cleavage, apho amandla ngesi ngokohlobo ATP okanye NADP-H2. Lonke Isethi abasabela ngayo nokwenziwa kunye dissimilation - yokucolwa sayo. Ngezantsi sijonga amanqanaba ukutya amandla, ngokubonelela ngokutya iiseli heterotrophic. Okokuqala, iiprotheni, carbohydrate lipids ziba monomers zabo: acid, iswekile, glycerol uyadinga asidi. Ngoko, kwi ukwetyisa ioksijini-free, kodwa kuxhomekeke ukubola phambili (ukugaywa anaerobic).

Ngale ndlela kukho amandla intracellular izinambuzane rickettsia, chlamydia, neentsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela ezifana zeClostridium. Kwiseli enye mkhuhlane-igwele ninamathele glucose ukuba ethanol, iintsholongwane acid lactic - ukuya lactic acid. Ngenxa yoko, glycolysis, utywala, butyric, lactic acid ibile - ezi yimizekelo iiseli amandla ngenxa ukwetyisa anaerobic in heterotrophs.

Autotrophic kunye neempawu iinkqubo metabolic

Kuba eziphilayo emhlabeni, loo mthombo wamandla ilanga. Enkosi kuye, ziyakhawulelana neemfuno abemi umhlaba wethu. Ezinye zazo kuhlelwe izondlo ngenxa amandla ekukhanyeni, zibizwa phototrophic. Abanye - ngoncedo amandla reactions redox, zibizwa chemotroph. Xa ulwelwe kweseli olunye- isondlo iseli, iifoto leyo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi, ibe photosynthetically.

izityalo eziluhlaza ziqulethe yiklorofili, nto leyo eyinxalenye chloroplast. Ukhonza i-eriyali, bamba ufaka ukukhanya. Ukukhanya nezigaba ezimnyama photosynthesis ziyenzeka indlela enzymatic (uCalvin umjikelo), isiphumo yayo ukuyilwa carbon dioxide kwezinto eziphilayo esetyenziselwa ukutya. Ngoko ke, i iseli ngamandla kabani kungenxa yokusetyenziswa ukukhanya, ekuthethwe autotrophic okanye phototrophic.

kwiseli enye ebizwa hemosintetikami, kuba ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo esebenzisa amandla eyakhutshwa ekudibaneni kwemichiza, umz, iikhompawundi iintsholongwane zentsimbi oxidize intsimbi ayoni ukuya ferric, kunye namandla akhululwe iya Yindibanisela iimolekyuli glucose.

Ngaloo ndlela, eziphilayo photo-zokwenziwa zifake amandla ukukhanya ukuyijika ibe amandla covalent mono- kunye polysaccharides. Emva koko ecaleni amakhonkco wamandla amatsheyini okutya ikhutshelwa kwiiseli eziphilayo heterotrophic. Ngamanye amazwi, enkosi photosynthesis, kukho zonke izinto noshowo umhlaba onokuphila. Sinokuthi ukuba iiseli ukuba amandla iza ndlela autotrophic, "uyawondla" hayi yena kuphela kodwa bonke abemi uMhlaba.

Njengoko eziphilayo heterotrophic ondle

Iiseli leyo kondliwa ixhomekeke kokufumana abakulo eziphilayo izinto ukusuka kwindawo yangaphandle, ebizwa heterotrophic. Eziphilayo ezifana nomngundo, izilwanyana, abantu, neentsholongwane olwaye lwamfimfitha ndiludilize iikhabhohayidrethi, iiprpthini kunye namafutha ngoncedo enzyme.

Emva koko, ke monomers kubangela ukuba zifunxwe iseli kwaye wayisebenzisa ukwakha organelles zayo nobomi. izondlo ichithwe ngenisa iseli ngu pinocytosis, kunye amasuntswana ukutya okuqinileyo - phagocytosis. eziphilayo Heterotrophic lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe saprotroph ezidala. Eyokuqala (umzekelo, iintsholongwane, nomngundo, ezinye izinambuzane) awadli mbandela efile eziphilayo, kwaye le yokugqibela (iintsholongwane, iintshulube, fungi ekumfimfitheni) - iiseli kunye nezihlunu eziphilayo.

Mixotrophy, usasazo endalweni

ukutya Ukuxuba kwindalo kakhulu enqabileyo sisixhobo form (idioadaptatsy) ukuya imiba eyahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo. The main imeko mixotrophic - kuba phambi kwizisele kunye organelles eziqulathe yiklorofili kwifotosinthesis enzyme iinkqubo abakreqayo phantsi izondlo ukulungele evela kokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, isilwanyana ezineseli enye euglena eluhlaza iqulethe chromatophores hyaloplasm kunye ngokuba yiklorofili.

Xa dama, apho euglena khona, abasa kakuhle, zayidla kwisityalo, okt. E. Autotrophically ngu photosynthesis. Ngenxa yokuba i-carbon dioxide kuhlelwe iswekile, oko kukuthi seli ize ityiwe. euglena enikwe ubusuku heterotrophically ohlaba izinto eziphilayo ngu enqanda akhiwe kule vacuoles yokwetyisa. Ngenxa yoko, iiseli amandla mixotrophic, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ubungqina ubunye imvelaphi izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

ukukhula iseli kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye trophico

Ukwandisa ubude, ubunzima, umthamo, njengokuba umzimba uphela kunye neziseko zayo nezihlunu, ebizwa ukukhula. Akanakuba ngaphandle ezifumaneka rhoqo izakhamzimba iiseli benzela iibhloko zokwakha. Ukuze ufumane impendulo yombuzo akhule ngayo iiseli eyenzeka ukutya autotrophic, kuyimfuneko ukuba acacise ukuba ezimeleyo okanye inxalenye iyunithi noshowo yomntu multicellular. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukukhula iya kwenziwa ngethuba interphase komjikelo cell. It iinkqubo ngokukhawuleza yokucolwa iplastiki zenzeke. Power eziphilayo heterotrophic enxulumene correlatively ne phambi ukutya evela bume lwangaphandle. Ukukhula a omzimba multicellular kwenzeka ngenxa kwi ukusebenza izicwili biosynthetic zemfundo, kwakunye nokwanda seenkqubo steroid, reactions catabolic ngasentla.

Indima oksijini ukudla iiseli heterotrophic

eziphilayo aerobic: ezinye iintsholongwane, umngundo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu basebenzisa mpilo ukwetyisa epheleleyo izondlo ezifana glucose ukuba icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi (umjikelo Krebs). Senzeka isizalo ayo equlathe inkqubo enzymatic H + -ATP-ase, nto leyo synthesizes molecule ATP ukusuka ADP. Xa eziphilayo prokaryotic, ezifana neentsholongwane icyanobacteria aerobic, oxygen dissimilation inyathelo lwenzeka kwi plasma inwebu iiseli.

Okukodwa supply gametes

Xa ezinto eziphilayo namandla iseli cytology zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane wachazwa uhlelo izondlo ekuwo, kuyondelelaniswe yabo cleavage wezixa ezithile eneji uhlobo ATP iimolekyuli. Trophism gametes: ova kunye amadlozi, ukuba inazo iimpawu ezinxulumene kunye Okukodwa eliphezulu imisebenzi yabo. Oku kuyinyaniso ingakumbi iiseli ababhinqileyo lokuzala, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bandisa eninzi izondlo, ingakumbi ngokohlobo egg sac.

Emva kokukhulelwa, iya kusebenzisa kwabo ityumza yaye ukubunjwa mbungu. Le spermatozoa ngexesha nokwanda (spermatogenesis) ifunyenwe izinto eziphilayo kwiiseli Sertoli, ibekwe kule tubules seminiferous. Ngenxa yoko, zombini iindidi gametes abe kwizinga eliphezulu pathways, apho kunokwenzeka ngenxa seli trophic esebenzayo.

Indima ngesondlo bezimbiwa

iinkqubo pathways alwenzeki ngaphandle yokufika ukuse- kunye anions ezakha iityuwa kwizimbiwa. Umzekelo, kuyimfuneko kwifotosinthesis wemagniziyam ion, kuba iinkqubo enzymatic mitochondria - ion potassium kunye calcium, ukugcina kumthamo umthamo hyaloplasm - ubukho ion sodium kwakunye carbonate anions acid. Solutions of neetyuwa yezimbiwa ufake iseli ngu pinocytosis okanye nokuhanjiswa ngokusebenzisa iseli ndizayo. Mineral nutrition ezendeleyo zombini iiseli autotrophic kunye heterotrophic.

Ukushwankathela, sibonile ukuba ixabiso iiseli ngamandla amakhulu ngokwenene, ekubeni le nkqubo ikhokelele ukuyilwa kwento izinto zokwakha (izakha, amafutha kunye neeproteni) of carbon dioxide eziphilayo autotrophic. iiseli Heterotrophic zitya izinto eziphilayo wabumba ngenxa umsebenzi autotrophs. Le amandla ngenxa abazisebenzisayo yokuvelisa, ukukhula, intshukumo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ebalulekileyo.