UNikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov - Admiral le Fleet. Russian moya yenethiwekhi "Admiral Kuznetsov"

iinjengele Great Russian wadala ubuqaqawuli kwezixhobo Russian emhlabeni, umoya kunye nolwandle. Peter I uceba kuphuhliso lwelizwe njenge amandla emanzini, ebeka shipyards kuqala ukutsala iinjineli amazwe. Imisebenzi yakhe amandla eRashiya lokuphumelela ezininzi zoloyiso ezinkulu elwandle. Ushakov, Nakhimov - lo kweenjengele yokuqala yomkhosi wamanzi, abamagama sibe nebhongo kakhulu kwilizwe lethu. Kwi-USSR, engena ezihlangwini zoloyiso zabo yaba Kuznetsov Admiral, ubomi bakhe idityaniswe kunye nemikhosi aselwandle ziqhogene.

biography

Ngokokubona Nicholas Gerasimovitch Kuznetsova, amava ulawulo inqanawa alinikwa ngoko nangoko, kufuneka ukuba ifunyanwe ngokulandela indlela matiloshe. Nantso into waqalisa umsebenzi meteoric enkwenkwana kuloo lali kummandla Medvedkov Astrakhan Loo. Future Admiral Kuznetsov wabetha zithuthi kwiminyaka eli-15, esongezelela iminyaka emibini ubudala, wazicelela ukuba War Civil. Ngowe-1919, walwa njengomatiloshe enqanaweni Northern Dvina wayenothotho. Emva kokuphumelela Naval Academy yaye kamva Academy iimbeko, Kuznetsov wathumela ukuba bakhonze kwi-Black Sea Fleet. Le Cruiser "Red Ukraine" yaba matiloshe yesikolo kuye, nto leyo eyaqala negosa isithuba kumgangatho. Ukususela ngowe-1933, waba umthetheli-Cruiser, kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu ezayo yenkonzo, inqanawa ibhiyozelwa imodeli emkhosini, ululeko, ukudubula yokusebenza. I Navy baqala ukuthetha malunga nokudala inkqubo Kuznetsova, elisuke laba indlela yokulungiselela iinkundla zomkhosi kuzo zonke azinakulawuleka USSR. Umthetheli omncinane abakuluhlu yokuqala ngo-1935 wawongwa IMbasa Red Star. Kweli xesha le nkonzo kwi Cruiser Kuznetsov nokuphuhlisa amacebo amatsha yokuqhubela yokulwa yomkhosi wamanzi, liyakuqonda ukubaluleka sokuhlola lomoya. Xa ingxoxo yakhe theoretical ithi ukuba intsebenziswano yazo zonke iintlobo imikhosi kufuneka ukunika iziphumo ezilungileyo kwimisebenzi zomkhosi. Indima ibalulekileyo moya wakhe ababelwe. Kwixesha elizayo, le thiyori ayiqinisekiswanga kuphela, kodwa ngenxa yokuba Kuznetsov, iye zasindisa ubomi obuninzi, eyenza igalelo elibalulekileyo uloyiso eSoviet Union imiphambili kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Spain

Ngowe-1936, imisebenzi amavolontiya oomatiloshe ekulweni Fascism kwaba unikezelo ngexesha ukothula uncedo evela eSoviet Union. Kuznetsov njenge attaché yomkhosi eSpeyin, xa kusenziwa, uyohlwaywa ngabo ukuchaneka imfundiso yakhe. utshaba imikhumbi moya batshoniswe iindlela kumazibuko, izenzo zabo nzima kakhulu ukubhobhoza, ethi ichaphazele ukusebenza amanyathelo emkhosini. Kuznetsov kudala isebe elitsha - aselwandle eyama esekelwe kwindawo izibuko dudula ukuhlasela mlilo yotshaba. Kuba lo msebenzi wawongwa uMyalelo "Red Banner" yaye "Lenin". Ebuya eSpeyin ngo-1937, Kuznetsov emiselwe uSekela uze eyiNtloko Pacific Fleet. Umthetho engundoqo, elithabathe ngaphandle umlo eSpeyin, nguye intumekelelo rhoqo nqanawa nganye kunye izithuthi liphela.

phambi kwempi

Kwiminyaka engama-30 ye-USSR liqala ukwenza, izithuthi omtsha enamandla ngakumbi, nto leyo satshatyalaliswa ngexesha lemfazwe Russian-Japanese ka-1904. Future Admiral Kuznetsov ngowe-1937 iqukiwe myalelo eyiNtloko Military Council of the Navy, eyenziwe yi-Commissariat. -34, waba Abantu mncinane kaThixo Commissar of the Navy. Xa kokungeniswa kwazo sasibancinci, hayi kakhulu abanamava, kodwa befuna kabini uzuko amagosa izixhobo Russian. Kuznetsov subordinated ngqo Stalin, loo nto yenza kube nzima ukuba asebenze. Commander e Chief uza kwakha umkhosi entsha iinqanawa ezinkulu - Zempi, cruisers. Kuznetsov, phezu koko, zanyanzelisa ukukhululwa weenqanawa kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka abathwali moya. Wathi yinkokeli imfuneko ukwenza moya wonxweme, nako ukwenza uphando olukhawulezayo nokuqinisekisa intshukumo ekhuselekileyo noweenqanawa. Indima ebalulekileyo eyabelwe uqeqesho Kuznetsov kwabasebenzi xa imikhosi esebenzayo rhoqo ezihambe iimeko yokulwa, ukuzimisela inqanawa nganye ukuhlaselwa ukumangala. Kweli thuba ukususela 1938 ukuya 1948 izikolo ezininzi zaye avuleka ukwenza amagosa abafanelekayo aselwandle kunye noomatiloshe. Kuznetsov ndawandwendwela sisitya ngalinye, ukuba esweni ukuthotyelwa le nqanawa kunye nemigaqo yoluleko, ukuvavanya izenzo iinqanawa ekusebenziseni. Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, nangona bengavani Stalin, commissar abantu mfana wenza ukwenza ezininzi izimvo zabo kwaye udale wayeneqela entsha yokulwa-ufanelwe Soviet.

IMfazwe Enkulu Yobuzwe

Ingxelo TASS, bemkhanyela ithuba ukuhlaselwa isiJamani iSoviet Union, waqala Kuznetsova umnxeba kwisenzo. Iinqanawa bebexhotyiswa amafutha, yabamba uluhlu olupheleleyo iinxalenye eziphathekayo izixhobo, baye iipatroli bya ingqondo. Ukususela ngoMeyi 1941 abasebenzi zekhefu kunxweme esalelweyo, kwangaxeshanye nangakumbi politpodgotovka mlilo. Ukuqala lwamaNazi uchuku zezithuthi wadibana ukulwa Ukulungela ngokupheleleyo, ngaloo ndlela sikuphephe ilahleko. Yenziwe phambi kokuba isicwangciso imfazwe izenzo zokuzikhusela zenzeka-odolo Kuznetsova ngaphandle ungenelelo ngqo Commander. Barricading le imigodi, eyitwabulule ngwenya, utshaba inqwelomoya kutshatyalaliswa kwi indlela eya kwiindawo Fleet. Juni 24 ukuze ukuvala ingozi wabonakala phezu iinqanawa kwiBaltic waseManzini kwi-odolo Waziqhekeza Kuznetsova e Kronstadt, eshiya Tallinn. zokudubula Naval wabanceda kakhulu wawalwela eLeningrad kunye nokukhululwa yalo ukuqapha. Abaqhubi benqanawa bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi lizwe, ukunceda ukuba awuthintele armada zwilakhe. Ekuhlaseleni ze kwiBaltic lwezithuthi Agasti 1941 yabangela ubulala eziliqela eziphakamileyo Berlin, abazange ukulimaza elibalulekileyo kwikomkhulu waseJamani, kodwa bafake-mkhosi zethu. Ukususela ngo-1944, ngokwemiyalelo Commander Kuznetsov NG - Admiral le Fleet, lo gama yanikezelwa okokuqala kwaye ifikelele kwi yalelani.

ngenxa

Active ekulweni izithuthi eSoviet ziye zakhokelela ilahleko enkulu lutshaba. buqu Fleet Admiral NG Kuznetsov iphuhlise yonke imisebenzi eqhubekayo ezivunywe ngoko Commander e Chief, ukwenza ukudityaniswa rhoqo kunye nezinye iingalo. Iinqanawa, lweenqanawa ezintywilayo ngexesha lemfazwe watshabalalisa iiyunithi 1,200 (ezothutho, ukhuseleko) yotshaba. Navy Aviation kule mpi emhlabeni, sayaphula moya German ngaphezu kwama 5,000. Ngelo xesha, imikhosi ka- Northern Fleet wenziwe ukhuseleko nokuthuthwa kweempahla abavela kumazwe encedisayo. Amakhulu amawaka abantu aye athathwa endleleni wobomi iLeningrad wawungqinga, ngaphezu kweetoni 10 imithwalo zisiwe umzi yindlala. On minefields batshabalalisa iinqanawa utshaba ngaphezulu kwama-200. Fleet Admiral Kuznetsov wawongwa Order of "Ushakov" 1 isidanga "Red Banner" yaye "Lenin". neenqanawa ngaphezulu kwama-70 zanikwa isihloko Guards, 513 oomatiloshe baba Heroes eSoviet Union. Njengoko ndingumthetheli Navy Admiral eSoviet Union Kuznetsov inxaxheba kwiinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe, iintlanganiso kunye nothetha-thethwano kunye Amanyeneyo.

emva kwemfazwe,

Eyona njongo iphambili nesinqanawa seyona kwaba achache. iiprojekthi imikhumbi (kubandakanywa iziphathi-moya) kunye nophuhliso imikhosi aselwandle awabasondezayo ukuba Stalin ngokobuqu Commissar. NG Kuznetsov, wempi, udumo ngexesha lemfazwe, zanyanzelisa izicwangciso zabo kunye neemfuno, ezivame zichasene iimbono yinkokeli. Ngenxa yezi mahluko, nokuzeyisa ubulungisa ngowe-1948, Kuznetsov waye demoted ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla yangasemva Admiral kwaye phantse wahlala phantsi esemkhumbini. Wachitha iinyanga ezintandathu ngaphandle inkonzo, wahlaselwa yintliziyo, kodwa wakwazi ukuqala umsebenzi usekela alimwi Navy we-East Far. Kwaba khona ukuba wavuka isikhundla elandelayo Vice-Admiral okwesihlandlo sesibini. Ngowe-1951, phezu komyalelo lobuqu Stalin, wabuyela eMoscow kwimo ngokupheleleyo. Isihloko elandelayo Admiral Kuznetsov zazifumanayo ngo-1953, yena ithabathe inxaxheba kulo msebenzi yaye befuna ngokutsha inkqubo yokwakha.

kathathu Admiral

Isiphelo olusa Nikolaya Gerasimovicha ezinxulumene ukuguqulwa lwezithuthi kunye nentsebenziswano yayo olusondeleyo-arhente ezifanelekileyo kunye Academy of Sciences USSR wenza kube lula ukwenza i lweenqanawa ezintywilayo zenyukliya-anikwe amandla. kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuxhobisa iinqanawa kunye imijukujelwa ayithabathele. Bona banikwa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo waphuphuma yothutho. Ingcamango yendalo abathwali moya yaye andifumananga Ukuqonda kwayo de-1972, xa masikhokelwe imfuno ngokwemiqathango "imfazwe lokulayita" kunye eUnited States. Ukuzingisa Kuznetsova wanceda eziqhuba inkqubo Ukuphuculwa fleet, kodwa waqinisa neentlobano zawo abakhethiweyo elibusayo. Phantsi Khrushchev, i-Admiral Kuznetsov kwakhona demoted. ukugula kwakhe wenza kube lula ukususa kuye ivela kwisikhundla sokuba umphathi xa intloko Navy, kwaye eneneni ndakhutshwa ityala, yena wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke. Kodwa iziqhamo zomsebenzi wakhe neziphumo - ophethe moya Admiral Kuznetsov yakhiwa. Kuznetsov umhlala wabhala lukhulu malunga Navy, iinguqulelo yoncwadi langaphandle kwaye zivavanywe uloyiso zabo ukoyiswa. Wafa ngoDisemba 6, 1974, wangcwatywa Novodevichy Amangcwaba eMoscow. Ixesha lesithathu yaba Admiral of the Fleet Kuznetsov emva kokufa kwakhe, isihloko sabuyiswa ngo-1988 phantsi koxinzelelo kubalingane bakhe kunye nosapho Nikolaya Gerasimovicha.

Lo moya yenethiwekhi Admiral Kuznetsov

Ngowe-1982, i-zabelo le ndawo yokwakhela Sea Black yesihlanu Cruiser enzima kungekabekwa kwisityalo. sinendawo yakhe eyenzelwe ekhaya, igqampe uthabathe-off le Su kunye Grant moya. Ukususela kwixesha yokubekwa inqanawa de kube sekupheleni zonke iintlobo iimvavanyo, waba amagama ezine: "Riga", "Z Brezhnev", "Tbilisi". Kwaye kuphela ngo-1990 inqanawa wayeza kuzala igama "eSoviet Union Fleet Admiral Kuznetsov". Inqanawa yasungulwa ngo-1985, baqhubeka isakhiwo sayo esiphelweni sisemanzini, ebaxhobisela kunye ngezikhali. Ngowe-1989, eli qela wema phezu ecaleni lakhe, nabaqhubi baqalisa nokuvavanya moya ngazo. Su-25, su-27, Grant 29 iye bahlangabezana ngempumelelo umsebenzi, ize ke idluliselwe kwi esemkhumbini emkhombeni ingeniso ukugqitywa.

izixhobo

Le yenethiwekhi moya Admiral Kuznetsov, yathotyelwa emifanekisweni eziliqela. radar, inqanawa, izixhobo zalo elektroniki kufuneka rhoqo ziphuculwe. Inqanawa yale ubukhulu kunye neklasi kunzima kakhulu ukuguqula kwaye luyabiza ukuba sihlale siphaphile, kodwa kuxhomekeke namhlanje kwinkonzo, umsebenzi uya yenziwe e Northern Fleet. ukubana wayo (ubuninzi) yi-61 m, ubude -. 306 m, ububanzi -. 71 m. Height - meters 65, uyilo ubuninzi -. 10 m Njengoko kusetyenziswa ngezikhonkwane propulsor pyatilopastnye ezine zibonelelwa kwi intshukumo diesel-umbane (6), i-injini yomphunga (4) neejenereyitha turbine (9). Kwezikhali iqulathe evuthayo "Granit", "Dirk", "angababulali", anti-moya imipu AK-630, RBU ASW iziqhushumbisi. Iqela basic ngenqwelomoya luquka amahlanu moya kunye ntaka.

uphuhliso

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le yenethiwekhi moya Admiral Kuznetsov, le nqanawa inkulu kule hlobo. analogue awo akubangelwa izicwangciso ezithembisayo waseManzini kweli cala zezi mfihlakalo. Ke iinkokheli le Russian waseManzini yanamhlanje uyayiqonda into yokuba esabangela N. G. Kuznetsovym kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, uphuhliso projekthi esasebenza namhlanje. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba abathwali moya entsha, leyo ngokukhawuleza kwi shipyards mihla iya kulungiswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zale mihla. Oku kusebenza kuzo zombini izixhobo kunye iinjini inqanawa. iimpahla ezintsha aselwandle phantsi umthetho abaphathi abatsha baya koyisa nobukhulu wolwandle, ukuba abonise ihlabathi ngamandla kwezixhobo Russian, kodwa libala ngabantu ababhala amaphepha sokuqala sale ncwadi, akukho mfuneko.