Severomuisk ukwakhiwa imbali etoneleni, inkcazelo, photo

Severomuisk Itonela ibekwe kwiRiphabliki Buryatia. Ukubeka ukusebenza kwenzeka ngo-2003. Nguye lo umkhondo mde kaloliwe sasibekwe nge emaweni eRashiya. Ubude 15 343 leemitha. Igama kwetonela yathiywa emva kummango, ngalo emendweni idlula. Ngokutsho neqondo nobunzima zokwakha kunye netonela imisebenzi ingqalelo nzima kakhulu ehlabathini. Ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithandathu, ukuba bekufanele ukuba ukuqala ngexesha xa mmandla bekukho isithuba ongaphiliyo onamatye. iimeko zemozulu zazinzima, ubushushu avareji kummandla North-Muya Ridge ziyohluka kummandla degrees -50 Celsius. kwafuneka ukuba kuziswe ubugcisa kuphela, kwafuneka ukuba kwakhiwe ngamafa kwezindlu kunye nezakhiwo ukuqinisekisa ubomi eqhelekileyo abasebenzi.

bekukhe

Severomuisk Itonela indawo yokugqibela eyayidibanisa izimvu-Amur plaza kunye. Ingcamango Ukwakhiwa kaloliwe ecaleni Amur River yavela e Tsarist eRashiya, kodwa ubungakanani bezibonelelo kunye nomsebenzi efunekayo kule projekthi, enoba uqikelelo nje, ngelo xesha ayabiza. Le mbono nkomoni emoyeni, wafumana imilo yokwenyani kuphela ngo-1938, xa kungekabekwa kaloliwe. Abasebenzi zokuqala amabanjwa. Ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa zizicima, kwisikali omkhulu kunye nentshukumo yenkitha ukuya BAM iqale 70s kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Kungekabekwa zikaloliwe waya amavolontiya avela kulo lonke eSoviet Union.

Kumgama nto inzima lwegama yabonakala Severomuysky Range. I izimvu yenye yeendawo ezininzi ezintle, kodwa ngqwabalala. Rock Ukwakheka iqulethe ematyeni lenyengane-schist kumathambeka zawo zibekwe umkhenkce, indawo eliphezulu le kummango ifikelela iimitha 2561. Kwi ematyeni phantse akukho utyani, amaxesha ziitectonic plates emva kokuba iinyikima khange ekhangelwe nkalwana ekupheleni, yaye ziintshukumo zenyikima into engalindelekanga. Tunneling sele mngeni iinjineli abakhi.

Kukho iiprojekthi ezininzi ezifundisa izisombululo ngenxa sicatshulwa wesiza. Ukususela kakhulu ke eziziziyatha ukuqhushumba le kummango yaye ngaloo ndlela ukucima indlela eya kakhulu ukuya kumgxobhozo - hayi izakunikezela kwaye kwakha, kuba loo nto ayinakwenzeka. Emva kokuthandabuza yaye iintlanganiso, kwagqitywa ekubeni noyicandisa ephakeme. Ukulungiselela le ndinyana yaqala ngo-1975, lo msebenzi engundoqo yenzeka 90 kwaye kuphela kwinkulungwane elandelayo, wafakwa ukusebenza Severomuisk etoneleni. Ukugqitywa Umhla, okanye mandithi, kugqitywe ukwakhiwa - Matshi 30, 2001, kwaye uloliwe lokuqala baqalisa ukuhamba-5 Disemba 2003.

Development yeprojekthi

umyili jikelele yale projekthi ibalelwa of "Lenmetrogiprotrans". Ngokutsho projekthi, ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa ngeendlela ezimbini: entshonalanga kunye nempuma amaqela amabini drifters babemele bedibene. Umsebenzi lwaqhutywa yimibutho ezimbini. JSC "Bamtonnelstroy" inkampani benza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo phantsi komhlaba, JSC "Nizhneangarsktransstroy" sakhiwe izakhiwo ngentla-komhlaba. Ngelo xesha wokuvunywa projekthi, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba ubunzima kunye izimanga nazo. Ukusebenza, isicwangciso yokuqala iye yafakelwa izilungiso kabini umsebenzi wayeka ngenxa zekhephu kunye landslides.

Itonela ndinyana wajika leengozi, ngokutsho imithombo eyahlukeneyo ukusuka 30 ukuya 57 abantu babulawa ngethuba lolwakhiwo engxamisekileyo impendulo. Imbeko yabo, ilitye emnyango etoneleni. ixesha lilonke zokwakha kwavavanywa ezimbalwa iimoto kweshumi evela ehlabathini, buphuhliswe buqaliswe buphenjelelwa iteknoloji ekhethekileyo zokubethelela lomhlaba kwimimandla lweempazamo ziitectonic plates ngokusebenzisa imichiza. Le brand fyabo entsha wancedisa kube sinker itonela ngempumelelo kwindawo kwaye iyingozi waphula ematyeni zakhiwe.

Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza non-stop, abasebenzi ezimbini lali kwakhelwa abakhi: yokungena nokwe ngasentshona ngasempuma Severomuisk. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ndawo yangoku yaba Severomuisk apho abaqeshwa baphila Iziporo ezibonelela ngeenkonzo etoneleni.

iimpawu

Ekuqaleni yemisebenzi ingazeki imeko zejoloji kummango, ngoko umsebenzi ubukrelekrele i kuqhutywa ngaxeshanye kunye nolwakhiwo. Ukunciphisa imingcipheko, ngaxeshanye kunye kwigalari ephambili intelligence zokwakha yesebe uqalwe. uphuhliso balo phambili kwetonela engundoqo ezilikhulu ambalwa, kwaye wanika ulwazi malunga nemeko uhlobo. Isebe idreyini iphuhlisiwe kumgama oziimitha ezingama-30 ukusuka kwisakhiwo engundoqo, ubukhulu kwanele ukuba sicatshulwa koololiwe komhlaba. Ngenxa kwesimo kwitonela siteshi zaseprayimari ukuba atyhudise, izicatshulwa, nto leyo lula umsebenzi kunye umoya.

Ukwakhiwa izakhiwo yabanjwa kwindawo yokothula seismically esebenzayo apho iinyikima bafikelele 9-10 kwi kwisikali iRichter, iimeko zejoloji sesicatshulwa wabonisa nandzu ezine ziitectonic plates. Ngamafutshane, le ndawo nawaphula amatye, ezizaliswe ngamatye, ngesanti namanzi, ububanzi yabo zazisuka iimitha ezi-5 ukuya 900. Emva gqolo abaphula amanzi engenayo xa isixa amakhulu cubic metres ngeyure nganye. Inxalenye kwetonela idlula ummandla permafrost, ukwenzela ukwakhiwa kwezi sayithi inxaxheba amanzi ashushu. Ukumangala ubukho radioactive gas Rodonaya leyo umthi ngaphakathi ingaphakathi kwetonela ngexesha eyavela ngokuphindwe kathathu ngaphezu imida yokwakha, kukhokelele ekubeni abasebenzi. Sahlawula premium endilisekileyo ukuba sinker yabizwa ngokuba "imali ukufa."

Severomuisk Buriatia etoneleni, ngokutsho projekthi, ekujongwe ukuba izaba kukugrumba amaqula yokuhlola zonke iikhilomitha 0.5, kodwa wagqiba ukunciphisa iindleko yokusebenza, eweva zabo ngokwemizuzu 1 sekhilomitha. Le ndlela kokonga wajika ziintlekele ezininzi owabulala ubomi babantu, umsebenzi, ungamane umiswa ngenxa landslides, izikhukula, kunye nezinye izinto.

zokwakha

Severomuisk itonela kaloliwe wasinda ezimbini zokwakha eyeka elide. Le nto yenzeka okokuqala ngo-1979, xa shaft wayetshona entlabathini nazo Nyengane dwala. Ekubeni le meko, nokuba ngaphambili okanye emva koko gornorazrabotchiki nayo. Amanzi phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu waphuncuka engxondorheni, zithwele amatye, isanti, nokuphuma udaka, owatshabalalisa yonke indlela yayo: ukufa abasebenzi ezininzi wahlamba dvadtsatitrehtonnuyu umlayishi. umsebenzi wokubuyisela Esihle kunye nolondolozo ngokwaphulwa rock isithuba.

Ukuphelisa unobangela kwawa kwi komsantsa wathulula eziphathekayo, ngetshaneli ubukho kangangeminyaka emibini. Ngeli xesha, wabuya wachacha lishumi lamawaka iitoni iliwa kokuwa, olwenziwe umsebenzi wokuhlola olongezelelweyo. Ngenxa yophando yafunyanwa kwamanzi kwisithili echibini sesicatshulwa kwetonela. Ukusombulula ingxaki amanzi agqithisileyo efunekayo isisombululo ezintsha kunye zesiganeko efanayo kwihlabathi yaye akukho namnye wakha nayo.

omisa umsebenzi

Ukomeleza iindawo fault lwaqhutywa usebenzisa grouting kwemichiza, ingaphakathi engaphakathi kwetonela wenziwe zokutyubhisha intsimbi, izakhiwo zesinyithi. On top of oku batyhileka ezongezelelweyo umaleko khazi of ngesamente iyiphucule zingangenwa nokunika inkxaso landile ukuya arch kwetonela. Ngoko ke, uyilo ezibalulekileyo zone bafumene maleko eziliqela "imibhobho" kwaye ihamba ngokuzimeleyo ngalinye enye. Ummandla zenyikima oko konyusa izinga lokhuseleko kunye nokwakha uzinzo.

I ezintsha eziqalwayo etshona ngowe-1981, oku kwanyanzeleka ukuba atyhudise kwiplagi eziphathekayo. Ngexesha sicatshulwa ngakumbi zonke iziphene ibhaqe bazaliswa ngekhonkrithi ngokusebenzisa emigodini nkqo kugrunjwa. Ukusebenza iprojekthi ukumema iingcali ehlabathini lonke langaphandle - akukho mntu wavuma. Xa ukwakha kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe eziphuhlileyo ixesha waseJapan, eUnited States, eJamani. Iingcali kwiinkampani zangaphandle, beyiqhelile imeko, nika enye kuphela intendana amacebiso - izakunikezela kwaye uqale kwenye indawo. Ukuqinisekisa gqolo ukusebenza efunekayo unikezelo izixhobo, ziyigcine ukususwa iliwa kwakufuneka ujike, njengoko kwacaca ukuba ulwakhiwo siya kulibaziseka ngokungenammiselo.

pipe bypass

Ngaphambi Severomuisk waqala ukuyakha msele, kwakukho sele ndlela bypasses The Ridge. Practice iye yabonisa ukuba akukho asihambelani kakhulu ukuba zisetyenziswe yaqala iimeko ezinzima, ngoko kwagqitywa ekubeni kwakhiwe indlela entsha ecaleni ngo-1984. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuba akukho isakhiwo eyodwa ngaphantsi kwitonela. Abakhenkethi abaninzi umhlambi eya kummango efuna ithuba ukuqhuba endleleni. Bona bamlinga ebukekayo kunye eziphakamileyo ndijonge, leyo iibhulorho kufuneka uhambe ngayo.

imimoya Highway yeNyoka udlula le iibhulorho ezenziwe ngabantu kunye viaducts. Omnye wabo, ngokuba "lukaMtyholi Bridge", wabeka nge Itykit mfula ijika eweni, yaye, ngokutsho amangqina, kancinci, izanyazanyiswa ngexesha lokudlula ubume ilayishe. Ubude umgwaqo 64 km, umkhweli wayo umendo bayaphoswa msele ezimbini esingenasiphelo-ezimilise, ifakwe ngaphakathi kweliwa. Magistral isetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kunye nokusebenza kwetonela, ngokuvumela ezinye intshukumo koololiwe kwempahla. Olucwangcisiweyo ngakumbi oololiwe labona kwimeko yokwanda kwezithuthi kaloliwe kwi izimvu-Amur zokurhafisa.

santya siphezulu esingadlulanga 20 km / h, ithambeka kwezinye iindawo yi-40% ukuya phambili kumacandelo lwela zisebenzisa kaloliwe olongezelelweyo. Okwangoku indlela bypass esetyenziselwa oololiwe ukulondolozwa nokulungiswa. Ulwakhiwo ngo-1989, le ndlela yasetyenziselwa ukuthutha abakhweli kunye nokwakha de yayakhiwe Severomuisk etoneleni. Photo of kwebhulorho kunye nenkangeleko ndiwuthabathile iifestile iimoto, zilandelayo endleleni esa, ubuhle umdla nokunika ingqiqo ukwakhiwa extremality.

bopha Gold

unxibelelwano kaloliwe Baleka kulindeleke ngokupheleleyo lonke BAM. Severomuisk Itonela ngo 1999 phantse sele umkhondo. Phakathi amaqela endleleni eya wayetshona ukuya komnye, kwakukho-160 kuphela mitha. Ngequbuliso rock liwa, kunye nomsebenzi wokwakha kwisiza kwafuneka ukuba phantse ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, leyo wathabatha iinyanga eziliqela.

Ukudibana amaqela drifters, ebizwa njalo-sboyka segolide yenzekile Matshi 30, 2001. Tunneling wakhokelela abakhi ezimbini imikhosi kwitonela phantsi kolwalathiso V. Kazeeva Gatsenko kunye nezitshixo zokomfuziselo kwetonela sele inikwa uMphathiswa wezoThutho. Udibaniso phakathi iinxalenye ezimbini kwetonela kwenzeka kubunzulu leemitha 300, kuka nezamazembe ye sleeves ezimbini eyenziwe-69 mm kwi tyaba kunye impazamo nkqo joint yaba 36 mm. Loo mini ibalulekileyo yonke, owakha BAM. Severomuisk msele ukusetyenziswa kuphela ngo-2003, kwathiwa igama i "bopha yegolide" ye BAM, leyo yagqitywa isakhiwo grand.

anika umdla

minyaka imashumi mabini anamithathu yokwakhiwa yajika yaba uloyiso, olufunyanisiweyo, ubuchwepheshe obutsha. Maxa wambi kwabonakala ukuba le projekthi asizange waqonda, kodwa, nangona zonke iingxaki, i izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa kuzisa iinzuzo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko kulo lonke ilizwe, indawo uqhagamshelo lokugqibela iye yaba Severomuisk itonela ekhethekileyo. Amafoto izakhiwo babambe ongezantsi ngamandla ayo, grandiosity kwaye sekudala nokuziva ezinyalasayo.

Facts yokwakha:

• Ubude lilonke Severomuisk kwetonela - kweekhilomitha ngaphezulu kwe-15, kunye neziphumo kobude yangaphakathi 45 km.
• Ngexesha lokwakha, kwakukho abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini zeetoni zomhlaba.
• Used ezingaphezu kwe-700 lamawaka cubic metres eziphathekayo.
• It angaphezu kwama-70 kweetoni eziliwaka ngentsimbi.
• Ingaphakathi Itonela engaphezu kwama-55-amawaka zokutyubhisha uphose-yentsimbi.
• Maxa wambi xa Ukwakhiwa kwetonela baqeshwa amaqela 6 intonga abantu abayi-8,000.
• Ukwakhiwa kwetonela kuxabisa yobuncwane malunga 9 billion engange.
• Severomuisk kwetonela BAM kwi yokuzika yi 67 square metres.
• Iinkqubo zemveliso kusetyenziswa iiyunithi ti ngaphezulu kwama-850.
• Sheathing kwetonela iqulathe amabini, nokuba kwiindawo kwiimpazamo kwezakhiwo ezintathu ezizimeleyo, oqinisekisa ukhuseleko kummandla seismically esebenzayo.
• Isiqinisekiso ubomi inkonzo engama-100, iingcali beyisekile ukuba kuncendile yokuqala enkulu iyafuneka hayi ngaphambi ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 emva kokuba sungula.
• APCS Severomuisk Itonela ivumela umkhondo-time ngokwenene kwimeko microclimate ngaphakathi isakhiwo, umgangatho radiation, intshukumo koololiwe kunye nomsebenzi neminye imiba.

Kwiindawo ezininzi zobunjineli, imichiza, ezemigodi kunye indawo staging zokwakha kwezinto baba Severomuisk etoneleni. Iindlela abaye bazama ukungena kuzo zonke ezaziwayo ngelo xesha, nabo wasungula indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo, elaba ezintsha phambili yenzululwazi Russian. Eyona ngxaki iphambili ukusebenza Itonela ukuyilwa ngumkhenkce, le nkqubo uthatha indawo phantse unyaka wonke adubule phantsi umkhenkce owawubumbela ngesandla.

inani

Running non-stop intshukumo ye izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa enikiweyo Severomuisk etoneleni. Imbali wesakhiwo yenziwa iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithandathu kunye iiphiriyodi ezimbini kubomi karhulumente. Ukuvulwa kwetonela kwanciphisa ixesha oololiwe abapasa izihlandlo ezintandathu. Ngoku kuthatha imizuzu eyi-25, yaye ngendlela ekhonkcwe kwisiqu uloliwe wahamba iiyure 2.5. Ukusebenza indlela ngqo nekhuselekileyo kuvunyelwa ukuba lokulandula traction kabini kaloliwe, nto leyo iya kusetyenziswa kwindlela phezulu. Inqanaba yokhuseleko kunyuke: ngu-kudlula yimimoya yendlela phakathi kweenduli, apho sihlala kunengozi zekhephu.

Impahla traffic kwi izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa liye landa nge-35%, izinga lokukhula icwangciselwe ukunyusa ngomyinge we-30% ngonyaka ngamnye kule minyaka izayo. It ikwazile esemi Trans-aseSiberia Railway, ukuba ziliminxe ukuhamba kwezithuthi. Ukongeza izibonelelo zoqoqosho, i-Russian waphumelela ngomnyango yesibini lwePasifiki, izibonelelo kaloliwe kuye kwandiswa ulwalathiso oluthembekileyo kunye neendleko-olusebenzayo yokuhamba. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le msele udlula 14-16 impahla koololiwe ngosuku.

Iindlela zokulawula

PCS Severomuisk Itonela - igama elitsha kwi esweni ulawulo micro-imozulu ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo. Liphethe kumanqanaba amabini kolawulo, nganye okwenza umsebenzi echaziweyo ukulawula, umkhondo, ukugcina ulwazi onke amaziko izixhobo zobugcisa. Kwakhona, i automated inkqubo yolawulo Inkqubo (PCS) eqinisekisa ukusebenza unxibelelwano kwetonela.

Real-time umkhondo kolawulo imeko umoya olwenziwa yokukhupha amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, igade ubume zonke iinkqubo zokwakha. Ngababini kunye neenkqubo tracking ngokuzenzekelayo ukuqapha kwemozulu emi esangweni gantry. Ngabo ivuleleke kuphela elingaphesheya uloliwe, ngokuqinileyo ukugcina umoya ngaphakathi kwitonela evela emzimbeni, kodwa kwimeko yeemeko ebezingaziwa, lo kaloliwe kungaba knock ngaphandle isisongelo lomonakalo kwisakhiwo yonke.

Ukwakhiwa North-kwetonela wanceda ukuba enze izinto ezifunyaniswe lwesayensi, ukuphuhlisa, kusetyenziswe ubugcisa ezizodwa, unique ehlabathini apho. Amava umzuzile ngexesha lokuqhuba, kuba ibingenakubalwa. Ukwakhiwa yenzelwe yezithuthi indlela enye, ukwakhiwa esinye kwitonela efanayo ingqalelo elizayo ukude kakhulu.