Yintoni indima bodwa kuqoqosho Russian? Natural kunye nesimo ulawulo

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje kukho iintlobo iimeko zemarike. Oku kubonisa ukungafezeki inkqubo xa iyonke. icandelo Monopolistic kuthathwa unobangela kwimeko enjalo. Le nkqubo, apho, okanye umthengisi okanye umthengi axhomekeke ekwazini kwayo nempembelelo ngayo, ezayo iziphene. Makhe siqwalasele phambili indima edlalwe bodwa kuqoqosho Russian.

Overview

Bodwa kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho kuthathwa ukuba ibe kwimeko elinqwenelekayo umvelisi / usomashishini. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwimeko enjalo, inkampani siphephe iingxaki ezininzi kwaye ukuthintela iingozi. ukhuphiswano Perfect kanye lwe kuqoqosho ayinakuba khona ngexesha elinye.

Le nkampani, ukucwangcisa amaxabiso unilaterally, echaphazela umthamo intengiso ufumana ingeniso eziphakamileyo. Xa ezi zenzo, oko okumenza ukhuphiswano kweemveliso ezithile. Xa umsebenzi onjalo akanakungena abanye abenzi. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amaqonga zokurhweba, apho khuphiswano ayinqweneleki nje kuphela kodwa ayinakwenzeka. Oku kungenxa yokuba ubukho bezinye abathengisi kuya kukhokelela ekwandeni iindleko.

ngezigaba

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo abadibeneyo kuqoqosho:

1. Vula - yinto imeko xa kukho iteknoloji entsha, kodwa hayi zonke okwangoku ekhangelwe nkalwana zonke.
2. State - bakha ngokusemthethweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho amalungiselelo omthetho ekuye kwagqitywa yi yempembelelo umda, imisebenzi eenkampani, njalo-njalo.
3. Natural - Le meko apho ukukhawulelana nemfuno kwi ukungabikho kukhuphiswano ngempumelelo ngenxa nkcukacha zeteknoloji kwimveliso. Ngelo efanayo ixesha ekhutshwe ngabalawulwa iimpahla ayikwazi ukuba kufakwe ezinye izinto. Ngoko ke, lo Imfuneko imveliso bodwa zendalo, kangangoko esingaphantsi kuya kuxhomekeka utshintsho kwiindleko kwayo.

Cinga iinkcukacha lokugqibela.

bodwa Natural kuqoqosho Russian: nangobubi

amashishini olunjalo luphawulwa ezinefuthe eliphezulu ngeendleko yokuvelisa eziphantsi. Kulo mzekelo, ubugcisa kunye imveliso ongenayo ngezinye iindlela. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ubukho kukhuphiswano iya kuba akukuhle, njengoba imfuno wanelisekile ukuba iimpahla leyo wanikela bodwa. Lo ngokwawo, Kakade ke, ufumana inzuzo enkulu. Ngokuphathelele iingenelo amashishini ezinjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ezi ngongoma zilandelayo:

1. Ithuba ukwandisa isiphumo lesikali kwimveliso. Oku kunceda ekunciphiseni iindleko unit sokuqaliswa product nganye.
2. Okuhlanganisa isixa esikhulu kwezibonelelo zemali. Oku kwenza kube lula ukugcina izibonelelo zemveliso kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo.
3. Ithuba ukulandela imigangatho efanayo yaqulunqelwa iimveliso kunye neenkonzo.
4. Ukufumaneka lombutho ezizezinye emarikeni. It buyisela ulwalamano ase sabaphathi yemvumelwano. Oku kunciphisa ilahleko enxulumene yokungaqiniseki nobungozi.
5. Ithemba lokufakela impumelelo ka-NTP.

ukushiyeka

Zonke iintlobo abadibeneyo kuqoqosho babe ngamathuba angawo. Noko ke, azisoloko HIV. Umzekelo, ukuba akwazi ukwenza umgangatho ixabiso yokuthengisa, ezinye iinkampani ukushenxisa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye iindleko kumthengi lokugqibela. Le yokugqibela, yona, akukho nako ekuphembeleleni nempembelelo reverse kwi umvelisi. Abadla bodwa uyakwazi isantya inkqubela zobugcisa. Njengoko umenzi kuphela, inkampani uyakwazi ukunciphisa iindleko ngokunciphisa umgangatho weemveliso neenkonzo. Ke zona iindlela ezizezinye kwimarike, lodwa unalo ithuba lokuba athathe uhlobo nguzwilakhe.

Ukubiza

ifomu Monopolistic lokungahambisani ngokwaneleyo. Zidityaniswe abone into siyema - dibanisa okanye thabatha, kuba nzima kakhulu. Noko ke, inkampani akusoloko ayisekho kwiimeko ezinjalo ngezwi elingaqondakaliyo, ekubeni kuxhomekeke monopolists. izinto ezimbi imeko enjalo akakhange ayiphelise le ndlela ezikhoyo. Kulo mzekelo, akusayi kusebenza indlela ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo emarikeni. Kwimeko enjalo, imveliso kakhulu elisemagqabini ukulawula bodwa yendalo. Kufuneka kwenziwe kumgangatho yamandla.

inani

bodwa Natural ukunika abathengi izibonelelo ibalulekileyo: igesi, umbane, amanzi, izithuthi, njl Kunye ezifanelekileyo iququzelele imisebenzi loshishin ziya kuyilwa iimeko ithembisa ukuba ubomi babantu .. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe eyiyo yokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kuphela. Ezi kwamashishini kunceda ekunciphiseni inkcitho eli lizwe. Noko ke, nakuba izinto eluncedo, lodwa kufuneka ibe phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. ulawulo olunjalo likhusele ngokozwi kwimiba amaxabiso. Inqanaba Uphuhliso abadibeneyo nako ukuhlola imeko yezoqoqosho karhulumente. Zizityalo ababuthathaka, bengakwazi ukunika umphakathi eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko kuthetha ukuba uyakwazi ukuthetha malunga kozinzo kwinkqubo yoqoqosho lonke elo lizwe.

kwenkululeko

Ummandla ngempembelelo iimonopoli kuba sihamba rhoqo. Le ndawo isenokuba sofinyela okanye ukwandisa, ukuze ngokupheleleyo alunakupheliswa. Movement buxhomekeke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba urhulumente kwezibonelelo. Kwakhona kubalulekile kunye nemfuno iimveliso. Kule meko, kuba inkqubo engxamisekileyo kakhulu kwaye eziyimfuneko lokujongisisa oguqukayo bodwa.

amashishini ekhaya

ERashiya, kukho iindidi ngeendidi iinkampani, osebenza njengomnikezeli kuphela okanye umenzi. Eyona idumileyo ziquka "Gazprom", Rao "YO" kunye IPU. Kukho nezinye bodwa kuqoqosho Russian, elifana ngasentla. Umzekelo, inkampani "Transneft", "Savings Bank" kunye nabanye. Rao "YO", "Gazprom" kunye Ministry of Railways kukhona izakhi ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lweli lizwe. Bonke amele iimbono lodwa karhulumente. Nangona phakathi kwabo ngokusemthethweni, "Gazprom" uthathwa ukuba ibe yinkampani karhulumente. Urhulumente anawo 38% emhandzini kule nkampani. Nakuba kunjalo, eneneni le nkampani lisebenza yinxalenye kwicandelo likarhulumente.

Yintoni indima bodwa kuqoqosho Russian?

Kuqala kwinto zonke, bazirhumela GDP yelizwe. Ukuba sithethe malunga iinkampani ezintathu - "Gazprom", Rao "YO" kunye IPU, ngoko kunye zinika 13.5% ye-GDP. Sicinga ngendima edlalwa bodwa kuqoqosho eRashiya, singasathethi isixa-mali yi-20.6%, ingeniso - 16.2% kunye nerhafu kwemali - 18.6%. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa kwinto yokuba kusekwe kwezi zalathisi ngumsebenzi "Gazprom". Kwi kwishishini liqesha malunga 300 lamawaka. Abasebenzi. Kulo mzekelo, iirhafu kunye neenzuzo ezivela kuyo ufumana kabini kangangoko kwezinye iinkampani zimbini zikhankanywe apha ngasentla. Ngokutsho abahlaziyi, isivuno eso ifunyenwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngenxa irenti zendalo, ukusa kumkhamo othile phantsi ngenxa kuncitshiswa iindleko gas ngaphakathi lizwe.

Kwimeko ukwandisa ixabiso lweshishini ka amaxesha 3 itotali "Gazprom" iindleko ongezwe iza kuba ngo-2000, malunga 1 triliyoni engange. Oku kabini nani ingxelo. Inzuzo bekuya ukuba yayimikhulu malunga 300-350 billion engange. kunye irente 70%. Ngoku ke yokugqibela isasazwa ngokusebenzisa amaxabiso kuncitshiswa kwamanye amacandelo. Ngokomzekelo, kubhaliwe ngemali yi umbane. Le mali iya kuvumela ukugcina ifumaneke amaxabiso lwasesidlangalaleni ubushushu namandla. Ngenxa kwimali "Gazprom" uye wahlala iindleko nzile eziluncedo. Ngelo xesha exhaswa nokuphungulwa umgangatho pension kunye imivuzo zabasebenzi kwicandelo likarhulumente, nto leyo iphucula umahluko yenani labemi ingeniso.

Ethetha ngendima edlalwa bodwa kuqoqosho Russian, kufanele kuphawulwe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zotyalo ukuxhasa amashishini mveliso, kwakunye namaqela asesichengeni.

uzinzo of operation

abadla bodwa Russian - amashishini yokusebenza ezinzileyo. Ziyaphazamiseka ngaphantsi zezinye iingxaki. Ngoko ke, ngo-1990-1997. imenyu kwimveliso amandla ugesi-25% ne ekunciphiseni jikelele kushishino kuba ngaphezu kwe-50%. abadla bodwa Domestic ongazukujongela ngokwemiqathango nelamaRafa zehlabathi. "Gazprom", umzekelo, phakathi kwabalawuli ngokubhekiselele kwingeniso. Le nkampani - kuphela kweli lizwe ukuba ungakhuphisana kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe kunye namanye Anaki.

iingeniso Budget

Ukusuka abadibeneyo kuza isixa esikhulu kokuba kutsalwe irhafu. Omnye "Gazprom" unika 25%. Ngaloo zebhanki utsala 4% yabo bebonke. Kunye nale, xa kusenziwa, kukho bodwa ukungabikho kolawulo yaye baba ekubhataleni irhafu enkulu. Ukuba sicinga ukuba ntsebenzo yabo engaphezulwana nje kancinane kune nezinye iinkampani, le neotchisleniya into eyabelweyo mali ayikwazi sigwetyelwe ubukho ematyaleni kwabathengi.

kwinqanaba lamaxabiso

bodwa Natural zithathwa zatratoobrazuyuschimi kwamashishini. Kulo mba, umgangatho lwamaxabiso kunye namaxabiso yeenkonzo ezinikezelwa ngabo kunye neemveliso zichaphazela intsebenzo iyonke. Ukunyuka kweli lizwe iphawulwa becala "odlayo" indalo. Ubukhulu becala kungenxa ekwaziseni amaxabiso. Malunga 15-20% kwamandla emali kuxhokonxwa ukunyuswa kwesixa-mali. Nokonyuka kwamaxabiso iindleko kuchaphazela nto ubukhulu becala ngqo. Ukwanda kweendleko ikhokelela yokungabikho yengeniso, ezo eziyimfuneko ukuze sizale. amaxabiso enyuka ukuze kubuyekezelwe intsilelo evela. Ukukhula okukhawulezileyo, kwelinye icala, evusa someleza non-ntlawulo. Noko ke, phezu kwelinye - esinakho lingawufezekisi umsebenzi ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni. Nikeza ubushushu, igesi, umbane.