Siseko yokuqala yehlabathi: ukusuka Sparta ukuya US

Apho kwakukho siseko lokuqala? Lo mbuzo iza kuzama ukuphendula kweli nqaku. Kodwa kuqala, sihlalutya ingqiqo.

Umgaqo ngengqiqo mihla

siseko yokuqala ehlabathini ngengqiqo mihla uvele eUnited States. Phantsi le ngcamango ibhekisa umzimba omkhulu komthetho olawula iziseko karhulumente. Oku nje yingqokelela ngezenzo zomthetho - yinto isiseko osisiseko elisemthethweni apho yonke enye into yakhiwe.

AMAGQABAZA ▸-siseko endulo

Babantu abaninzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle eziye zaphunyezwa amava yokuqala wentsebenziswano zomthetho phakathi kukarhulumente kunye nabemi - Solon (archon baseAthene), kumkani waseRoma Servius Tullius, i Spartan Lycurgus. Bonke bephela udale iseti yemithetho ngayo uluntu waphila. Umzekelo, e Sparta amalungiselelo Retro omkhulu ukuxhobisa abantu igunya kakhulu, wegqitha kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana ngomlomo. IBhunga wayeza kudibana emlanjeni nokwenza izigqibo eyayilungiselelwe ngaphambili kwangaphambili.

Umthetho San Marino

siseko yokuqala wehlabathi ekwavunyelwana kwilizwe ezincinanana Yurophu San Marino. UMthetho esiSiseko lamkele apho 1600, kwaba sisiseko somqulu wayo umzi kwinkulungwane XIV.

Uvulo siseko Filippa Orlika

siseko yokuqala wehlabathi - uxwebhu Filippa Orlika ngo-1710. It wabhalwa Bendery kwi kummandla Ottoman. Namhlanje anguye ummandla nakwiiriphabliki Pridnestrovian (Moldova). I-siseko isivumelwano phakathi Hetman Filippom Orlikom kunye nabadala ezimbalwa. Noko ke, akazange abe nawaphi na amandla omthetho. ikhowudi yehlabathi yokuqala lwemithetho, nto leyo ebizwa kwakhona nge-siseko, kodwa ke iye yaba nefuthe lomthetho ngokupheleleyo kummandla lonke eli lizwe - umthetho esisiseko eUnited States.

US siseko wokuqala

Umthetho ongundoqo US wegqitha Septemba 17, 1787 kwiBhunga Philadelphia, kukho umgaqo-siseko ngengqiqo mihla. It iqulathe amanqaku asixhenxe. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izilungiso (ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe) zithathwa yinxalenye yalo. Izibonelelo ukuchaza inkqubo basic yezopolitiko, ukuseka ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi yowiso (Congress), elilawulayo (umongameli) kunye iijaji zelizwe (iinkundla, Osenyangweni leyo Supreme).

US siseko lokuqala ngokusesikweni ungowokuqala ehlabathini ngengqiqo mihla yomthetho kota.

History of indalo

Nokuba ngexesha leMfazwe of Independence, saxubusha iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo yomthetho esisiseko. Ngowe-1777, i-Second Continental Congress yamkela Articles Confederation. Olu xwebhu ichaza US njenge dlalo, t. E. Le manyano ithi eziliqela ezizimeleyo amandla ubuncinane kurhulumente kazwelonke. Oku akubanga siseko yokuqala yehlabathi, kodwa iye yaphuhliswa ngqo kwi ngokususela Articles Confederation.

Imposiso kolu xwebhu kukuba nangayiphi ivoti, chaza nganye ubusaziwa ngamandla azo, okt. E. ezinokuvalela nasiphi na isigqibo Confederation Congress. mithetho musa ukuvumela ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kwimiba ephambili, enyanisweni, Congress azinakuphila.

NgoSeptemba ka 1786, namasekela ukusuka 5 ithi wadibana Annapolis ukutshintsha Articles Confederation. Noko ke, abameli abavela kwamanye amazwe okanye ngokupheleleyo ngoyaba ibandla, okanye ayikwazanga kufikelelwe. Amasekela ukusuka 5 ithi abhenela kwiBhunga babedibana ePhiladelphia zonke abameli ngenjongo ngokutsha le imihlathi nqaku.

Lo mgaqo-siseko yokuqala eYurophu

Ngowe-1772 Russia, Prussia kunye Austria alusebenzisa yobuthathaka Poland - wathabatha lokuqala icandelo le-Commonwealth. Enyanisweni, amarhamncwa ezinkulu yaseYurophu ezilumayo intsimi yakhe enkulu ngaphandle ukuxhathisa.

Le isongela neyentshabalalo karhulumente okunamandla wezepolitiki lwangaphakathi ePoland. amaqela amabini walwa kwi Ukutya: izwe (yotshintsho of abaxhasi) kunye staroshlyahetskaya (Conservative).

October 6, 1788 Party Patriotic wathatha phezu. Oku kutshintshile kule Ukutya eziqhelekileyo kulo Confederation. Oku kwathetha ukuba ngoku isigqibo kufuneka sithathwe yivoti yesininzi, yaye akukho namnye unelungelo azo.

Patriotic Party wafuna wokuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yezopolitiko ePoland, kodwa amandla abaphikisi yabo yayininzi. Ke Abahlaziyi waya iqhinga; basebenzisa kweeholide kunye ePalamente inkcaso lamkele siseko omtsha ka-Meyi-3, Ngo1791.

Abantu uMgaqo-Commonwealth ngo Ngo1791, nangona kukuphelisa inkululeko asebukhosini, kodwa ezivunyiweyo abaqhelekileyo ebanzi amalungelo wedemokhrasi: nokuthembeka, unelungelo kubunini bomhlaba, ilungelo womelo kwi Ukutya, kunye nabanye.

UMgaqo-siseko Meyi 3, Ngo1791 uthathwa yokuqala eYurophu.

Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala RSFSR

Kwabonakala Umthetho sokuqala esibalulekileyo kwiriphabliki omtsha yiSoviet ngo-1818 yaye yayiquka amacandelo amathandathu:

1. amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nabantu baxhaphaze.
2. Amalungiselelo jikelele.
3. Umbutho kwale nkqubo urhulumente omtsha.
4. Lufane.
5. UMthetho mali.
6. Ngomhla ingubo iingalo iflegi.

UMgaqo-siseko wokuqala RSFSR yaba ingqokelela nasemagumbini ngamnye, iyileyo elawula yayo. Igunya elongamileyo yaba Congress All-Russian of Amaqumrhu of Workers ', amajoni, yamaSekela Abalimi' kwaye Cossacks '. Ekubeni ndawonye bonke abameli kunzima kakhulu, phakathi neenkongolo imisebenzi yayo yenziwa Russian Central IKomiti yoNyulo (Central Executive Committee). unobhala wakhe amalungu anyulwe Congress.

Congress kunye Central iKomiti eLawulayo waba igunya ebanzi-nkqubo basekhaya angaphandle: ukwamkelwa nakwiiriphabliki entsha RSFSR, isigqibo ukuba lirhoxe lizwe, ubudlelwane namazwe angaphandle, kuquka declaration emfazwe kunye noxolo, intshayelelo iirhafu ezintsha, kunye nabanye.

Congress kunye Central iKomiti eLawulayo - yowiso-mthetho kunye namagunya ebanzi, abakwazi ukuba ukusombulula le ngxaki elifutshane yangoku. La matyala inxaxheba kurhulumente - iBhunga Commissars zaBantu (SNK). SNK wayenelungelo lokuba akhuphe imimiselo, imiyalelo, imiyalelo, ezibe ukubaleka ilizwe ezifunekayo.

Ngokubanzi, umgaqo-siseko RSFSR kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo urhulumente endala: ukuba ufake ngolawulo ngokozwi lakhe labasebenzi, ukuvakalisa amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nabalimi ukuba nokukhulula abasebenzi, imfundo simahla kunye namayeza. Ilizwe udale uqoqosho bobusoshiyali.