Yintoni leri feudal. Wayengubani yinxalenye kwileli feudal?

Feudalism ube liqonga yendalo yophuhliso abantu unendima ebalulekileyo ezimbalini. Le nkqubo wabonakala phezu ukwehla lidala yaye eyayikho kwamanye amazwe ukuya kude kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Indlela entsha yemveliso

Ngenxa yoko, Wamakhosi inkqubo, owathatha likhoboka nkqubo ngokwenkcazelo progressive. Le nxalenye olutshintshayo aphakathi kumazwe - okulwa nabathetheli - ekuthatheni umhlaba ochumileyo ezikhoyo, zizenza impahla yabo. isiseko saso amakhulu omhlaba, nto leyo yahlulwe emibini: Manor ukuya Manor kunye needolophu kunye nezabalimi kwayo. Inxalenye ubunini, endingowakhe kumnini, ebizwa ngokuba 'domain'. Ngelo xesha lazisa domain ngumlawuli eyodwa lizwe, leyo wayezenzela ukulahla ngokwengqiqo yabo. Apha, ukongeza umhlaba olimekayo, nazo ziquka amahlathi, nemiqolomba, okugcina amanzi.

I enkulu Ubukhulu welifa likuvumela ukuba imveliso zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ebomini, ukuze le loqoqosho System of amabi umlinganiswa, nasemicimbini ngokuba "sokutya kwezolimo". Ezo iimpahla, nto leyo kuqoqosho akwanelanga, lungafumaneka ngenxa yokuba i exchange nenye fief. Abalimi abahlala kulo, aye- ivideo kwaye kulindeleke ukuba benze ethile uluhlu imisebenzi wakhetha Mnu

umphakathi oluneqela ephakathi

Ngoko wavuka leri feudal, ie a isikhundla kwamaqela asekuhlaleni aye wabonisa isimo sabo kuluntu. Olu hlobo yephiramidi phezu kwawo umlawuli njengowongamileyo, inkosi yokuqala feudal eli lizwe - inkosana okanye ukumkani (ngokuxhomekeke kurhulumente).

Ngoko ke yintoni umahluko leri feudal? Bachaza nje. Siye abancedisayo abanyanisekileyo umlawuli abaxhomekeke umrhumo wenkonzo. Ukuba isifo sisandula kwiNtloko kaRhulumente wabavumela ukuba ukuqokelela irhafu ebantwini niwabele yinxalenye ngokwalo njengoko ixabiso, emva koko waye waphucuka kamva le nkqubo. Ke umlawuli wakhe wanika abakhonzi bakhe - akhonze - isabelo, kumiwa yabemi abaxhomekeke.

ubunini umhlaba ilifa, kodwa ilungelo ephakamileyo kuyo ababekolo umbusi, ngoko kwimeko ekrexeza ingumbuso akwazi asuse kwilifa. Kwizifundo ezinkulu ukumkani nabo nabakhonzi ekwafuneka ziqulathe. Iinkosi wobukhosi ngamafa zabo anikwe umhlaba kunye nenani ngamakhoboka. Ubungakanani ngamaqhinga kwakuxhomekeke ukubaluleka kwale ndoda ngenxa wazo.

Ekugqibeleni, xa kwinqwanqwa emazantsi lifa feudal baba kartel ezilula abangazange baye bakwazi ngesimo sakho phantsi abakhonzi. Yaye emazantsi iphiramidi ezi "injini" yonke le nkqubo - ukuba ngamakhoboka. Ngenxa yoko, abo engena Wamakhosi leri nga le engundoqo namanene ephakathi yoluntu.

imigaqo yaseYurophu inkqubo yehlabathi

kuyiwa wobukhosi, okanye (kwenye) lwemigangatho kwakukho isakhiwo ngqwabalala. Ku ngokoqobo nabangekhoyo na ukuhamba. Ukuzalwa a serf, umntu wafa, ukukwazi ukutshintsha zabo zentlalo status omkhulu sakugcina. Oku ezinye uzinzo ukuya kumaxesha kuluntu, kumda kungekho kukhula.

Ukuphuhliswa feudalism liphantse lifane kuwo onke amazwe. Ekuqaleni owadalwa enkulu, nto leyo yeMetro zenqanaba ezahlukeneyo zezizwe kunye nemibutho yezizwe. Ke ezi zindawo phantsi kulongamo enye, ukufumana uncedo, waya esomelela, nto leyo kamva kwakhokelela zixhathise ukuthobela umlawuli ephakamileyo. amagunya Ababesakuba enkulu ibuye ibe "Ukuxokonyezelelwa Quilt", ephothiweyo yobukhulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nophuhliso counties, izilawuli, kunye nezinye iiyunithi wobukhosi.

Utsho iqala ixesha sokonakalisa karhulumente kanye emanyeneyo. Large uqoqosho yendalo elithile feudal waba zalo eziluncedo. Ngoko ke, lo yenzakala ekho intshabalalo disadvantageous amafama zabo, wayezixhasa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kodwa ndakhathazeka - iphucula kukwenziwa amakhoboka kwabantu.

Ulwalamano okukwazi yokusolwa ekunene ukuya ngokupheleleyo suzerainty, nto leyo eyayitheth ukwenzela amafama zombini ukhuselo kunye nokuthobela. Ukuba ekuqaleni inkululeko ihleli kubo ngokupheleleyo, ngoko kancane wolahlekelwa nguwo endaweni ubukho izinzile.

inkqubo kobuhlanga

ileli medieval wobukhosi ukuba bokuqonda yayo kazwelonke. Ukucaciswa ubudlelwane ingumbuso-Liege yayahlukile, bathi, France kunye England. Development of the UK Peninsula waya ngesantya esisezantsi yezwekazi eYurophu. Ngoko ke, ngezinyuko feudal ngokupheleleyo eNgilani liqulunqe ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi.

Ngokusebenzisa inkcazelo lokuthelekisa lokusila ezimbini, singakwazi ukwahlula jikelele kunye ezizodwa. Ngokukodwa, eFransi, kwaba umgaqo "ingumbuso wayenguphum kwam - hayi ingumbuso wam", nto leyo wayethetha vzaimopodchineniya exclusion kwiqela elinegunya feudal. Oku kwanika umlinganiselo lozinzo eluntwini. Ke kaloku omnye ngexesha, ezininzi abanini banolwazi eli lungelo kakhulu ngokoqobo, nto leyo maxa wambi ngxabano enonkontsho ngamandla.

ENgilani lwaphumelela ulawulo iphambene esahlukileyo. Ngenxa uphuhliso kunyuswe ulawulo feudal apha wenza "ingumbuso wayenguphum yam -. Ingumbuso bam" Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba bonke abemi beli lizwe kufuneka benikwe uPhilip, nokuba lwezincedisi seignorial. Kodwa ngokubanzi leri feudal kuwo onke amazwe wondela efanayo.

Ukuzalana iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho

Ngokubanzi, i-classical feudalism sasesiwuyeka isithuba se feudal eqhekekileyo, apho waziphosa eYurophu ukususela yeshumi kwinkulungwane. De ngenkulungwane weshumi kwabakho inkqubo yinye chu kunye nokudalwa isizwe ithi ngokususela kwiimeko ezintsha kakade. ubudlelwane wobukhosi ekhulisa, kodwa wahlala eYurophu de iinkulungwane 16-17, kwaye ukuba uthathe ingqalelo Russia thina, okanye phantse ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Inkqubo yinye, eyaqala eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-13, waphazanyiswa ayehlasela bahlaseli Mongol, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ubukho elide kangaka survivals feudal kweli lizwe lethu. Kuphela emva kokuba ukupheliswa serfdom ngo-1861, iRashiya laqalisa endleleni yobungxowankulu yophuhliso ngeenyawo zombini.