Steel Hypoeutectoid: isakhiwo, iimpawu, imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa

Ukusetyenziswa carbon sentsimbi kakhulu ukwakhiwa kunye noshishino. Iqela ekuthiwa yentsimbi technical ineendlela ezininzi kukhokelela ekwandeni komsebenzi iimveliso isiphelo kunye noyilo. Kunye amandla ngokupheleleyo ukumelana noxinzelelo, aluminium ezinjalo iipropati bhetyebhetye kunye neguquguqukayo. Ngokukodwa, intsimbi pro-eutectoid, nayo leyo unalo enkulu ipesenti ukwakhiwa kwimixube carbon lixatyiswa kakhulu ductility eliphezulu. Kodwa akukho zonke iingenelo ezahlukeneyo ophezulu-amandla yentsimbi.

ulwazi jikelele kwi ingxubevange

Ipropati olwahlula le sobhedu phambi kwi isakhiwo ingxubevange kunye zekhabhoni ukungcola ezizodwa. Eneneni, phezu umxholo carbon kwaye sizimisele ingxubevange pro-eutectoid. Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi yentsimbi bamandulo eutectoid kunye ledeburitic, leyo abe Zininzi izinto ofana ngazo kuhlobo ochazwe yesinyithi zobugcisa. Ukuba sicinga udidi zokwakha, ingxubevange uya doevtektoidnyh eutectoid emnandi, kodwa equlethe yinxalenye ferrite doped kunye ngeperlite. Umahluko Inqununu ukusuka kwinqanaba carbon hypereutectoid ngezantsi 0.8%. Sisagqithisa koku salathisi ivumela ukubhekisela ngentsimbi ngokupheleleyo eutectoid. Ngandlel 'ithile malunga doevtektoida i sentsimbi hypereutectoid, apho kongezwe perlite ikwaqulathe ubumdaka carbides eziziisekondari. Ngoko ke, kukho izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezikuvumela ukwabela aluminium hypoeutectoid le eutectoid iqela jikelele. Okokuqala, le isiqulatho elincinane ngokwentelekiso carbon, yaye okwesibini, kukho iseti ezizodwa ubumdaka ezithi ferrite esekelwe.

technology lokuvelisa

Inkqubo Inkqubo pro-eutectoid Lilonke kokwenziwa kwesinyithi iyafana kwimveliso kwezinye aluminium. Oko kukuthi, esebenzisa malunga ubuchule efanayo, kodwa nakwezinye ukucupha. Special ingqalelo steel hypoeutectoid kufuna ukufumana kwiindawo lwesakhiwo yayo ethile. Kuba oku kuthetha ukuqinisekisa yokubola austenite kwi olupholisa kwisiqalo. Ngenxa yoko, i-austenite kudityaniswe umxube eyenziwa ferrite enye ngeperlite. Ngokufudumeza kwaye sokupholisa kumgaqo rate ubuchule uyakwazi ukulawula kwiintsali additive, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kuchaphazela ukuyilwa iimpawu ezithile ukusebenza eziphathekayo.

Nangona kunjalo, icandelo carbon olunikiweyo perlite uhlala kwinqanaba elifanayo. Nangona annealing elandelayo unokwenza utshintsho ekubunjweni emincinci, isiqulatho carbon liya kuba phakathi 0.8%. Inyathelo isisinyanzelo kuwo ukuyilwa kobume zentsimbi kunye ukuzinza. Le nkqubo kufuneka ukuba phezulu iinkozo iqhezu le austenite efanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, amasuntswana ferrite kunye perlite bancipha ubungakanani ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo iphucula ngakumbi iimpawu zobugcisa ngokwasemzimbeni ngentsimbi. Le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo apho kakhulu ubushushu kuxhomekeke kumgangatho yommiselo. Ukuba ngaphezulu ubushushu, ukuze kulunge kubonelelwa nomkhwezeli - ukwandisa iinkozo austenite.

annealing ngensimbi

Annealing kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziliqela. A iteknoloji bahluke ngokupheleleyo kwaye azigqibeleli annealing. Kwimeko yokuqala kukho ubushushu ebanzi austenite ubushushu lenguqu, emva koko ukuzinza ikhutshwa phandle okupholisa. ukubola kwangoko austenite. Ngokuqhelekileyo, a annealing epheleleyo yodidi eziveliswa imo 700-800 ° C. unyango Fudumeza kwinqanaba nje ferrite iyazingenela iinkqubo ze izinto ekungafuneki. Izinga injini kwakhona efanele hlengahlengiso, umzekelo, abasebenzi benkonzo uyakwazi ukulawula ucango eziko kwegumbi, ukuvala okanye ukuyivula. New somlilo Imifuziselo isothermal ungakwazi ukwenza ukupholisa kade, ngokungqinelana nenkqubo kwangaphambili.

Ngokubhekiselele annealing ethambileyo, oko kwenziwa ukufudumeza kubushushu ngentla 800 ° C. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imiqathango elibi ngexesha kugcinwe neziphumo ezibalulekileyo lobushushu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukho annealing buso, apho ferrite akuthethi shwaka. Ngenxa yoko, akakhange ayiphelise kunye nobuninzi elizayo isakhiwo esibonakalayo iziphene. Kutheni Kufuneka yodidi joke, ukuba ngaba ukuphucula iimpawu emzimbeni? Enyanisweni, kuba unyango ubushushu engaphelelanga ikuvumela ukugcina texture ethambileyo. Le nkcazelo lokugqibela basenokufuna ukuba kuyo yonke indawo sicelo, nto leyo uphawu ngenxa yodidi carbon hlobo, kodwa ngokulula uya kuvelisa ngomshini. Soft pro-eutectoid ingxubevange ngaphandle ezithile ubunzima ukusika iSADC kunye neendleko zitshiphu kwinkqubo yokuvelisa.

ingxubevange ukuzinza

Emva beqhumisa kufika ithuba kweenkqubo ephakamileyo unyango ubushushu. Ukwabela umsebenzi ukuzinza kunye ubushushu. Kuzo zombini ezi meko kuba nempembelelo oshushu kwi workpiece apho iqondo lobushushu lingaba ngaphezu 1000 ° C. Kodwa ngokwayo ukuzinza doevtektoidnyh lafika emva kokugqiba unyango ubushushu. Kweli nqanaba liqalisa okupholisa nisamana iimeko emoyeni apho sesichengeni kwenzeka ukugqiba ekumisweni austenite entle. Oko kukuthi, ubushushu luhlobo lwemisebenzi yamalungiselelo phambi ekuziseni ingxubevange kwi imeko nganye. Ukuba sithetha utshintsho ethile kwisakhiwo, kaninzi baye babonisa ekuncipheni ubukhulu ferrite kunye ngeperlite, kwakunye ukwandisa yokuqaqadeka zabo. Iimpawu Amandla amasuntswana bayanda wokupasa xa kuthelekiswa iinkqubo annealing ezineempawu ezifanayo, kuyafikelelwa.

Emva ukuzinza kungalandelwa olunye unyango ubushushu enesantya shutter elide. Emva koko, lo preform lupholisiwe, kwaye eli nyathelo nokuba kwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isevisi hypoeutectoid intsimbi okanye uphendulela in emoyeni okanye kwi-oveni kunye lungapholi kade. Njengoko yokusebenza ibonisa, ingxubevange Osenyangweni-umgangatho ukhandwa wenza ukuzinza ngokupheleleyo zobugcisa.

ukusebenza Ubushushu kubume ingxubevange

lobushushu Ungenelelo kwinkqubo yokwakha isakhiwo sentsimbi iqala kwinguqu ferrite-cementite mass austenite. Ngamanye amazwi, le ngeperlite uyemka achaze umxube ezisebenzayo eyenziwa uba isiseko ukwenza amandla ngentsimbi eliphezulu. Xa inyathelo elilandelayo of thermal sesichengeni lukhuni intsimbi ubani ayeke ferrite kwemfuneko. Njengoko sele kuchaziwe, akusoloko ngokupheleleyo ayibulale, njengoko kwimeko annealing ayiphelelanga. Kodwa classic doevtektoidnyh ingxubevange ndingena ukususwa ingxenye austenite. Inqanaba elilandelayo ifumaneka sele ukwandisa ukwakhiwa ukubala phezu ukuyilwa kobume eliphezulu. Oko kukuthi, kukho ukuncitshiswa amasuntswana ingxubevange kunye nokufumaneka eyandileyo iipropati amandla.

yenguqu Isothermal kunye nomxube austenite supercooled ukuze kwenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kumanqanaba ubushushu - omnye kuphela parameters elawula lobuxhakaxhaka. ngamathuba Peak ezahlukahlukeneyo impembelelo thermal, izinga okupholisa kunye t. D. Kuxhomekeka ukuzinza mode ekhethiweyo ifunyenwe intsimbi lukhuni ezineempawu ezithile zobugcisa ngokwasemzimbeni. Kuyinto kwesi sigaba nazo ithuba lokubuza iipropati ezithile kunye nokusebenza. Umzekelo okuphawuleka ingxubevange kunye texture ethambileyo, okubangela ukuba kukho ulawulo olululo phambili. Kodwa abavelisi ezininzi kukhokelwa kwiimfuno zomsebenzisi isiphelo kunye neemfuno zawo ukuze iimpawu ezisisiseko zobugcisa neyokusebenza sentsimbi.

isakhiwo steel

imo ukuzinza kubushushu kwi-700 ° C ebangela ukuyilwa kobume apho luya kuba iinkozo ferrite kunye ngeperlite. Hi ndlela leyi, endaweni ngentsimbi hypereutectoid lwesakhiwo ferrite unalo cementite. Bushushu kwimo yesiqhelo okubhaliweyo kwaye umxholo ferrite engaphezulu, nangona ukwandisa le nxalenye carbon inciphisiwe. Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba isakhiwo ophuma isidanga encinane ixhomekeke umxholo carbon. Yena phantse nafuthe ukuziphatha iinkalo eziphambili ekufudumaleni enye phantse bonke ubukhulu becala bakwicandelo ngeperlite. Eneneni, ngokuba perlite kwaye ukuqinisekisa inqanaba umxube carbon - ngokuqhelekileyo inani elincinane.

Enye ezincinane umdla zesakhiwo. Isibakala sokuba amasuntswana of perlite kunye ferrite ukuba womxhuzulane afanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inani elinye kula macandelo kwi iqhuma angasifumani oko athatha indawo iyonke. Ngoko wafunda microsection komhlaba. Kuxhomekeka indlela apho ubushushu yavelisa intsimbi pro-eutectoid, ibunjiwe iqhezu iparameters amasuntswana austenite. Kodwa phantse qho ngamnye ukuyilwa lwamaxabiso unique - enye into uhlala imida umgangatho ezahlukeneyo parameters.

Properties doevtektoidnoy steel

Le metal ibhekisela yesinyithi esiphakathi, ngoko iimpawu yokusebenza ethile abanakulindelwa kuye. Kwanele ukuba ndithi iimpawu Amandla ingxubevange kakhulu esakwazi eutectoid. Oku kubangelwa nje ukuba umahluko kubume. Isibakala sokuba doevtektoidnyh steel grade ayoni kwemfuneko na enasilela ngayo analogs amandla ukuba isamente kwiseti noshowo. Okunye ngenxa yesi sizathu, ubuchwepheshe kwicandelo lokwakha Kucetyiswa ukuba basebenzise aluminium ekuvelisweni leyo sele uphunyeziwe yokusebenza ubuninzi badubula kunye ukubana abantu ferrites.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo iimpawu ezintle kakhulu le nto, ngoko ke xa ductility, uxhathiso inkqubo zendalo yebhayoloji intshabalalo njalo njalo. D. Ngesi ucimayo doevtektoidnyh yodidi ungengeza intsimbi kunye nenani iimpawu ezongezelelweyo. Umzekelo, kusenokuba ukumelana ephakamileyo thermal, kunye nokungabikho susceptibility kwiinkqubo umhlwa, kwakunye iseti iipropati sokhuselo eqhelekileyo aluminiyamu onekhaboni ephantsi.

Fields of application

Nangona umthamo kancinane iipropati amandla ngenxa intsimbi ukubayinxalenye iklasi yodidi ferritic, le nto isasazwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa obunjineli boomatshini isicelo iinxalenye ezenziwe doevtektoidnyh ngentsimbi. Enye into esebenzisa aluminium eziphakamileyo kwibakala, eyimveliso ezazisetyenziswa nobuchwepheshe ukudutyulwa phambili kuqheleke. Kwakhona, isakhiwo ngentsimbi pro-eutectoid ezinomthamo eliphantsi ferrite ivumela usebenzisa metal ekwenziweni imibutho yenkxaso. Ngaphezu koko, iindleko ezifikelelekayo amanye amabakala ngentsimbi yesi hlobo kwenza kube lula ukubala kwimali ebonakalayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, xa kusenziwa izinto zokwakha kunye neemodyuli zentsimbi musa ukuba amandla ngaphezulu, kodwa kufuneka banxibe ukuxhathisa kunye luthambe. Kwiimeko ezinjalo nje aluminiyamu isicelo doevtektoidnyh gwe.

production

Ukwenziwa, ukulungiswa kunye nokukhululwa ngentsimbi pro-eutectoid eRashiya bazibandakanya amashishini amaninzi. Umzekelo, isityalo phambene izinyithi nonferrous (UZTSM) silwenza amabakala eziliqela ngentsimbi hlobo, unika umsebenzisi iseti zeepropati ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye emzimbeni. isityalo Steel phambene uvelisa intsimbi ferrite, eziquka amacandelo ingxubevange ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ukongeza, kubekho neentlobontlobo zokuguqulwa ezikhoyo aluminium ezizodwa, kubandakanywa superalloys, kunye intsimbi eliphezulu-chromium stainless.

Phakathi abavelisi ezinkulu nga kuchongwa, kwaye inkampani "Metalloinvest". Kumaziko zenkampani ziyafumaneka zokwakha kunye nesakhiwo doevtektoidnoy, yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa zokwakha. Okwangoku, okusila intsimbi isityalo isebenza kwimigangatho ezitsha, nto leyo evumela ukuba ngcono ababuthathaka ndawo kunye ferrite aluminium - iimpawu amandla. Ngokukodwa, inkampani ubuchwepheshe yokusebenza ukuphucula uxinzelelo engamandla into, yokwandisa ubulukhuni nokuzabalazela yokusebenza ukudinwa. Oku esivumela ukuba aluminiyamu nenjongo phantse wonke.

isiphelo

Kukho zimpahla ezininzi zobugcisa nezokusebenza mveliso kunye zokwakha zesinyithi, olinani ubone kubalulekile kwaye rhoqo ziphuculwe. Noko ke, njengoko ukuntsonkotha kwezakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zivela, kunye neemfuno ezintsha amacandelo iintsimbi kulo. Kule nkalo, i eqaqambileyo kubonakala intsimbi pro-eutectoid, apho intsebenzo ekugxilwe ezahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale wentsimbi akagwetyelwa kwiimeko apho into eyimfuneko kunye nokusebenza ultra-high ezininzi, yaye kwiimeko ezifuna iiseti ezikhethekileyo ezingekho semgangathweni kwiipropati ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo intsimbi ibonisa umzekelo indibanisela bhetyebhetye kunye ductility kunye nokumelana nefuthe kangangoko kunye neempawu eziphambili zokukhusela lifana ezininzi aluminiyamu carbon.