Symbols yendawo sicwangciso. iimpawu nezobhalo

Zokuzoba (sendawo) iisimboli imiqondiso imvelaphi kunye nomgca zokomfuziselo izinto ngengingqi ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo asetyenziswa iimaphu ngesimo kunye nezicwangciso. Le miqondiso luphawulwa ukutyunjwa eliqhelekileyo kwamaqela yohlobo olunye ezinto. Oku kwenzeka kokubini umbala kunye imilo. Kulo mzekelo, abalinganiswa abaphambili zisetyenziswa ukulungiselela iimephu ngesimo sendawo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nezinye musa zahluke kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imiqondiso eqhelekileyo adlulisele ubukhulu kunye nokumila, indawo, kwakunye ezinye iimpawu ubuninzi nobulunga izinto, izinto kunye neesekethe mphandle aveliswa koonotsheluza. Bonke bephela yahlulwe areal (scale), scaleless, achazayo kunye nemicwe. Inkcazelo emfutshane nganye kwezi ntlobo.

amanqaku isikali

Areal, okanye ezinkulu-isikali, iimpawu eqhelekileyo asetyenziselwa umfanekiso isimo lezinto ziyathandwa indawo enkulu. Ubukhulu zezi izinto zibalulwe kwisicwangciso okanye imephu. iisimboli areal inamacandelo amabini. Eyokuqala kuzo - oku ngumqondiso into. Okwesibini - Umbala eqhelekileyo okanye avale imiqondiso yakhe. Nentaba imelwa umgca into echokoziweyo (amadobo, nemiqolomba, amahlathi). Umgca ongqindilili ibonisa umphandle lali, ichibi. Ukongeza, aya le yinto iya kuboniswa kusetyenziswa uphawu lomda ethile (iingcingo, izisele).

iimpawu egcwalisa

Symbols yendawo sicwangciso zahlukahlukene. Enye yohlobo lwazo - ugcwalisa imiqondiso ukuba yaziswe ngendlela ethile ngaphakathi ngokwenzekayo. Umyalelo ingaba ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, itshesi. imiqondiso Ukuzalisa nazo zibekwe imiqolo nkqo okanye tye. Amanqaku Isikali kwenza kube lula nje ukufumana indawo apho ikhoyo ziko. Enkosi kubo, unako siyaqonda imilo, isikwere, imilinganiso yalo yomgama.

iisimboli isikali

Olu hlobo yenzelwe umfanekiso zixhobo ubude phezu komhlaba. Umzekelo, oku uphawulo imilambo, iindlela okanye imizila kaloliwe, iintambo zombane, ekhwela, imida, kunye neminye imifula.

amanqaku linear

Asezikhundleni isikhundla oluphakathi phakathi kokuba ngaphandle zabalinganiswa abasakhasayo omkhulu. Ubude bezinto esihambelanayo kuqikelelwa ngokusekelwe kwisikali imaphu, kodwa ububanzi - loo nto. Ngokuqhelekileyo luyayidlula ububanzi kwingingqi into le zimelwe imaphu, ukuma ongqamana esqwini longitudinal uphawu oluqhelekileyo. Ngokuthe tye njengoko bemelwe yi-yomgama.

Siye zidweliswe zonke iisimboli yendawo sicwangciso. Siphendu- ngemiqondiso ingcaciso.

iimpawu lencazelo

Zisetyenziswa ukuchaza ngakumbi izinto kuboniswa kwimephu. Umzekelo, ukuba zibonakaliswe yi ububanzi, nobude, umthwalo asi, ubume kunye nobubanzi endleleni, uhlobo nobunzulu izibuko womhlaba, ukuphakama avareji kunye Ebubanzini imithi yehlathi. Achazayo kwaye amagama efanelekileyo izinto, kwakunye kwimibhalo ezahlukeneyo phezu amakhadi. Nganye kwezi iilebhile yenzelwa iileta ukuba ubungakanani ethile, kunye iseti bamagama.

uphawu jikelele

Kunye nokunciphisa isikali iimaphu ngesimo sendawo yohlobo olunye iisimboli ndawo isicwangciso lula zidityanisiwe ngokwamaqela, nto leyo, ibe nye uphawu nolahlo ngokubanzi. Notation yonke ingachazwa yephiramidi thumbanails. Eziqinileyo - iimpawu ezithi isetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa, yesikali ka-1: 500. Abo isicelo amakhadi yesikali ka-1: 1,000,000 (ekubhekiselelwe kuso amagqabantshintshi kunye nezobhalo), ibekwe phezu encotsheni iphiramidi.

Amagama umbala

Ngokuba zonke iimaphu umbala, ezo imiqondiso yendawo isicwangciso ziyafana. Akukhathaliseki ukuba imihlaba yabo. Iimpawu Bar, izakhiwo, umhlaba kunye imisele zabo, ngokobuchule, izinto zasekuhlaleni, imida ziqhutywa emnyama. Brown luchazwa izinto zokunceda. Ezihambayo, ngeenxa zombini, amachibi kunye imigxobhozo apha emephini blue (light blue - kwisipili wamanzi). Green kusetyenziswa xa phawu bubonakaliswe amahlathi. Okunye ngqo, isetyenziselwa imithi namatyholo ngokubanzi. green Dark isetyenziselwa Zimiseleni imidiliya, amatyholo, kuse ezinambuzaneni, amahlathi, nenomlanga. Orange ephawulwe zeendlela nobumelwane luphawulwa izakhiwo ezingatshiyo. Umbala mthubi osetyenziswa ukubonisa kuphuculwe iindlela zegrabile, kwakunye kubumelwane, njengenxalenye apho - non-engangenwa isakhiwo.

amagama izifinyezo

Kuba iimephu ngesimo ziyafumaneka ukongeza iisimboli ze izifinyezo lamacandelo ezahlukeneyo yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo. Umzekelo, ummandla eMoscow ezipalini zibonakaliswe Mosk. Lusekwamiselwe ekunciphiseni amagama achazayo. Uphawu kumgxobhozo - ezinkulu, amandla -. El.-st., kumzantsi-ntshona ulwalathiso - SW. Ukusetyenziswa semigca standardised uyakwazi ukunika inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ukongeza ngemiqondiso eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ifonti esetyenziselwe amagama zokuhlala, wabonisa ukubaluleka kwabo kwezopolitiko kunye zolawulo, uhlobo yabemi. Yona emlanjeni, ungafumana ulwazi malunga nokwenzeka yeNavigeyishini kunye nexabiso labo. Imigca asetyenziswa yokusebenza amaqula wokupasa, abamakishi ukuphakama ukuvumela ukuba siqonde nguwuphi na kubo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kakhulu.

ukwakheka

Kwi iimephu kunye nezicwangciso ngengingqi limelwe ndlela zilandelayo: iplastiki umbala, ukucoca, imigca, imisele kunye ukuphakama. Kwiitshathi ezinkulu-isikali oko kudla kuphawulwa imigca nentaba, leyo zinezibonelelo ebalulekileyo ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela.

ukuphakama Relative begodu

Ukuze ukuyichazela ngokuthembeka isiqabu of womhlaba kwi-moya, kufuneka wazi leyo ukuphakama yencopho kuyo. Phezu komhlaba, kukho nezihlambo, iinduli neentaba. Ungazi njani ukuba indlela aphantsi okanye phezulu? Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka uthelekise ubude izinto ngokunxulumene ezinye kwinqanaba elifanayo. Ngexesha inqanaba lokuqala ukwamkelwa nomphezulu wolwandle okanye elwandle.

Ubude ingundoqo - kwinqanaba ngaphantsi komhlaba, nto leyo ilinganiswa ukusuka kumphakamo wolwandle okanye elwandle. Ukuba amanqaku zaphezulu kweli nqanaba, ukuphakama yabo HIV (umzekelo, ukwalathelwa kwiincopho intaba - inani HIV). Kungenjalo, iya kuba mibi. ukuphakama Relative - ngumahluko ukuphakama ukusuka kwindawo emhlabeni ukuya kwelinye.

Njani iimpawu

Zonke namagama olunemiqathango nezobhalo kufuneka imizwa, ukucaciselwa. Ke kufuneka, ukongeza, ngokulula usuka. Imiqondiso emephini esetyenziselwa zonke izikali, ekufundiseni wammisa amaxwebhu emisiweyo. Ngabo inyanzelekile ukuba zonke ii-arhente kunye nemibutho ukuba benze umsebenzi ukuhlola.

umbutho ulawulo Umhlaba uya ithathele ingqalelo ukungafani izakhiwo nomhlaba wezolimo. badla Lenza ngaphaya ukwamkelwa yeesimboli mandatory. Ngoko ke, imibutho yolawulo komhlaba ukusuka kumaxesha ngamaxesha akhuphe iimpawu ezongezelelweyo ezibonisa ingakumbi ezolimo. Ngoko kukho imiqondiso entsha kwimaphu.

amakhadi gabalala

izinto Local ngokuxhomekeke isikali lwezicwangciso okanye mephu ziboniswe ezishiyanayo ngokweenkcukacha. Umzekelo, kwilali kwi sicwangciso, nto leyo iba isikali 1: 2000, babengayi ukumelwa kuphela uhlobo olufanayo ekhaya, kwaye ziza kuboniswa futhi imilo zabo. Kodwa imaphu isikali ka 1:50 000 ithuba lokubeka iikota kuphela. Kuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ukwandisa ku 1: 1 million? Kulo mzekelo, yonke isixeko iya kuboniswa isangqa encinane. Gabalala amakhadi kuthiwa gabalala eziqalelo isiqabu, leyo wabona ngethuba lenguqu sikali elikhulu ukuya ezincinci.

namagama ngesimo, njengokuba ubona, zahlukahlukene. Bathi kusinceda sikwazi ukufumana ulwazi malunga izinto zimelwe kwi mephu. Amagama izixeko, iilali, imilambo, amahlathi, njl zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye. Akumangalisi, ngenxa yokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

Okokugqibela, ndithi kuni ngayo ingqiqo ezifana kwindawo plan. Ngokudibana izihlandlo eziliqela kweli nqaku, kwaye kungacaci ukuba umfundi.

umzobo site

Ukuze ugcine indlu, nokuba ukufunda uhlobo, iindawo ezibalulekileyo zomfanekiso eziphezu komhlaba. Le ndawo ukuba indawo encinci isithombe okanye ipeyinti. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i ifoto endawenza kunye kumphezulu womhlaba. Ngoko ke, kufutshane izinto kubonisiwe kulo, zithathele elide. Kwaye ke umfanekiso, kunye nani usiphe ingcamango ezinye ngengingqi. Noko ke, abakwazi ukubona ukuba yintoni na iimilo kunye ubukhulu umhlaba xa iyonke. Izinto ezibekwe phezu kwamanzi, kuya kubonakala ngakumbi ukuba indawo umfanekiso ukwenza phezulu, bathi-moya. Lo mfanekiso ukuzithengela kuthiwa Iifoto zasemoyeni. Izinto amelwe kuyo, ezifana nendlela zikhangeleka emhlabeni. kwizikhundla zawo kunye nobukhulu ziya kuba zibonakale kulo mfanekiso.

indawo isicwangciso kwakhona sithumela ngaphezulu. Noko ke, kukho umahluko phakathi kuyo kunye ifoto. Le ndawo Isicwangciso umzobo owenziwe ephepheni. Ibonisa indlela yehlise a womhlaba encinane. Izicwangciso ziyahluka kwezinye imifanekiso ukuze zonke izinto thaca kubo, ibonisa iimpawu. iintlobo zazo, zininzi. Elula kwabo, nto leyo ibonisa kuphela izinto ngamnye, igama schema. Le ndawo Isicwangciso luhlobo imaphu ubume bendalo.