Sifunda malunga nento yonke eyenza uluntu lufumane ukukhuselwa komzimba

Ukungakhuselekanga - inkqubo yokukhusela umzimba kwiimpembelelo zangaphandle. Eli gama ngokwalo livela kwiLizwi lesiLatin, eliguqulelwe ngokuthi "inkululeko" okanye "ukukhululwa kwinto ethile." UHippocrates wambiza ngokuthi "amandla okuphulukisa okwenyama," kunye neParacelsus ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuphilisa amandla." Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda imigaqo ehambelana nabakhuseli abakhulu bomzimba wethu.

Ukukhuselwa komzimba kunye nokufumana umzimba

Kwangaxa mandulo oogqirha babesazi ngokuzikhusela komntu kwizifo zezilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, isibetho kwizinja okanye kwikholera yenkukhu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ngumzimba omzimba. Unikwe umntu ozalwa waza akadluli ebomini.

Uhlobo lwesibini lomzimba luvela kumntu kuphela emva kokutshintshwa kwesi sifo. Ngokomzekelo, i-typhoid kunye nefowuni ebomvu yintsholongwane yokuqala apho oogqirha bafumene ukuchasana. Ngethuba lesi sifo, umzimba udala izifo ezikhuselekileyo ezikhusela kwii-microbes ezithile kunye neentsholongwane.

Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwe-immunity kukuba emva kokubuyiselwa komzimba ukulungele ukujongana nosulelo oluphindaphindiweyo. Oku kuququzelelwe ngu:

• Ukulondolozwa kwendlela yokuphila yobomi;
• Ukuqatshelwa kwesifo 'esaziwayo' somzimba kunye nombutho okhuselekileyo wokukhusela.

Kukho indlela encinci yokufumana i-immunity - iyin inoculation. Akukho sidingo sokuba nesifo ngokupheleleyo. Kwanele ukuzisa isifo esibuthathaka kwigazi, ukuze "ufundise" umzimba ukuba ulwe nalo. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi oko kwafumanisa ukufumana ukukhuseleka kuluntu, kufuneka uqale wazi ixesha lokufumana.

Inxalenye ethile yembali

Inoculation yokuqala yenziwa ngo-1796. U-Edward Jener wayeqinisekile ukuba ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane ephuma kwigazi leenkomo yindlela ekhethekileyo yokufumana i-immunity. Kwaye e-Indiya naseChina, i-smallpox yaxilongwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba lenziwe eYurophu.

Kwiminyaka ye-90 yeXIX le-19 uEmil von Behring wapapasha idatha yemisebenzi yakhe. Bachaza ukuba ukufumana izifo ezikhuselekileyo kwanele ukuthelela isilwanyana ngokungenayo i-diphtheria yonke ibhaktheriya, kodwa kuphela kunye neetekisi ezithile ezihlukeneyo kuzo. Ukulungiswa okwenziwa kwigazi lezilwanyana ezinjalo kwaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi i-policy. Yayisisisombululo sokuqala sesifo, esinike abantu ithuba lokuvulwa komzimba.

I-Serum njengethuba lokugqibela

Ukuba umntu uyagula kwaye akakwazi ukujamelana nesi sifo ngokwakhe, ujojowe nge-serum. Iqulethe ii-antibodies ezilungele ukulungele ukusebenza ngaphandle ngokuzimela.

Le yimiqathango engqongqo, ziyimfuneko kuphela ukuba umphefumlo wesigulane usengozini. Ama-antibodies nge-serum aphuma kwigazi lezilwanyana, esele ikhuselekile esi sifo. Bafumana emva kokugonywa.

Into ebalulekileyo ebonelele uluntu ukufumana ukukhuseleka komzimba kukuqonda umsebenzi wendalo yonke. Oososayensi baye baqaphela indlela ama-antibodies avela ngayo kwaye kutheni afunekayo.

Ama-antibodies-combatants of axs

I-Antitoxin yaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yinto engabonakaliyo kwimveliso yento ebalulekileyo yebhaktheriya. Kwabonakala egazini kuphela kwimeko yezixhobo eziyingozi. Emva koko zonke izinto ezinjalo zaqala ukubizwa ngokuba yixesha eliqhelekileyo - "i-antibodies".

Umphumeleli weNobel kwi-chemistry u- Arne Tizelius wabonisa ukuba i-antibodies ziyi-proteins eziqhelekileyo kuphela ezinomzimba omkhulu . Kwaye ezinye ezimbini izazinzulu - u-Edelman no-Porter - zatshintshile isakhiwo sazo ezininzi. Kwavela ukuba i-antibody iqukethe amaprotheni amane: amabini anzima kunye nokukhanya kabini. I-molecule ngokwayo ifanelwe njenge-slingshot. Kwaye emva koko uSusumo Tonegawa wabonisa amandla amangalisayo we-genome yethu. Izicwangciso ze-DNA ezijongene nokuqulunqwa kwamagciwane, ziyakwazi ukutshintsha kwiseli nganye yomzimba. Kwaye bahlale bekulungele, phantsi kweyiphi na ingozi abanokutshintsha ukuze iseli ivelise amaprotheni. Oko kukuthi, umzimba uhlale ulungele ukuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamanqindi ahlukeneyo. Oku kwahluka kunokuba kugubungele inani labangaphandle.

Ukubaluleka kokufumanisa umngcipheko

Ukufunyanwa kwamagciwane kunye nazo zonke iingcamango malunga nokusebenza kwayo kwavumela oososayensi kunye noogqirha ukuba baqonde kangcono isakhiwo somzimba wethu, iindlela zokusabela kwawo kwiintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic. Oku kunceda ukunqoba eso sifo esibi njengesiqhekeza. Kwaye ke izitofu zokulwa neetetus, imasel, isifo sofuba, ukukhwehlela ukukhwehlela kunye nezinye ezininzi zafunyanwa.

Zonke ezi mpu melelo ziye zavumela ukwandisa umlinganiselo wokuphila komntu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wokhathalelo lwezokwelapha.

Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono into eyanike abantu ukufumana ukukhuseleka komzimba, kwanele ukufunda ngobomi kwi-Middle Ages, xa kungekho zitofu kunye neeserum. Khangela indlela ephawulekayo ngayo iyeza litshintshile, kwaye libhetele kangakanani kwaye likhuselekile ukuba liphile!

Kodwa kukho iziphumo ezininzi kunye nokuphumelela ekufundweni komzimba womntu. Kwaye umntu ngamnye unako ukufaka isandla kwixesha elizayo loluntu. Kwanele ukuba ube neengcamango zokuqala malunga nemibandela ebalulekileyo ye-biology kunye nokwazi indlela imbali yokufumanisa ngayo ukukhuselwa komzimba ephuhlisiwe ukwenzela ukuba wabelane ngalokhu nabantwana bakho nabahlobo. Mhlawumbi, unokuvuselela kwisizukulwana esitsha inzala kwisayensi!