Territory phambi 1917: i-yokubusa, ummandla kunye iphondo yoBukhosi Russian

Ulwahlulwa-lizwe ukuba zibe kwimimandla onokumelana ebesoloko omnye iziseko nkqubo karhulumente Russian. Imida ngaphakathi lizwe yatshintsha rhoqo, nkqu kule nkulungwane yama-21, ngokuxhomekeke nakwiinguqulelo zolawulo. Kwaye eqongeni yobukumkani eMoscow uBukhosi Russian, oku kwenzeka phi rhoqo ngakumbi ngenxa ukulawula imihlaba emitsha, ukutshintsha kwamandla lezopolitiko okanye khosi.

Ulwahlulwa-lizwe kwi 15-17 kwiinkulungwane th

Kwinqanaba le Moscow State iiyunithi ezisisiseko ndawo zolawulo baba counties. Bathi ibekwe ngaphakathi kwimida oozilawuli kanye ezizimeleyo balawulwa ngukumkani watyala kwabalawuli. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo kwinxalenye yaseYurophu zezixeko lizwe ezinkulu (yaseTver, Vladimir, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod kunye nabanye.) Ngaba elizimeleyo yezolawulo imimandla ze okwilizwe zingafakwanga, nangona amantloko azo. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, imeko efanayo ukuba eMoscow, nto leyo kumbindi ummandla wayo de facto kodwa de jure kuba ngumzi ukubaluleka federal, oko kukuthi kummandla owahlukileyo.

kwisiphaluka nganye, nayo, yahlulwa ezilokishini - iindawo iziko baso kwilali enkulu okanye idolophu encinane kunye namazwe abakufutshane. Kwakhona kwilizwe lasemntla udibana ukwahlulwa kwiinkampu, amangcwaba, kwilali okanye Iindawo nendibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo.

Umda eqhotyoshelweyo okanye ummandla kutshanje waba counties. Ngokomzekelo, ilizwe Onega Ichibi ukuya kwindawo esemantla phambene Mountains kwaye wehla waya kunxweme le Arctic Ocean babebizwa Pomerania. A -bank Ngasekhohlo Ukraine, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye yobukumkani eMoscow ngenkulungwane ye-16 emva kwexesha, ngenxa kwimo yaso njenge "ilizwe wakhathazeka", kunye nabantu ngokubanzi (Cossacks) yahlulwa regiments - Kyïv, Poltava, Chernihiv njalo njalo.

Ngokubanzi, kwisahlulo kaRhulumente eMoscow waba ayilandeleki kodwa wavumela ukuba ukuphuhlisa imigaqo esisiseko apho ulawulo imimandla kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo. Ke lulolona lubalulekileyo kubo - ulawulo-mntu mnye.

Ulwahlulwa-lizwe ngenkulungwane ye-18

Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, ukusekwa icandelo lolawulo kweli lizwe layithabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela, ukulungiswa apho engundoqo kwenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-18. Iphondo ubukhosi Russian yavela emva kokuba Ndiwise uPetros I ngowe-1708, yaye ekuqaleni kwakukho kuphela 8 - Moscow, eSt Petersburg, ESmolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan kunye eSiberia. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva wongeza Riga kunye Astrakhan kwiphondo. Bamkela elowo kungekuphela nje umhlaba kunye viceroy (irhuluneli), kodwa kwakhona omfuziselo yayo.

kwimimandla abafundileyo yayimikhulu kakhulu, yaye zilawulwa njalo kakuhle. Ngoko ke, le nguqulelo zilandelayo zazijoliswe ekunciphiseni sabo nokwahlukana kweeyunithi phantsi. Eyona engundoqo yayiba kule nkqubo:

1. Ukuhlaziywa yesibini kaPetros I ka-1719, apho iphondo yoBukhosi baseRashiya baqalisa ukwahlula amaphondo kunye nezithili. Kamva, le yokugqibela ayengathathelwa indawo counties.
2. Ukuhlaziywa ka-1727, ukuze uqhubeke inkqubo yemimandla ezona. Ngokutsho iziphumo zayo, kwakukho amaphondo-14 kunye nezithili 250.
3. Utshintsho lwe Ekuqalekeni kobukumkani Catherine I. Kule minyaka 1764-1766 kwakukho ukuyilwa umda kwaye kude iindawo kweli phondo.
4. Uhlaziyo uCatherine ngo 1775. Isayinwe yi uKumkanikazi "Amaziko ulawulo amaphondo" uphawu iinguqulelo ezinkulu zolawulo lomhlaba kwimbali belizwe, eyathatha iminyaka eli-10.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane eli lizwe yahlulwe governorships-38, 3 amaphondo kunye nemimandla kunye nobume ezizodwa (Tauride). Phakathi zonke iingingqi sele inikezelwe yesithili 483, nto leyo eyaba iyunithi kagunyaziwe minor.

Vicariate kwaye iphondo yoBukhosi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-18, kukho phakathi kwemida uCatherine I evunyiweyo waphila short-. Inkqubo ukwahlulwa zolawulo kwaqhubeka kungena kwinkulungwane elandelayo.

Ulwahlulwa-lizwe kwinkulungwane ye-19

sabuyiswa Igama elithi "iphondo Russian Empire" ebudeni Paul I of iinguqu, leyo wenza komzamo ukunciphisa inani kwimimandla ukusuka 51 ukuya 42. Kodwa ke uninzi lwabo kwenziwa kamva iinguqulelo owenze.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, eli candelo lolawulo-lwengingqi inkqubo swi ukuyilwa imimandla kwinxalenye Asian kweli lizwe kunye imimandla eziqhotyoshelweyo. Phakathi utshintsho ezininzi eziyimfuneko ukukhankanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Xa Alexander I ngowe-1803 wabonakala Tomsk kunye kwiphondo Yenisei, kwaye ena Territory yahlukana masimnqumle ezweni Irkutsk. Kwangaxesha nye lenzeka Grand Duchy of Finland, IsiPolish Kingdom, Ternopolskaya, Bessarabskaya kunye kwiphondo Bialystok.
• Ngowe-1822 amazwe zaseSiberia ziye zohlulwa 2 umlawuli-jikelele - ngakwintshona kumbindi eOmsk kunye East, ezazikade ikomkhulu Irkutsk.
• Mayela phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19 kumazwe ihlanganiswe zaseCaucasus wadalwa Tiflis, Shamakhi (kamva Baku), Dagestan, Erivan, Terek, Batumi kunye kwiphondo Kutaisi. Indawo ethile le Kuban Cossack Army kwavela ebumelwaneni kumazwe Dagestan yanamhlanje.
• ummandla Maritime wasekwa ngo ngo1856 abasuka kwiindawo landlocked waseMpuma YaseSiberia irhuluneli-jikelele. Kungekudala, yena wakhetha i Amur Region, ezafumana kodonga lasekhohlo emlanjeni igama elifanayo, yaye ngowe-1884 wafumana iwonga Sakhalin Island Special Department of Primorye.
• Earth Central Asia and Kazakhstan zaye zafakwa kwi sharing-1860-1870. Intsimi leyo yaququzelelwa kummandla - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Turkestan, i Transcaspian kunye nabanye.

Kwimimandla inxalenye yaseYurophu lizwe bekusoloko eninzi utshintsho - kwemida bezihlala zitshintsha, kuphindwe ilizwe, kwenzeka ukuthiya ngokutsha. Ngexesha umlimi yokuvuselelwa counties iphondo yoBukhosi Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye yahlulwa ezilokishini ukuba kube lula ukuhambisa kunye accounting komhlaba.

Ulwahlulwa-lizwe kwinkulungwane yama-20

Kule minyaka ili-17 idlulileyo zempilo yoBukhosi Russian kwiCandelo lolawulo-ndawo kwenzeka kuphela utshintsho ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:

• kummandla Sakhalin, kuquka isiqithi eponymous kunye iziqithi ezincinane ajikelezileyo eziphantse kwasekwa.
• Emasimini ezihlonyelwe akumazantsi eSiberia (kwiRiphabliki mihla yaseTuva) intsimi Uryankhai wadalwa.

KwiPhondo yoBukhosi baseRashiya igcinwe imida zabo kunye namagama iminyaka 6 emva kokuwa lizwe, oko kukuthi, de-1923, xa yotshintsho yokuqala zokucandwa yaqala eSoviet Union.