Kiev ubulawuli: indawo okuyo kunye neempawu yeBhodi

Kiev ulawulo, indawo geographical eziza kuxoxwa ngakumbi, ngangosuku 1132 iminyaka 1471. emdeni wakhe wawuquka clearings ilizwe Drevlyane on the Dnieper River kunye nemingenela yawo - Pripyat, icula, Irpen kunye ros, yaye inxalenye kodonga lasekhohlo.

Kiev ubulawuli: indawo

Lo mmandla erhangqwe ilizwe Polotsk emntla-ntshona, kwaye kumntla-mpuma yaba Chernigov. abamelwane Western nomzantsi-ntshona baba Poland kunye ubulawuli ka galich. Le dolophu, wakha phezu kweenduli, yayenzelwe ibekwe emkhosini. , Kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba sele lukhuselwe kakuhle ukukhankanya indawo okuyo le Kiev ubulawuli. Hayi kude kukho isixeko endala Vruchy (okanye Ovruch), Belgorod, kwakunye Vyshgorod - waba iinqaba ezilungileyo alawula indawo omelene elikomkhulu, ebonelela usikhusele ukuya entshona ngasezantsi-ntshona. Kwi emazantsi yayo ifihle iinqaba inkqubo zakhiwa kweenxweme Dnieper, kwaye inani ledolophu kakuhle ekhuselekileyo emlanjeni ros.

Kiev ukubusa: uphawu

Phantsi idatha ukuze ziqondwe ubulawuli ukuyilwa karhulumente Rus yamandulo ngangosuku-12 ukuya kwi-15 leminyaka. Kiev yayilikomkhulu kwezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko. Yasekwa kweendawo abazahlulayo karhulumente Old Russian. Sele kwinkulungwane yama-12. amandla iinkosana Kiev ukubaluleka esinzima kuphela ngaphakathi kwimida seLizwe. ukubaluleka All-Russian yalahleka umzi, yaye kukhuphiswano ulawulo namandla waqhubeka kwaze Mongol lokuhlasela. Itrone upasisiwe ukuze ethile engaqhelekanga, kwaye anokubanga ezininzi ngaye. Kwaye ubukhulu becala ithuba amandla kwakuxhomekeke impembelelo ngabafo ezomeleleyo Kiev kunye ebizwa ngokuba "itshimini abamnyama".

ubomi bentlalo noqoqosho

Indawo kufutshane Dnieper wadlala indima enkulu ebomini yezoqoqosho. Ukongeza unxibelelwano kunye kuLwandle Black, wayiqhubela Kiev ukuba eBaltic, yintoni eyanceda i Dvina Koloni kunye Berezina. Desna and Seim siqhagamshelane Don kunye Oka kwaye i Bug Western kunye Pripyat - kunye Neman kunye Dniester. Kwakukho indlela ebizwa ngokuba 'ukusuka Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda ", yona urhwebo. Ngenxa kumhlaba ochumileyo kunye sezulu onomoya, ezolimo phambili ngokukhawuleza; athunyelwa ukufuya iinkomo, ukuzingela, abahlali Sizibandakanye zokuloba ukufuywa. Kula malungu ahlukana urhwebo ekuqaleni. "Drevodelie" wadlala kakhulu indima ebalulekileyo, kwakunye neeseshoni ngodongwe bed. Ngenxa yobukho iidiphozithi intsimbi, kwenzeka kuphuhliso smithing. iintlobo ezininzi zesinyithi (zesilivere, inkcenkce, ikopolo, ilothe, igolide) zaye ivela kumazwe angabamelwane. Ngoko ke, zonke ezi zinto zichaphazela ukwakheka lobudlelwane zorhwebo kunye yobugcisa e Kiev, kufutshane nemizi yawo.

umlando wezwe

Njengoko ukulahleka eyinkunzi yexabiso zonke-Russian, abalawuli yezikumkani kakhulu uqalise ukuthumela eKiev proteges - "podruchnik". A umzekelo ngo 1113, apho ephambili bypass zokuphelisa yokulandelelana itrone bamenywa Vladimir Monomakh, izidwangube kamva kusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ilungelo labo lokukhetha elinamandla, elikholekileyo ngumlawuli wabo. SeLizwe Kiev, nto leyo sikhatshwa inkcazelo imbali neenkani, iye yajika yaba ledabi, apho imizi nemizana ubunzima umonakalo omkhulu, wonakele, kunye nabantu ngokwabo kubanjwa. Ixesha uzinzo Kyïv wabona kumaxesha ka Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, kunye Romana Mstislavovicha Volynskogo. Ezinye iinkosana ngokukhawuleza ezilandelelanayo kwakukho amabali amaninzi enemibala. Zonakala ulawulo of Kiev, indawo okuyo ekuvumela ukuba ndiwukhusele lo emihle kangangexesha elide, ngexesha Mongol sokuhlasela 1240.

nabunye

Yamandulo Russian State ekuqaleni yayiquka izilawuli yezizwe. Nangona kunjalo, le meko itshintshe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, xa izikhulu karhulumente baqalisa ukuba indawo ngenxa uhlobo Rurik, baqala ukwenza ulawulo, nto leyo ilawulwa ngabameli umgca omncinane. Zavedonny umyalelo yokulandelelana ibisoloko ukwahlukana. Ngowe-1054 Yaroslav Mudry noonyana bakhe baqalisa ukwahlula Kyïv ukubusa. Ukuqhekeka kube isiphumo engaphephekiyo ezi ziganeko. Le meko mandundu emva abathetheli Cathedral Lyubechenskogo ngo-1091. Nangona kunjalo, le meko iye ngcono Bulelani lo mgaqo-nkqubo Vladimir Monomakh kunye nonyana wakhe Mstislava Velikogo, ngubani ikwazile ukugcina ingqibelelo. Abantu bacinga ukuba waphinda wafaka phantsi kolawulo Njengekomkhulu ubulawuli of Kiev, indawo okuyo leyo kakhulu elilungileyo nezokhuselo kwiintshaba, nokuba azilawule kwiindawo ezininzi ingxabano ngaphakathi kuphela ezonakalisa imeko karhulumente.

Ekubeni ukufa Mstislav ngo-1132 kwafika ukuqhekeka kwezopolitiko. Noko ke, nakuba oko, Kiev kusekho amashumi kweziliqela iwonga kuphela kweziko esesikweni, kodwa ubulawuli zinamandla. impembelelo wakhe elahlekileyo ngokupheleleyo, kodwa buthathaka kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne imeko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII.