Ngubani owavela ibhaloni umoya oshushu? abazalwana Montgolfier. A ibhaloni esinebhaskithi

Umbuzo owasungula ibhaluni, ngokuqinisekileyo uza kuba nomdla ukuba umfundi ngamnye. Emva kokuba ndiza yasekwa emva kwinkulungwane ye-18 kwaye wamelana uvavanyo ixesha njengoko lisetyenziswa loLwamkelo nangemihla yethu. Izixhobo zokwakha zitshintshiwe ngcono, kodwa lo mgaqo yokusebenza wahlala kangangeenkulungwane lube nesabelo salo ezintshabeni. Kungenxa yoko le nto kuthethwa ukuba ungubani abo bantu phezulu le imoto entsha emangalisayo ababesiza, Ifanele ingakumbi.

curriculum vitae

Nabasunguli ibhaluni bekukho abazalwana Montgolfier. Babehlala kwidolophu encinane French of Annonay. Zombini ebuntwaneni azithandayo zenzululwazi, wobugcisa kunye nobugcisa. Uyise wabo entrepreneur, waba eyakhe lokusila lakhe iphepha. Emva kokufa kwakhe, lo mdala abazalwana bakaYosefu-Michel ilifa waza kusetyenziswa emva koko wakhe wokusungula.

Ngokuba impumelelo yakhe lwenzululwazi, wahlabela mgama abe ngumphathi edume Paris Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. umninawa wakhe omncinane Jacques-Etienne yaba umakhi imfundo yabo.

Ebekuthanda imisebenzi yesayensi isazinzulu obalaseleyo baseBritani, semvelo Dzhozefa Pristli, eyafumana oksijini. Le nzala iye yakhokelela ekubeni waqala ukuthatha inxaxheba onke amalinge, umfowabo omdala.

ngumba

Ibali malunga owasungula ibhaluni, kufuneka uqale ingcaciso yeemeko ukuba wenza kwenzeka into emangalisayo enjalo. Yi Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18 wenze inani yezinto ezibaluleke yenzululwazi wavumela abazalwana ukuba kusebenzise abakuqapheleyo zabo. Sele wakhankanya ukuvulwa kwe-oksijini. Ngowe-1766, omnye umphengululi waseBritani G. Cavendish wafumanisa hydrogen - into leyo kamva baba ngenkuthalo ezisetyenziswa Aeronautics. Malunga neminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokuba yolingelo kunye bekhulisa ibhaloni edumileyo Isazinzulu French A. L. Lavuaze iphuhlise ithiyori malunga nendima oksijini kwiinkqubo igcwala.

uqeqesho

Ngoko ke, imbali owasungula ibhaluni, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene nobomi kwesiqingatha sesibini ngenkulungwane ye-18 zobunzululwazi. Kulo mzekelo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le fyabo kwenzeka ngenxa yezinto ngasentla. Abazalwana kuphela bazi ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu oludlulileyo, kodwa wazama ukuphumeza kuzo.

Le mbono nizihlabe ukuba kokusekwa kwehlabathi.

Zokulenza zabo zonke izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze yayo lemveliso: mveliso iphepha, wamshiya yena nguyise wakhe, yena wawanika kwizihlunu iphepha. Ekuqaleni, benza iibhegi ezinkulu, Ubazalise umoya oshushu kwaye waqalisa esibhakabhakeni. Yemifuniselo zokuqala ezimbalwa ziye eyabashukumisela ukuba ingcamango yokudala isitya esikhulu. Ekuqaleni, Bafaka kulo umphunga, kodwa le nto xa wayichola ngokukhawuleza buyehla, amanzi luhlala ngokohlobo kwezulu thina iindonga mbandela. Ngoko kwagqitywa kwelokuba sebenzisa iperoksayidi, nto leyo eyaziwa ukuba ibe lula komoya.

Noko ke, le irhasi ukukhanya ngokomphushu ngokukhawuleza waza wabalekela udonga mbandela. Hayi wasinceda lungisa ibhola iphepha, ngalo yalerhasi nangoku shwaka ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza, hydrogen into eninzi kunene, yaye abazalwana bakwazi ukufumana ngobunzima obukhulu. kwafuneka ukuba sifumane enye indlela kokugqitywa ngempumelelo nokuhlola.

prolusion

Xa echaza imisebenzi yabo owasungula ibhaluni, kuyimfuneko ukuze umbonise imiqobo wajamelana abazalwana phambi kokuba yagqitywa ngempumelelo experiment zabo. Emva ezimbini zokuqala imizamo ukukhulisa isakhiwo emoyeni uYosefu Michel wacebisa ukuba sebenzisa iperoksayidi kunye umsi eshushu.

Olu khetho kwabonakala abazalwana elungileyo, ekubeni naye lo mgubo lakhanya komoya kwaye ngoko unako ukubavusa ibhola phezulu. amava amatsha yimpumelelo. Iindaba le mpumelelo zanwenwa kuso dolophu, ibe abantu baqalisa ukubuza abazalwana, ukuba babambe amava oluntu.

Flight 1783

Abazalwana Wamisa uvavanyo ngoJuni 5th. Zombini zilungiselelwa ngocoselelo esi siganeko sibaluleke kangaka. Benza ibhola umlinganiseli eekhilogram ngaphezulu kwama-200. Waye ngaphandle ingobozi - lophawu ebalulekileyo apho owoyamaniswe ukubona kwezoyilo mihla. Ukuze ngoko esiqhotyoshelweyo ibhanti ekhethekileyo neentambo eziliqela ukuba ayigcine kwindawo logama nje iya shushu emoyeni ngaphakathi ebiyelweyo. Abazalwana Balloon Montgolfier waba ibingumbono omhle kakhulu, yaye kwadlala indima enkulu kwi abaphulaphuli. entanyeni yakhe ibekwe phezu komlilo, apho esotha emoyeni. abancedisayo ezisibhozo abambelele ukuba ngeentsontelo ngaphantsi. Xa iqokobhe uzaliswe ngumoya oshushu, ibhola wenyuka.

Lo moya yesibini

Ibhaloni esinebhaskithi nayo yaqanjwa aba bantu. Noko ke, oku kwakhokelwa impendulo enkulu, nto leyo ukufunyanwa kubaphandi ezingaziwayo ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kwidolophu encinane French. Le lokufumanisa izazinzulu abanomdla ukusuka Academy of Sciences. I Korol Lyudovik XVI ababonisa umdla ukubhabha ibhola leyo eyabangela ukuba abazalwana to Paris. ngoSeptemba 1783 ebufundisini omtsha wabelwa. Abazalwana eqhotyoshelwe engobozini ibhola willow aphikisane ukuba aya kuma ngabakhweli. Babefuna ukubhabha ngokwabo, kodwa ndaba impikiswano malunga nengozi enkulu. Ngoko ke, ukuqala, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukukhulisa izilwanyana ngengobozi. Ngemini emisiweyo, 19 Septemba, phambi izazinzulu ibhola, ngamagosa kwaye ukumkani waya kunye "Passenger": yalila, Dada kunye neegusha. Emva yindiza elifutshane ibhola ebanjwe amasebe emithini, yazika emhlabeni. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba izilwanyana uzive okulungileyo, yaye ke kwagqitywa ukuba ibhaluni kunye ibhere engobozini nendoda. Emva kwexesha elithile, flight umoya yokuqala wehlabathi olwenziwe Jacques-Etienne kunye odumileyo French Scientist, sezinto yemichiza Pilatre de Rozier.

iintlobo Iibhola

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo irhasi ejikeleze iqokobhe wahlulwe iintlobo ezintathu kwezi zixhobo eziphaphazelayo. Abo kutsiba usebenzisa ebilayo ibhaloni air ebizwa - ngamagama kwabayili yayo. Le yenye yeendlela ezininzi lula kwaye ikhuselekileyo yokuzalisa imathiriyeli igesi, nto leyo elula komoya ngoko ukukhulisa ibhaskithi obufake abantu kuwo. Iintlobo ngeentlobo iibhaloni kuvumela abahambi ukuba ukhethe eyona ndlela lula ukuhamba. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kule kuyilo na ibhaluni sokukhuphela.

injongo yawo kukuvumela gqolo shushu emoyeni. Kwezo meko, Ukuba uthe wabubeka ibhola, kufuneka uvule isivingco okhethekileyo istili ukuze Ukupholisa umoya. Ezo iibhola, ngaphakathi yayo izele hydrogen, abizwe charliere - egameni lomnye yasekhemesti French nakumaGrikekazi umsunguli, owayephila abazalwana Charles Jacques Montgolfier.

Ezinye iindidi izixhobo

Ngokwemfanelo yalo umphandi ukuba akuyi kuphuhlisa usebenzisa ngabesizwe zabo ebalaseleyo, aye aqamba ibhola yabo, ugalele hydrogen. Noko ke, loo nto iinzame kuqala aziphumelelanga, ngokuba hydrogen, ukuba izinto ziyaphawulwa engena adibane emoyeni, liqhuma. Hydrogen ichiza umonakalo, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekugcwalisweni moya iqokobhe inxulunyaniswa kunye neengxaki ezithile.

Iibhaloni ne helium ekwabizwa ngokuba charliere. Ubunzima molekyuli weli ngaphezu koko hydrogen, iye ezanele umthamo, yinto nekhuselekileyo. Le ethile kuphela kwale nto indleko yalo phezulu, ngoko isetyenziselwa baxhomekeka swi. Abo neebhola yazala isiqingatha emoyeni, isiqingatha - mimoya ibizwa ngokuba Rosiere - egameni lomnye owayephila abazalwana Montgolfier - Wathi Pilatre de Rosier. Wababela shell ibhola iinxalenye ezimbini, enye yazo wazaliswa hydrogen, kunye nezinye - kunye nomoya oshushu. Wazama ukwenza loo moya kwifowuni yakho, kodwa hydrogen wabamba umlilo waza wabulawa kunye neqabane lakhe. Kunjalo, basungula uhlobo yesixhobo liye waqaphela. Iibhaloni ne helium kunye nomoya, okanye hydrogen asetyenziswa kwi Aeronautics mihla.