Eli nqaku inika ngobomi emfutshane N. S. Hruscheva wachaza yakhe imisebenzi yezopolitiko zombini ngaphakathi lizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Njengoko kusekiwe yiBhodi bawo, ubuhle nobubi ka Khrushchev, zivavanya imisebenzi yinkokeli yezopolitiko.

Khrushchev: A Biography. umsebenzi Early

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev (iminyaka yobomi: 1894-1971) wazalwa kwiphondo Kursk Xa usapho abalimi (ukusuka Kalinovka.). Ebusika, wafunda esikolweni ngethuba ehlotyeni wayesebenza njengomalusi. Ukususela ebuntwaneni kwenza umsebenzi. Ngoko ke, eneminyaka engama-12 N. S. Hruschev esebenza ekucinezelekeni kwam, yaye ngaphambili - kumzi-mveliso.

Kwiminyaka phambili akuzanga wabiza leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ngenxa yokuba wasemgodini. Yathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubomi lizwe. Khrushchev yasetyenziswa yamaBolshevik Party ngo-1918 bathatha inxaxheba kwicala labo War Civil.

Emva kokuba amandla yiSoviet, Khrushchev inxaxheba kwimisebenzi kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Ngowe-1929 yena wangena Academy Industrial e Moscow, apho wonyulwa njengonobhala wekomiti iqela le. Wasebenza sesibini ngoko nonobhala lokuqala CIM.

Khrushchev wakhawuleza umsebenzi. Sele 1938 waba unobhala yokuqala Ukrainian SSR. Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic wamiselwa uMkomishinala abakuluhlu kakhulu. Ixesha lokuqala emva kwemfazwe, N. S. Hruschev wayeyintloko lorhulumente Ukrainian. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu emva kokufa kukaStalin ngowe-1953, waba unobhala yokuqala CPSU Committee Central.

Rise amandla

Emva kokufa Iosifa Vissarionovicha kwi iqela ijikeleza ubulumko aqhelekileyo malunga ubunkokheli ekuthiwa-ehlangeneyo. Enyanisweni, xa izintlu Communist Party kubantu wezepolitiki lwangaphakathi. Isiphumo saba yokufika Khrushchev kwaye nesithuba kuNobhala First of the CPSU Committee Central ngoSeptemba 1953.

Ukungaqiniseki okunjalo malunga kufuneka ngubani akhokele ilizwe, kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba Stalin yena engazange wafuna ezihlangwini, yaye akazange akholiswe ozikhethayo ukuba kufuneka Abakhokeli eSoviet Union emva kokufa kwakhe. iinkokeli Party ngokupheleleyo abazange bakulungele kulo.

Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba lo isikhundla intloko lizwe Khrushchev kwafuneka ukuba balahle abanye abaviwa kunokwenzeka ukuba post - G. M. Malenkova kunye L. P. Berii. Ngenxa yoko kukho behluleke ukuba athimbe amandla ngo-1953, ngasekho, Khrushchev wagqiba Nokwethisa ngayo, ngaloo ndlela abizelwe emkhosini inkxaso Malenkov. Emva koko, lo umqobo kuphela ukuthintela naye ebusweni Malenkov kaThixo nayo basuswe.

nkqubo yasekhaya

inkqubo yangaphakathi kweli lizwe ngamaxesha Khrushchev ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ngokukodwa embi okanye ngendlela elungileyo. Kuninzi sele kwenzekile kuwo uphuhliso kwezolimo. Oku Kwaphawuleka ingakumbi de-1958 ingakumbi nyaka. Master amazwe ezintsha enyulu, abalimi got inkululeko engakumbi, bazalwa ezinye iziqalelo ze rhwebo.

Noko ke, emva kokuba izenzo 1958 yenkokheli elo lizwe, yaye ngokukodwa Khrushchev waqalisa ukuba mandundu imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Saqala ukusebenzisa lungumqobo endleni ezolimo iindlela zolawulo ummiselo. ban buso kwisiqulatho iinkomo kwavavanywa. yatshatyalaliswa A umhlambi omkhulu. Le meko iye mandundu abalimi.

ingcamango edidayo kulinywe abaninzi zombona mandundu kuphela imeko yabantu. Ingqolowa etyelwe kunye nezo ndawo lizwe, apho ngokuqinisekileyo oko nako ukuhlala phantsi. Eli lizwe bekusoloko kuxinizelelo lokutya. Ukongeza, kutshintsho aziphumelelanga kwezoqoqosho, phantse kwakhokelela okwendalo kweli lizwe, yaba nefuthe elibi amathuba yemali abemi.

Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe, nabo impumelelo enkulu, ethe wenza ulawulo USSR Khrushchev kaThixo. Le uvale enkulu kwicandelo space, kunye nophuhliso elikhulu-isikali inzululwazi, ingakumbi icandelo imichiza. Bamise amaziko ophando, wendele iindawo enkulukazi kwezolimo.

Ngokubanzi, singathetha malunga Ukusilela ukufikelela usukelo ukucwangcisa Nikitoy Sergeevichem kwinkalo yezoqoqosho kwakunye kwi yentlalo nenkcubeko. Kule nkalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Khrushchev wayesiya le minyaka imashumi mabini ezayo ukudala nokukhulisa uluntu wamaKomanisi ngokwenene. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ingakumbi, iye yenziwa kwaye ayiphumelelanga nohlaziyo yesikolo.

Ukuqala nobudlelwane

Ixesha Khrushchev kwaphawula ijika omtsha zentlalo nenkcubeko kubomi kweli lizwe. Abantu Creative zifumene ngengqiqo ethile, omninzi inkululeko, baqala ukuvula zemiboniso, waqalisa ukuhamba amaphephancwadi amatsha. ESoviet Union waqalisa ukuphuhlisa uncharacteristic zikarhulumente yali ubugcisa obubonwayo ezikhoyo, imiboniso yaqala ukubonakala.

Iinguqu zenziwa kunye nenkululeko jikelele kweli lizwe. On the go uya kuba ngamabanjwa opolitiko eyashiya era zocindezelo ngokungenalusini nokubulawa.

Nangona kunjalo, oku makuqatshelwe kwaye balomeleza nengcinezelo yeCawa Orthodox evela kurhulumente, kukho ulawulo yentsimbi ngaphezulu kobomi le nezazi yoyilo. Kubekho kwabanjwa nokutshutshiswa ababhali ezingafunekiyo. Ngoko ke, nabo ngokupheleleyo nazo Pasternak ngenxa inoveli yakhe "Gqirha Zhivago" ezibhalwe nguye. Yaye waqhubeka abanjwe xa "umsebenzi anti-eSoviet Union."

De-Stalinization

Intetho Khrushchev kwingxelo "ubuntu Nonqulo kunye Imiphumo yayo" kwi XX Party Congress ngowe-1956 udale furore kuphela izangqa iqela, kodwa nengqiqo karhulumente xa ewonke. Abantu abaninzi baye bacinga abo nezinto ezithe zavunywa ukuze ukupapashwa.

Le ngxelo akazange athi naziphi na iziphene kwenkqubo, naphezu ikhondo eliphosakeleyo nolobukomanisi. Urhulumente asibikho agxeke. Ukugxekwa uye eveliswa kuphela ebudeni beminyaka ubunkokheli kukaStalin ubuntu ihlelo. Khrushchev ukuba bahlale lwalusenza mthetho kunye kokusesikweni, wathetha babegxothiwe, ka abulawe ngokungekho mthethweni. Egxekwa kunye nokubanjwa asifanelekanga, mbumbulu-up izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

bolawulo Khrushchev kaThixo, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba bamakishe kwixesha elitsha kubomi beli lizwe, ukuze ndivakalise ingqalelo iimpazamo elidlulileyo nokuthintela nabo nakwixesha elizayo. Kwaye ngenene, kunye ukufika yintloko omtsha karhulumente wayeka ekubulaweni, kwavalelwa zehla. Lenkululeko waqalisa ukukhulula lokusinda amabanjwa eminqubeni.

Ibhodi Khrushchev Stalin kwiindlela wayehluke kakhulu. Khrushchev wazama ukuba ukusebenzisa iindlela kaStalin nkqu kumzabalazo kunye abachasi bakhe yezopolitiko. Akazange ukwenza kusondele abachasi bakhe yaye akazange ulimise u khomiwile ubunzima.

Ukutshintshelwa eCrimea Ukrainian

Okwangoku, intelekelelo malunga nomba kokukhutshelwa eCrimea Ukraine kwaqhambuka ngamandla nangakumbi kunakuqala. Ngowe-1954, usingasiqithi iCrimea yafuduswa RSFSR USSR, umqalisi leyo lenziwa Khrushchev. Ukraine, ngoko ke akazange ngaphambili lalibukele loo ntsimi. Esi sigqibo eyabangela iingxaki phakathi eRashiya Ukraine emva ekuweni eSoviet Union.

Kukho izimvo ezininzi, kuquka ngokuphandle, yinto eningenakukholwa yiyo, malunga izizathu zokwenyani ekhokelele Khrushchev ukuthabatha eli nyathelo. Bachaza kwaye uluhlu nesisa Khrushchev, yaye uxanduva kunye ityala abantu Ukraine ukuba imigaqo ingcinezelo kukaStalin. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngcamango nje ezimbalwa kakhulu.

Ngenxa yoko, kukholelwa ukuba usingasiqithi anikezelwe inkokeli eSoviet njengoko kukho intlawulo zobunkokeli Ukrainian ukuze uncedo kwi lomtyunjwa isithuba sikaNobhala lokuQala. Kwakhona, ngokutsho kwindawo ezisemthethweni imbono kwexesha, ukutshintshwa eCrimea sezizathu isiganeko ebonakalayo - isikhumbuzo sama- 300 ka uqhagamshelwano phakathi eRashiya naseUkraine. Kulo mba, ukugqithiselwa eCrimea kwakujongwa "ubungqina ekukholoswe olukhulu yabantu Russian Ukrainian."

Abanye bathi ukuba inkokeli eSoviet wayengenalo igunya ukuphinda-division of imida ngaphakathi lizwe, kwaye ligatya elo lizwe ukusuka RSFSR emthethweni ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwenye ngokokubona kwalo mthetho iye yenziwa ukuze kuxhamle abahlali eCrimea. Oku wachaza into yokuba yingxenye Russia ngenxa yokufuduka nanto zoluntu lonke kwi Stalin xesha, eCrimea mandundu kuphela intsebenzo yabo yezoqoqosho. Nangona kwemizamo emihle zobunkokeli lizwe ukuze kunikwe ngokuzithandela abantu kwi-siqithi, imeko wahlala elibi kuwo.

Yiyo loo nto kwenziwa isigqibo malunga nokunikezelwa imida zangaphakathi, kufuneka kakhulu ngcono ubudlelane noqoqosho phakathi Ukraine kunye usingasiqithi kunye negalelo labantu yayo enkulu. Kubulungisa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba esi sisombululo kamva wazisa ukuphucuka okubonakalayo imeko yezoqoqosho eCrimea.

angaphandle

Khrushchev weza igunya, yazi ukuba harmfulness kunye nengozi yokubanda War phakathi eSoviet Union kunye namazwe Koloni. Nangaphambi kokuba Malenkov wacebisa i US ukuphucula ubudlelwane bala mazwe, ngenxa yokoyika iibhloko yokungqubana ngqo kunokwenzeka emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo.

Kwakhona Khrushchev wayesazi ukuba ijamelene zenyukliya kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye kunganobungozi kuRhulumente eSoviet. Ngeli xesha, wafuna ukufumana ne-West, ingakumbi eUnited States, kuzo qha. Ubukomanisi asithathwa yi kuye umendo kuphela yophuhliso karhulumente.

Ngenxa yoko, Khrushchev, Mfanekiso umlando ngenxa ukuchaza intshukumo yafumana ethile bhetyebhetye, umgaqo-nkqubo ejoliswe angaphandle ngemvo rapprochement ne-West, nto leyo nayo Niziqondile na zonke amancedo utshintsho asakhulayo.

Zimbi wezangaphandle

Ngelo xesha ukuveza ukunqulwa ubuntu kuStalin-Abraham kwaba nefuthe elibi ubudlelwane phakathi kwe USSR kunye wamaKomanisi China. Ukongeza, le meko bamazwe ukuba amalahle kancinci kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo up. A lot of oku kukhuthazwa yi-ndlongo waseItali, France noSirayeli, ejolise eYiputa. Khrushchev Wayeqinisekile kakuhle yiSoviet Union ngokomdla obalulekileyo East waza waphawula ukuba eSoviet Union anokunika uncedo ngqo zomkhosi abo ngokwemigaqo ndlongo ngamazwe.

Kwakhona saqala indalo walo blocs wamajoni-ezopolitiko. Ngoko ke, SEATO wadalwa 1954. Ukongeza, iJamani wangeniswa NATO. Ukuphendula ezi zenzo yi-West Khrushchev kudale emkhosini-kwezopolitiko awodwa ithi yobusoshiyali. Kuye kwaqulunqwa 1955 wayilwa nowokupheliswa Warsaw Pact. Amazwe ilungu Warsaw Pact aba eSoviet Union, Poland, eCzechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, iHungary, Bulgaria.

Ukongeza, ukuphucula ubudlelwane njengeYugoslavia. Ngoko ke, i eSoviet Union wayiqaphela imodeli ethile kunye nophuhliso nolobukomanisi.

Kule nkalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe kokwaneliseka phakathi kumazwe yali kweminquba, leyo laqina kakhulu emva kokuba ngasentla XX Congress of the CPSU. Ingakumbi ukunganeliseki strong imfazwe e Hungary kunye Poland. Ke ukuba yokugqibela yakwazi ukusombulula ingxabano ngoxolo, iziganeko isiHungary kwakhokelela incopho liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, xa amajoni eSoviet wangena Budapest.

Kwindawo bawo bokuqala nkqubo Khrushchev kaThixo angaphandle, ngokutsho mbali ezininzi, ukuba nesithukuthezi yayo ngokugqithiseleyo nokubonakalaliswa zokwalatha bobuntu bakhe, nto leyo eyabangela uloyiko kunye ehexisayo ngakwicala mazwe - abameli awodwa Koloni.

Cuban lobunzima Missile

Ngobunzulu okanye amandla ubudlelwane phakathi USSR kunye United States aqhubekile ukuba ihlabathi elunxwemeni ntlekele yenyukliya. I exacerbation lokuqala kakhulu yenzekile ukutshintsha isimo sabo kwaye udale kulo i safuduselwa ngo-1958 emva kokuba Khrushchev inika West Jamani. Esi siphakamiso yenqaba leyo isizathu kukwehla nobudlelwane phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu.

Khrushchev wafuna nokuxhasa mvukelo kunye ukunganeliseki ethandwa kuloo mimandla zehlabathi, nolwaluphenjelelwe kakhulu yi-United States. Ngelo xesha ngokwabo wamomeleza States oorhulumente ngamandla pro-American ehlabathini nangeendleko ukunceda namahlakani azo.

Ukongeza, i-eSoviet Union izixhobo enjalo ballistic zaphuhliswa. Oku nako, kodwa kubangela inkxalabo eUnited States. Ngelo xesha, ngowe-1961, waqala ukuba iphakame yesibini ntlekele Berlin. Guide West Germany waya kwakha udonga eyahlula eMpuma Jamani esuka eNtshona Jamani. Loo mnyakazo umsindo Khrushchev nazo zonke iinkokheli eSoviet.

Nangona kunjalo, lo mzuzu kakhulu eyingozi kobudlelane phakathi USSR kunye USA waba lengxaki imizili Cuba. Emva eyothusayo isigqibo West Khrushchev eze kumisa kwi Cuba inqindi enyukliya, sibhekiswe eUnited States, ihlabathi okokuqala kwimbali kwaba lokoqobo esikalini bekhaliswa kukwaphulwa. Kakade ke, wamqumbisa eUnited States bakufune waba Khrushchev. abonakale Historical ngaye, nangona kunjalo, lizele izisombululo ezahlukeneyo, ilungelana le nomsa iyonke sikaNobhala lokuQala. Luvuthondaba iziganeko zenzeka ngobusuku-27 ukuya ku-Oktobha 28, 1962. Zombini amandla babekulungele ukubenza kwenye ugwayimbo enyukliya preemptive omnye. Noko ke, Khrushchev, uze elifumileyo isithuba US Mongameli Kennedy waqonda ukuba imfazwe yenyukliya kukushiya ngasemva akukho abaphumeleleyo okanye uyalahlekelwa. Ukuze isiqabu kwehlabathi, iinkokeli zombini nobuhlakani weyisa.

Kwelanga ebhodini

Khrushchev, Mfanekiso ngokwembali luyathandabuzeka, ngenxa ngamava obomi kunye ngeempawu yena mandundu imeko esele kakhulu ixesha ngamazwe kwaye maxa wambi kuchaswa yi impumelelo yakhe.

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela yolawulo lwakhe, Khrushchev wavuma iimpazamo ezininzi nkqubo basekhaya. Ubomi labemi ngcembe yaba mandundu. Ngenxa izigqibo kakubi ingqalelo kwi store ezishelifini badla akalithobelanga phantsi ukuba kuphela inyama, kodwa isonka esimhlophe. amandla Khrushchev kunye negunya lakhe ngokuthe ngcembe kunciphe namandla ezilahlekileyo.

Kwizangqa zezopolitiko bekukho izikhalazo. Khrushchev izigqibo ingalawuleki kwaye ukwaziswa njalo eyamKelekileyo nenguqulo ayikwazanga kodwa ukuvusa uloyiko ubunkokheli beqela kunye ukuluma. Enye yokusithwa yokugqibela abe ujikelezo olusisinyanzelo lwenkokheli zombutho, owathatha Khrushchev. ngobomi bakhe kweli xesha lubhiyozelwa zonke iintsilelo ezininzi ezinxulumene ne ukwamkelwa izigqibo unreasoned. Kunjalo, Khrushchev waqhubeka ukusebenza ngothakazelelo ezincomekayo yaye nkqu laqalisa ukwenziwa kwe siseko omtsha ngo-1961.

Noko ke, ubunkokheli beqela kunye nabantu ngokubanzi udinwe ulawulo kaninzi ingalawuleki kwaye iyingozi yelizwe unobhala yokuqala yeKomiti Central. October 14, 1964 kwi Plenum ngokungalindelekanga abize ekhefini N. S. Hruschev yasuswa zonke post yakhe yangaphambili. Uxwebhu lwaseburhulumenteni ithi ukuba utshintsho inkokheli yeqela kwenzeka ngenxa yeengxaki ezindala Khrushchev ubudala nempilo. Emva koko Khrushchev lathunyelwa umhlala-phantsi.

yokuhlola umsebenzi

Nangona ukugxekwa-mbali malunga nkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze Khrushchev, ingcinezelo inkcubeko kunye ukuvuthuluka ubomi noqoqosho lweli lizwe, Nikita Sergeyevich, ungafowunela ngayo le ndoda yasinyusayo ukuba impumelelo enkulu yesizwe. Phakathi kwawo ke bekusungulwa Isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu, kunye spacewalk komntu wokuqala, kunye nokwakhiwa lwesityalo yokuqala yehlabathi amandla enyukliya, kwaye uvavanyo njengoko zicacileyo i-hydrogen.

Kuyabonakala ukuba ngokubonakalayo zenyuse uphuhliso nenzululwazi kweli lizwe yi Khrushchev. abonakale Historical ngaye, nangona zonke Izichasi kunye Ukungaqiniseki ubuntu bakhe, unako kumana nomnqweno ezinzileyo kunye ngamandla ukuphucula ubomi babantu abaqhelekileyo kweli lizwe, ukuze eSoviet Union ubukhosi behlabathi. Phakathi kwezinye impumelelo onokubonwa kunye nokudalwa icebreaker yenyukliya-enikwe "uLenin", nto leyo nayo saqalisa Khrushchev. Ngokufutshane singathi ngaye xa umntu efuna ukomeleza lizwe zombini ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kodwa kwangaxeshanye enze iimpazamo ezinzulu. Noko ke, ngubani Khrushchev kuthatha ngokufanelekileyo indawo yayo phezu kwamanqwanqwa iinkokeli enkulu Soviet.