Theory yokufunda Social ngokufutshane. Umbhali mbono yokufunda lwentlalo

Wenkulungwane obefudula kwinkulungwane ye kwingcingane langoku, zivela abaninzi kwizikolo mihla bengqondo kweli xesha kwihlabathi Koloni. theory yokufunda Social wadalwa ngexesha elifanayo zembali. Le mbono usekho zithandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi Western, sinawo omnye eRashiya, asikabi nayo inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga nayo.

Qwalasela eli nqaku izibonelelo ezingundoqo yale theory kunye nembali yophuhliso lwayo.

Yintoni na le mbono?

Ngokutsho le ngcamango, umntwana, ukubonakala ekukhanyeni, afunxa imilinganiselo, izithethe yokuziphatha kunye nezithethe eluntwini apho udla ubomi. Le ndlela inokusetyenziswa i ekufundeni ebalulekileyo abantwana nje kuphela izakhono yokuziphatha, kodwa ulwazi oluthile kwakunye izakhono, iimpawu zentsulungeko nezakhono.

ingqalelo izazinzulu abathile liphuhlise le ngcamango, ukukhubazeka ehlawulwa oosinga lokufunda. Ke, kwelinye icala, ndakhutshwa behaviorism njengendlela ithiyori classical ukucacisa unobangela zokuziphatha kwabantu, kunye, kwelinye icala, psychoanalysis owadalwa Freud.

Enyanisweni, lo mbono umsebenzi Wabonakala amaphepha iijenali zamafu wezifundo, sele zithandwa kakhulu kuluntu American. Wathabatha nomdla omkhulu njengoko ngabezopolitiko waphupha ukwazi imithetho yokuziphatha yomntu kunye nokulawula nge inani elikhulu labantu, kunye nabameli bamanye imisebenzi: emkhosini kunye namapolisa ukuya ekhaya.

Elihle kwezentlalo, njengoko ingqiqo central kombono

theory yokufunda Social libe negalelo elikhulu yokuba ingqikelelo ye elihle kwezentlalo, elibhekisela nokwenziwa umntwana norms and amaxabiso eluntwini apho ahlala uye waba zithandwa kakhulu kwizifundo zesayensi engqondweni zokufundisa. Xa Social Psychology, isigama elihle kwezentlalo, yaba ngundoqo. Ngelo xesha abaphengululi Western ekwabelwana ngokwasentlaweni ezizenzekelayo (engalawulekiyo yi abadala ngexesha apho umntwana noontanga bethu bazi ulwazi ukuba akusoloko wayekulangazelela ukuxelela abazali bakhe, umzekelo, malunga iimpawu neentlobano zesini phakathi kwabantu) kunye esembindini elihle kwezentlalo (apho izazinzulu baqonda ngqo imfundo).

Olo ukuqonda wemfundo ehlelwe ngokukodwa inkqubo elihle kwezentlalo, akazange afumane ukuqonda phakathi pedagogy basekhaya, ngoko esi sikhundla nangoku ephikisana zululwazi Russian zokufundisa.

theory yokufunda Social uthi ukuba ukufundiswa koluntu - ingqiqo ngokulinganayo kwizinto ezenzeka wemfundo, kodwa kwezinye izikolo yezengqondo-zokufundiswa kwe-West wafumana elihle kwezentlalo, kunye nezinye nokutyhilwa qualitative. Ngokomzekelo, xa behaviorism, ithathwa njenge yokufunda lwentlalo ngqo ngokwayo, e zeGestalt bengqondo - ngenxa yentsebenziswano lwentlalo phakathi kwabantu bengqondo humanistic - ngenxa self-actualization.

Ngubani le mbono?

theory yokufunda Social, iingcamango ezingundoqo ezaqhutywa zizazinzulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, wadalwa kwi-US kunye nemisebenzi Canadian ababhali ezifana A. Bandura, Skinner, R. Sears.

Kodwa, nkqu ezi bengqondo, ukuze nicinge nto-nye, ngeendlela ezininzi ingqalelo amalungiselelo eziphambili e-worldwork theory eyilwe ngabo.

Bandura uye wafunda le ngcamango ngokwemiqathango ndlela zovavanyo. Xa umbhali-experimenti ezininzi wabonisa unxulumano ngqo phakathi iimeko zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo kunye bexelisa abantwana bakhe.

Sears ibisoloko nokuxoxa ukuba lo mntwana ubomi bakhe uhamba izigaba ezithathu njhani abadala, ngolokuqala yona zingqondweni, kwaye eyesibini ezimbini - abazi.

Skinner yaqulunqa thiyori ekuthiwa-unyanzeliso. Wayekholelwa ukuba nokwenziwa kwe imodeli entsha yokuziphatha umntwana sibamba kule Ukuqinisa impela.

Ngenxa yoko, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba ngubani na izazinzulu liqulunqe le ngcamango yokufunda zentlalo, ngokuqinisekileyo. Oku kwenziwa liqela lonke zezazinzulu yaseMelika nesase. Kamva, le mbono iye uthandwa eYurophu.

Kukubuka A. Bandura

Umzekelo, Bandura wayekholelwa ukuba injongo utitshala yimfuneko ukwenza ukuziphatha entsha yomntwana. Ngelo xesha ekufikeleleni kule njongo Ungasebenzisa nje iintlobo yemveli impembelelo kwezemfundo, ezifana neenkolelo, umvuzo okanye isohlwayo. Oku kufuna indlela bohluke yokuziphatha katitshala. Abantwana ebuka ukuziphatha komntu ebalulekileyo kubo, uya kuba kumgangatho isiqaqa ukuba basebenzise iimvakalelo neengcinga, aze emva koko yonke umgca ecacileyo yokuziphatha.

Ukuxhasa imfundiso yakhe Bandura waqhuba olu lingelo ulandelayo: wazifinyezela amaqela eziliqela abantwana wababonisa bhanya kunye nomxholo ezahlukeneyo. Abantwana ababukela movie sebali nochuku (ndlongo ekupheleni ifilimu wavuza) xa ukubukela imovie xa nokuqhathwa kwabo zokudlala zikhutshelwa ukuziphatha nogonyamelo. Abantwana babukela bhanya kunye nomxholo efanayo, kodwa ndlongo uya kohlwaywa nayo demonstratirovali ubutshaba ngokukhawuleza, kodwa izixa ezincinane. Abantwana babukela iifilimu ngaphandle nobudlova abayityhilela kumdlalo yabo emva kokubukela le movie.

Ngaloo ndlela, izifundo zovavanyo olwenziwa A. Bandura, yaba amalungiselelo eziphambili kwethiyori yokufunda lwentlalo. Ezi zifundo ziye zabonisa unxulumano ngqo phakathi ukubukela bhanyabhanya ezahlukeneyo nokuziphatha abantwana. Kungekudala, amalungiselelo Bandura aye ukunakanwa yemeko yokwenene kulo lonke ihlabathi yenzululwazi.

Kakuhle eli kwithiyori Bandura

Umbhali theory yokufunda Social - Pandora - babekholelwa ukuba ngokuzazisa komntu kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokudibene yakhe yokuziphatha, yezentlalo okusingqongileyo, kunye neendawo engqondo. Ngokwembono yakhe, kuba izinto lobume kunye nezinto predisposing zilawule ukuziphatha kwabantu. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba abantu bebodwa utshintsho ngabom ezininzi endleleni yakhe yokuziphatha, kodwa oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda kwabo lobuqu iziganeko kunye umnqweno.

Ku fanele sisazinzulu ingcamango yokuba abantu zombini imveliso kukabani oziphatha ngayo, kwakunye Abenzi bemeko-bume yabo kwezentlalo, ngenxa yoko, ukuziphatha kwalo.

Ngokungafaniyo Skinner, Bandura akuthethi ukuba zonke kuxhomekeke kugunyaziso yangaphandle yokuziphatha kwabantu. Ngapha koko, abantu nje Ayinakukhuphela ukuziphatha omnye umntu, amlinda khona, uze ufunde ngezi ntlobo ezincwadini okanye ubone nabo umboniso, njalo-njalo.

Ngokutsho Bandura, ingqiqo esembindini kwithiyori yokufunda wentlalo izenzo, abazi okanye zingqondweni ukufunda, nto leyo ethatha ngaphezu wonke umntu azalwe emhlabeni ukusuka neqembu yakhe.

Kulo mzekelo, ISAZINZULU wabonisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwabantu zilawulwa ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda imiphumo yezenzo zabo. Nkqu mthetho ukuya rob ibhanki uyakuqonda ukuba ngenxa yezenzo zakhe abe entolongweni ixesha elide, kodwa yena uya ngalo mba, ngethemba lokuba uya kukuphepha izohlwayo ze afumane win enkulu, nto leyo ichazwa isixa esithile semali. Ngaloo ndlela, iinkqubo zengqondo lwabantu ukunika abantu, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, ukukwazi ukuba sizilindele izenzo zabo.

Umsebenzi kwengqondo R. Sears

theory yokufunda Social Wawuyinxalenye kwimibhalo ngengqondo R. Sears. Le Isazinzulu ecetywayo ingqiqo uhlalutyo dyadic ekuziphuhliseni. Zengqondo bathi ubuntu yomntwana abunjwe ngenxa ulwalamano dyadic. Kuyinto ubudlelwane phakathi umama kunye nomntwana wakhe, intombi nonina, nonyana notata, utitshala nabafundi, njalo-njalo. D.

Kwangaxeshanye, izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba umntwana ekukhuleni kwakhe njengoko igqitha izigaba ezithathu ukulingiswa:

- mbumbulu sekukubi (kwenzeka esemncinane kwinqanaba unconscious);

- mbumbulu ephambili (ukuqala inkqubo ngokwasentlaweni entsatsheni);

- ukhuthazo secondary oosinga (iqala ngo yokungena komntwana ukuya esikolweni).

Eyona ibalulekileyo kwezi izigaba, ISAZINZULU ingqalelo owesibini, leyo ezinxulumene nemfundo usapho.

Iintlobo zokuziphatha obesondliwa umntwana (at Sears)

ukufunda Social theory (ngokufutshane obizwa imfundiso of learning) kwimisebenzi Sears ibandakanya ulwabiwo iintlobo eziliqela ukuziphatha iziyobisi abantwana. nokudaleka kuxhomekeke ubudlelwane phakathi komntwana kunye abadala (abazali bakhe) kule minyaka yokuqala yobomi yosana.

Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Ifomu yokuqala. ingqalelo ongafanele. Kule fomu womntwana uzama ukutsala ingqalelo yabantu abadala, ngayo nayiphi na indlela, nkqu kakhulu ezimbi.

Ifom yesibini. Khangela ukuqinisekisa. Umntwana isoloko ikhangela intuthuzelo evela abadala.

Ifom yesithathu. ingqalelo Positive. Ukufuna umntwana ukuzukiswa abadala ezibalulekileyo.

Ifom yesine. Khangela ubuhlobo okhethekileyo. Baby ifuna ingqalelo njalo abadala.

Ifomu yesihlanu. touch Search. Usana lufuna ingqalelo ethe rhoqo emzimbeni, ukubonisa uthando evela kubazali ukuphululwa waza wamanga.

Le Isazinzulu bakholwa zonke ezi ntlobo ngokwaneleyo yingozi ukuba i kakhulu. Ecebisa abazali ukuba balandele ngqo le imin segolide kwimfundo hayi ukuya ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi ntlobo ukuziphatha iziyobisi kwi umntwana waqalisa inkqubela.

Concept B. Skinner

theory yokufunda Social Wawuyinxalenye ngemisebenzi Skinner. Kakhulu kwithiyori yayo lwezenzululwazi lo mkhuba ekuthiwa-unyanzeliso. Ubonisa ukuba kugunyaziso va ukhuthazo okanye umvuzo, ubukhulu becala kunyusa ukuba umntu kahle umntwana yena wanikela zokuziphatha.

Ukusekelwa Scientist iyahlula ibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu, phantsi kwemiqathango ethile ngokuthi unyanzeliso akhabayo kunye navumelanayo. Kwelinye icala, ucinga ukuba nefuthe elihle kuphuhliso komntwana, ukuba awunayo - ekhokelela ukwahluleka kuphuhliso yayo yaye yakha ecaleni kwezentlalo (umzekelo, utywala, nto uyithandayo, iziyobisi, njl njl).

Kwakhona, ngokutsho Skinner, kugunyaziso inokuba ephambili (exposure zendalo, ukutya, njl) kunye eqhelekileyo (iimpawu luthando, zezimali, iimpawu ingqalelo, njalo njalo).

Hi ndlela leyi, Skinner kwakukho iqela engqinelanayo zonke isohlwayo bekhulisa abantwana, ekholelwa ukuba eziyingozi ngokupheleleyo, njengokuba unyanzeliso negative.

Umsebenzi kwezinye izazinzulu

zokufunda Social theory, ngokufutshane ngasentla, Wawuyinxalenye imisebenzi kwezinye kwengqondo eUnited States naseKhanada.

Ngenxa yoko, ISAZINZULU eGeorge. Gevirts wafunda iimeko wokuzalwa inkuthazo yentlalo ebantwaneni. Le wengqondo ndavuma ukuba ezixhasayo yakhiwe inkqubo yentsebenziswano phakathi abadala kunye nabantwana kwaye kuboniswa kwasebusaneni ngaphambili ukuba abantwana uhleke okanye bakhale, ndizibikayo, okanye, icala, ziphathe ngoxolo.

J. asebenza. Gevirtsa, American nakwimiVo Bronfenbrenner, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo umba yophuhliso ngamnye entsatsheni waza wabonisa ukuba ukufunda loluntu kwenzeka ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo yabazali.

Njengoko umbhali kwengcamango kufundo lwentlalo, Bronfenbrenner wachaza waphononongwa ngokweenkcukacha lo mkhuba ekuthiwa-yobudala-calulo. Umongo kube oku: abantu abatsha, bevela kwiintsapho ezithile awukwazi ukufumana indawo yakhe ebomini, abayazi into abayenzayo, kwaye baziva beshenxile bonke abanye.

umsebenzi yezifundiswa ngalo mbandela zabonakala zixhaphake kakhulu kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Izizathu ezo Bronfenbrenner wabiza imfuneko oomama ichitha ixesha elininzi ngaphandle nentsapho yakhe kunye nabantwana emsebenzini, ukwanda kwamanani oqhawulo-mtshato, nto leyo yokuba abantwana bakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nooyise babo, ukungabikho lonxibelelwano nabazali bobabini, amalungu entsapho, iimveliso nomsetyenzana inkcubeko laphila zobugcisa (TV, njl) ukuba abangaphangeliyo intsebenziswano phakathi abadala kunye nabantwana, ukuncipha lwabafowunelwa dialogue phakathi kusapho olukhulu.

Kulo mzekelo, Bronfenbrenner wayekholelwa ukuba lo mbutho ntsapho kakubi kuchaphazela ubuntu abantwana, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba kunjani abo omabini amalungu osapho kunye yoluntu lonke.

itheyibhile ezibalulekileyo: nasekusungulweni kwethiyori yokufunda lwentlalo ngexesha leminyaka edlulileyo

Ngenxa yoko, emva kokuqwalasela umsebenzi eziliqela izazinzulu, sinokugqiba ukuba lo mbono, ezivele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, lifikile ixesha elide nokubunjwa kwayo, natyetyiswa izazinzulu ezininzi.

Igama elithi yavela ngo-1969 iincwadi Canadian Albert Bandura, kodwa imfundiso ngokwayo wavuka eyilwe yayo epheleleyo kwi imisebenzi sisazinzulu kunye nabalandeli bakhe nemibono.

Ukufika kwe-theory kufundo lwentlalo, ekwabizwa ngokuba theory lwezentlalo-cognitive kubonisa ukuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini bukabani ngumzekelo yokuziphatha yabantu ngeenxa zonke kuye.

Enye elide ephambili yale ingqiqo yaba ngumkhuba ukuzeyisa. Umntu uyakwazi ukutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha kwabo ngokuthanda. Ngaphezu koko, oko kuvelisa engqondweni yakho umfanekiso kwixesha elizayo kwaye wenze yonke into ukuze iphupha lakhe libe yinyaniso. Abantu anqunyulwe injongo yawo ebomini, ukuba nembono emfiliba ngekamva labo (ezi zibizwa ngokuba "idada phantsi emlanjeni"), kakhulu kulahleke kuthelekiswa abo bantu abaye bagqiba bafuna indlela bazibone ukutyhubela iminyaka namashumi eminyaka. Enye ingxaki zastragivayut kwimisebenzi yakhe kuquka abaxhasi kolu luvo; ntoni ukuba injongo akanakuba ukuzisa ebomini?

Eneneni, kulo mzekelo, loo mntu unalo ukuphoxeka elivuthayo ebomini, nto leyo, ndimalathise kudakumbo kunye neengcinga zokuzibulala.

Up: yenziwa yintoni le ngcamango entsha nenzululwazi?

Kwi-West, ingqikelelo kuhlala omnye iingcamango ezithandwayo zophuhliso nobuntu. On kubhaliwe kwathiwa oluninzi iincwadi, imisebenzi zobunzululwazi akhuselwe, iyaqhutywa iimovie.

ummeli ngalinye theory yokufunda lwentlalo - sisazinzulu kunye capital elaziwayo kwihlabathi yenzululwazi. Hi ndlela leyi, ku iincwadi ezininzi kakhulu ku bengqondo, le thiyori ezisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye. Kule uqhagamshelo kufanelekile ukuba ukukhumbula incwadi ethandwayo kanye wengqondo Dale Carnegie, leyo banikwa iingcebiso ezilula malunga nendlela ukuze azuze inkoliseko yabantu. Kule ncwadi, umbhali wayama imisebenzi abameli ingcamango sifunda.

imigaqo umsebenzi nje kuphela abantwana kodwa abadala ziye zaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe lo mbono. Oku ikwasekelwe kuqeqesho emkhosini, abasebenzi zonyango, ootitshala.

Iingcali zengqondo, ukujongana nemiba kubudlelwane nosapho kunye nokucebisa izibini babhenele kwiziseko le mbono.

Umbhali yokuqala theory yokufunda zentlalo (Bandura nguye) kuye kwenza ephanda zenzululwazi baba zande kangaka. Eneneni, namhlanje igama zezenzululwazi eyaziwa ehlabathini lonke, yaye ingqiqo yayo ifakwe kuzo zonke iincwadi zezifundo kwi Social Psychology!