"Tochka-U" (ufakelo): iimpawu, umonakalo radius, iifoto

Mid-60s yabalasela esitsholo wokwenene rocket, enomjukujelwa kwaye basoloko ukusebenza ngisho kwezo ndawo apho bebefudula kwakuhlala kumbhobho zokudubula oluqhelekileyo. Ingakumbi azakubalulwa kule intsimi Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev. Noko ke, kwakukho kule ezintsha ecaleni kwaso. Umzekelo, ngeli xesha eSoviet Union usibekile isiseko esiqinileyo zenzululwazi kuphuhliso eziliqela imijukujelwa.

Kwabo iinkxalabo, yaye "Tochka-U": Olu seto mkhulu kakhulu bonke oogxa babo amazwe (kwaye ekuqaleni akukho namnye konke konke). Malunga imbali izixhobo ngoku uchaze.

IMVELAPHI OF THE

Ehlabathini phakathi 60 zeli lezoKhuselo iSebe laqalisa umsebenzi kwi projekthi wokuhlolwa ngokupheleleyo kuphela uluhlu omtsha nkqubo. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali Russian izixhobo ezimbaxa bet wenziwa kungekhona kumandla warhead, kunye rocket ukuchaneka. Zonke edlulileyo umsebenzi kuyilo ecace gca wangqina, ukuba le ndlela kufuneka babe ixhaphake kakhulu, ngokutshintsha ihlabathi elitsha. Ngokukodwa, kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba isicelo uqhankqalazo ezibuhlungu nxamnye enzima ngaphandle zisasazeka kummandla zonke madlavu.

isigxina Development yokujongana ne-ICD "letotshi". Lo msebenzi wayengekho ukusuka ekuqaleni: isiseko zakhiwo wathabatha rocket M-11 "Storm", nto leyo limiswa kuphela iinqanawa. Umphumo yokuqala yaba iseti "Hawk". Bekucingelwa ukuba kuya kusetyenziswa inkqubo ukhokelo radio-elektroniki. Ngamafutshane, kulo mzekelo, kwakuza kufuneka 'kukhokelela "rocket off emhlabeni, ukulungelelanisa rhoqo ichanile moya.

Kwase iprojekthi i "Point" ngo-1965, "Hawk". iinxalenye enomjukujelwa ziye zishiywe zingatshintshanga, kodwa oononjineli abunjwe ngokupheleleyo inkqubo ukhokelo. Ngoko ke, bashiya ngokupheleleyo wesekethe ngekhompyutha, ephakamisa ukusetyenziswa eyongeziweyo lobeko elula inertial. Yena wazama kakuhle kwaye kuvavanywa eziliqela imijukujelwa Soviet wangaphambili. Kodwa le - hayi "Tochka-U". Ukufakelwa kwakuyinto ndlela enzima yophuhliso, njengoko ababhekisi phambili rhoqo asakhulayo izithintelo ezintsha zobugcisa.

umsebenzi olunye

Yonke i "letotshi" iiprojekthi asifikeleli imizobo kunye nomzobo. Phantse zonke izinto ezenzekayo ngo-1966 zaye zadluliselwa kuyilo Kolomenskoye Ezigcina, kwaye iprojekthi sake isigxina SP yoyiswe. Noko ke, iinjineli Kolomna wavuma ngokupheleleyo iimbono oogxa bakhe "letotshi": eneneni, eyona iya kuba inkqubo nkongomiso inertial. Kubulungisa kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kwixesha elizayo, le projekthi iye ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo. Enyanisweni, kuphela gama liye wanamathela nguye - "Tochka-U". Wofakelo becala ngcono, kuncitshiswa iindleko zokwakha yayo.

Ngokubanzi, iqonga esebenzayo ngemisebenzi iqale ngo-1968. Eli xesha le projekthi kuxhaswa malunga 120 lweshishini kakhulu ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi nobugcisa, leyo wadalwa "Tochka-U". Le ndlela lilawulwe ukuba afunwayo ukwenza kuphela ngexabiso njengoko ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa kwisisu semoto mechanical, yaye izixhobo sokuvula kunye nenani enkulu yekhompyutha "Akunakuba." igalelo Huge esenziwe Volgograd "ngothango", wadala ukusuka ekuqaleni umndululi, kwakunye isityalo leemoto Bryansk, izakhiwo nezithe yenzelwe kwaye wadala zonke iziqalelo kwisisu semoto entsha.

Sebenza ku isindululi

Ngokubanzi, ekuqaleni wabona kwaoko ezimbini iintlelo umndululi, nto leyo iza kuphehlelelwa enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Tochka-U". Eyokuqala kubo adalwe iinjineli evela Kolomna, kodwa lalisetyenziswa kuphela kwiimvavanyo emhlabeni. Ngokukodwa, oko lo umndululi iye yabonisa kwiimvavanyo ngo-1971, kwenzeka Kapustin Yar. waqala Phantse ngoko nangoko ukuba ukudlala uyilo enkulu indima, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa sisityalo "yenze".

iimpawu eziphambili iindawo imizili

Ngowe-1973, xa isityalo eVotkinsk e Udmurtia baqalisa ukuhlanganisana imijukujelwa. Waza waqala kwinqanaba lokuqala uvavanyo karhulumente, iziphumo ethe yamkelwa yi "Tochka-U". Ukufakelwa emkhosini saziwa kakhulu phantsi 9K79 isiqu.

Isiseko yonke complex - enye-isigaba irula 9M79 amafutha esiqinileyo. Ubude lilonke nenqaba leyo 6.4 yemitha ubukhulu yaba 650 mm. Kuba izilungiso ikhosi fin igridi kusetyenziswa ngendlela enkulu 1350-1400 mm. Ukususela kwempi irula nezinobunzima ezimbini iitoni, apho iitoni ubuncinane enye enesiqingatha waba ngqo umjukujelwa inxenye. I-482 Kum ingxolo phakathi intlawuliso neziqhushumbisi kananjalo inkqubo yolawulo ngekhompyutha.

ubunzima abaninzi kwabangela iresiphi ekunene okuqinileyo amafutha rocket, nenoxanduva yokunyusa rocket aze azithandele kwi njongo. Ekugqibeleni, siye sagqiba kulwakhiwo, nto leyo equka irabha, aluminiyam umgubo, kwakunye inxalenye enkulu ammonium perchlorate. Supply amafutha ziphele nya imizuzwana malunga 18-28. Irula wafumana amandla inertial, nto leyo ezaneleyo ixesha ukubhabha lemizuzwana 235. Ngenxa yale nkqubo enomjukujelwa "Point-U" Wajika efikeleleka kakhulu, njengoko lisetyenziswe ukwakhiwa amancinane zepetroli kunye kuqhume.

Iimpawu yenkqubo ukhokelo

Esi sakhiwo inani elikhulu izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye mechanical, onoxanduva isikhokelo malunga ekujoliswe: umyalelo kunye nezixhobo lempukane, Kakade yekhompyutha analogue, abaninzi boluvo uqina , njl Isiseko le nkqubo umyalelo kwaye lempukane isixhobo 9B64 brand ... Waba unoxanduva nokuzinziswa iqonga ngexesha esemoyeni. Ngokubanzi, i-complex enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U" inikezelwa projectile ngqo apho ithagethi kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-50 kunye nokusasazeka hayi ngaphezulu kwe 30-40 leemitha sele phezu mvavanyo, ngelo xesha erhangqwe kwi fantastic.

On zonke izixhobo data zokusebenza idluliselwe kwi computer 9B65, nenoxanduva ngokubekwa oluzenzekelayo le khosi yokubhabha. Oku kwenziwe kakhulu nje, isixhobo ithelekisa ulwazi ofunyenweyo kunye mazinga adidiyelwe kuyo kwi siqalo, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ulungise moya. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imiphezulu ulawulo kwenqwanqwa, sise ekupheleni projectile. Ukuba ngexesha lemali ulungiso amafutha itshiswe ayenziwanga isicelo njengoko imiphezulu ulawulo gas-onamandla, sebenzisa amandla elabelwe eziko nokwakheka igesi.

Le nkqubo enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U" Kwakhona kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka ambalwa analogue yayo amazwe apho inkqubo yolawulo kunye ikhosi ulungiso wawunzima ngakumbi amaxesha amaninzi.

Ezinye izisombululo zobuchwepheshe

Ekubeni lupwa kunye nentshukumo zakhiwo ziye ezingenakwahlulwa kulo moya, iinjineli ingqalelo kuphuhliso inkqubo ulungiso eyaqala ukusebenza ngqo indlela ukuya target. Kweli nqanaba, lo woluvo gyro kwakufuneka ukugcina iqokobhe kwi-engile ° 80 ukuya kumgca kunina kulo. Ngokubanzi, enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Tochka-U", phezu kwayo nje elula lwezizalwane cheapness, ibonisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo ngokwemiqathango ukuchaneka.

data Ukungena kwi indawo kwethagethi lwaqhutywa phambi kokuba kushenxiswe rocket ukuba luthi nkqo isindululi. izixhobo Wolawulo kwaye inverter "Argon" sibalwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye kwasekwa uthumo moya, emva koko wathunyelwa irula.

umdla kakhulu yaba yindlela ukutshekisha le nkqubo uzinziso lempukane, nto leyo wasebenzisa enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa "Tochka-U". Ngokukodwa, uyilo yayo yaba bemilo ekhethekileyo polyhedral ehamba kunye ikhosi inkqubo ukuqondwa enombala. Umzimba irula yaba window encinci ukukhanya lowo uwe phezu kweli Ipolihedron kwaye iboniswa ngokuchanekileyo kwi izixhobo uvavanyo.

Sebenza kwi ekudalweni isisu semoto esingazihambeliyo

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala, iinjineli babekholelwa ukuba kwisisu semoto ziya kwenziwa ngokuthi kususelwe kwezinye koomatshini, kuphuhliswa kwisityalo eKharkov. Noko ke, emva kokuba bethelekisa iimpawu zonke iisampulu yaphakanyiswa kukhethwe Umzekelo obuyiyile Bryansk nemoto izityalo. Ngokwesiseko lencopho kumatshini isisu semoto 9P129 ukuba kwadalwa. Isimanga, kodwa ngokutsho amaxwebhu umsebenzi iprojekthi "Complex" Tochka-U " 'kweliso Volgograd sisityalo" yenze ". izindululi standard efanayo kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwisisu semoto ngokubanzi uvelisa Petropavlovsk Plant.

iimpawu zobugcisa kwisisu semoto

Le umatshini mayixhotyiswe injini diesel, leyo iphuhlise amandla 300 enjini. A injini enamandla ikuvumela ukuba bakulungele ukuqalisa ufakelo yokuhamba emendweni ngesantya ukuya ku-60 km / h. NgaPhandle kwendlela rate elilinganiselweyo intshukumo ukuya ku 10-15 km / h. Kwimeko apho imfuneko ezintsonkothileyo "Tochka-U" phantsi amandla ayo ukuba boyise imiqobo amanzi, ngelixa bephuhlisa isantya-10 km / h. Ekubeni ubunzima lilonke kwisisu semoto ayidluli tonnes-18, oko kuthuthwa ngokusebenzisa moya zothutho phantse zonke zomkhosi.

ngokuba enomjukujelwa bay kwakunzima woqobo babulawe. Ngoko ke, inxalenye sobuKristu kokuba enyusiweyo oluqinileyo ubushushu istili apho ngokukhuselekileyo ezikhuselweyo iimpembelelo warhead projectile kubushushu ngokugqithiseleyo phezulu okanye ezantsi. I langutana ngakumbi "Tochka-U '? Iimpawu prestart amalungiselelo ukwahlula ngokucacileyo ukuba kuzo zonke ezinye iinkqubo ngenxa ekunyaniseni nesantya yonke imisebenzi ngezikhali.

Lungiselela ukulwa ukusetyenziswa, pre-wamyala

Umlinganiselo nawokulungiselela xa bekusungulwa khondo kuthetha ukulwa ukulungela epheleleyo phakathi imizuzu engama-20 ubuninzi. Kulo mzekelo isabelo yengonyama ixesha elichithwa kuwo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo iphezulu kwisisu semoto. Zonke ezinye iinkqubo zaye zenziwa yi calculation abaqeqeshiweyo amaxesha amaninzi ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela ukufakelwa "Tochka-U" (ifoto ziyafumaneka kweli nqaku) kulucelomngeni ngokwenene.

Ukuze adlulisele imiyalelo kwenkqubo yokulawula ngokoqobo isibini lemizuzwana aseleyo, ephakamisa isindululi kwindawo nkqo Balisusa kanye 15 imizuzwana, yaye emva koko xa kungenzeka ukwenza ngokusesikweni. Umphakamo izindululi esitokisini akwazi ukufikelela 78 °. Ngaloo ndlela, a entsokothileyo "Point-to-Y" sisixhobo esinamandla, kokutyalwa ekuchithwa imizuzu ngaphantsi kwe emibini phantsi kweemeko zivuma.

Kule tye isikhokelo moya oomatshini ukuba uvule 15 ° kwi isindululi wayelungile kwaye ekhohlo ukuya esqwini usembindini sithuthi. Xa lokudubula uluhlu ubuninzi kweekhilomitha ezili-70 umjukujelwa Yaphaphazela yeza lo mgama nje imizuzu embalwa. Ngeli xesha isindululi "Tochka-U" ibimele ukuba idluliselwe kwindawo zinokugcinwa kwaye uqale i kukuyeka "ezikhanyayo" isikhundla. Kugesi ye zakhiwo wathabatha phezulu malunga 19-20 imizuzu.

Transport and ukulayisha imoto

Yiyiphi enye into yinxalenye ezintsonkothileyo "Tochka-U '? Iimpawu imijukujelwa yaso, ukuba akuthanga undilibele, icebisa ubunzima projectile iitoni ezimbini. Ngoko ke akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle koomatshini zothutho Ukuwisa, nto leyo wadalwa ngokusekelwe kwisisu semoto zingxamile-5922. umzimba wakhe isithuba imijukujelwa ezimbini, ezase leyo ivalwe usambathisa. Ukufakela kweqokobhe phezu yimiqolo kwenziwa ngelori nendwe, nto leyo eyinxalenye 9T128 yoyilo.

Enyanisweni, lo imijukujelwa kunokugcinwa ixesha elide noko ezothutho kunye ukulayisha imoto, kodwa kungcono kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa le njongo a izikhongozeli yesinyithi eyenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo. Yintoni na isizathu? Ukuba i "Tochka-U" (iifoto apho ngokuphindaphindiweyo eyenzeka kweli nqaku) elondolozwe ku iimeko engafanelekanga, umjukujelwa inokubhabha naphi na, kodwa hayi kwi target.

Ukuze ukufaka ihanjiswa imigama emide, esebenzisa oomatshini ezikhethekileyo 9T222, okanye 9T238, ezo iitrektara phantse eqhelekileyo. On imoto enye ukuthwala izikhongozeli ezibini / imijukujelwa okanye ezase ezine. Enoba ezilungileyo "Tochka-U", iimpawu zayo ekuhambeni kwexesha zibe kakhulu ngeyona zimbi. Kakade ke, umsebenzi waqalisa phezu yotshintsho kwezixhobo.

Ukulungiswa kwempucuko

"Point-P" isiphumo umsebenzi ezifakwa inkonzo ngo-1983 i-complex. Ngokusisiseko, le nkqubo indala eyahlukileyo kuphela ngendlela entsha isikhokelo target ngezikhali. Okunye ncam, le abayili wabuyela ingcamango inkqubo isikhokelo radar. Le entsha ungakwazi ukufaka kweli qondo kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-15, emva koko aye kule khosi kwenkqubo yolawulo olusezantsi njengelifa endala "amanqaku." Noko ke, ucwangciso entsha angasebenzisa uluhlu epheleleyo imijukujelwa eziye zakhululwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Ukususela ngo-1984, waqala umjikelo omtsha umsebenzi, njengoko nkqu isicwangciso iimpawu "Tochka-U" isizukulwana esitsha akanelisekanga kakhulu emkhosini. Iimvavanyo senzeka sele ngo-1986. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, isakhiwo ezihlaziyiweyo yamkelwa waza waqalisa imveliso serial. Njengoko kwimeko yangaphambili, utshintsho engundoqo ngqo yinxalenye umjukujelwa. Ngenxa yoko, ubunzima "amanqaku" linyuke nge-250 kg.

Kodwa asinguye kuphela lo lubonakala ngokuba ufakelo omtsha "Tochka-U". Kwirediyasi intshabalalo Kuye kwanda. Umjukujelwa entsha babomelele-injini wokuweyisha ithani. Flight uluhlu longezwe nangoko ayi-120, nto leyo uvumelekile ukuba ukuphuhlisa enyukliya iinketho lukhule.

iinguqulelo ezintsha ze mijukujelwa weave

Phambi kokuba yotshintsho iiyunithi yokulwa wafumana iindidi ezintsha. Ngokubanzi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ezi ndidi zilandelayo emthethweni ukuba "Points":

• 9M79. Le irula imodeli - wokuqala, kwabonakala kunye ufakelo.

• 9M79M. A ngobuwena lokuqala ngokwala maxesha. Kulo mzekelo, nzulu kakhulu lwatshintsha ubugcisa bemveliso. Ukongeza, isebenzisane ngokupheleleyo nenkqubo entsha wokukhomba oluzenzekelayo kuye kwabonelelwa. Umjukujelwa zaphuculwa ine index 9M79R.

• 9M79-1. Shell enegama elifanayo enoluhlu ukwandiswa kakhulu.

• 9M79-ORM. Olu qeqesho mbumbulu ukulwa enomjukujelwa, esetyenziswa eyenzelwe abasebenzi zoqeqesho. Xa imbonakalo ukuba phantse ngokupheleleyo lokuyivelisa idabi "nezinyanya." Lwabo

Iintlobo leeyunithi yokulwa

Akukho ukwahluka omncane ngqo ezase imizili ngokwabo. Apha ukwethula ixhaphakileyo.

• 9H123. uhlobo ukuqhekeka projectile High-Uyadubula. Uphuhliso yagqitywa kwi 60s ekupheleni '. nokuma kwawo inabasebenzi 163 yeekhilogram iziqhushumbisi, yaye amawaka 14.5. iziqwenga okuyinxenye. Bayakwazi kukugubungela ummandla weehektare ezintathu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uyilo yaveliswa inani elikhulu yobalo, iziphumo apho TNT ubunzima libekwe kwi-engile ukuya esqwini usembindini rocket, yintoni ubonelela ukusasazwa kakhulu efanayo ubunzima phezu kwendawo ukuqhekeka.

Kungenxa yale enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U 'kuthiywa kwindawo elihamba ngayo. Le ngokoyiswa eqela labasebenzi xa isetyenziswa esisondele ku-100%. Hide evela izinto ezinzima umonakalo kunokuba kuphela ikhusi entle kakhulu.

• 9H123K. Yintoni ephawulekayo le enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U '? Iimpawu bakhe kakhulu ilula: a elaqhekeka cassette iqokobhe kunye submunitions-50. Ngamnye kubo - yinto iqokobhe encinane eyahlukileyo zalishumi 7.5 kg, kunye neekhilogram enesiqingatha ongenamdla intlawulo Uyadubula. Abanye "sokuqhumisa" iziqwenga agcwayele omalunga nama-316, kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba ukwandiswa kwazo kwintaba ephakame omalunga neekhilomitha kubagubungela ngexesha ukuya iihektare ezisixhenxe. Ukuze kwaqhenqetha kakhulu ngokulinganayo cassettes yenzekile, isiphoso sabo siba yi tape Sib.
• zikhali, kunye index 9N39. Power - an umdla 10 kilotons. Kodwa kukho kwakhona iqela 9N64 imodeli, amandla esele 100-200 (njengoko imithombo eyahlukeneyo) kilotons. Zonke izikhali ukuba babonelelwa zikhali, babeba unobumba "B". Kuba lonke ixesha zempilo zakhiwo, ekungasetyenzwanga msebenzi ngazo nakanye.

Yiloo nto eyenzeka isakhiwo enomjukujelwa "Tochka-U". Izithombe engumthamo eyiyo thaca kweli nqaku liza kukuvumela ukuba ukudala intshumayelo yakho ngayo.