U-Ivan Pushchin: ubugcisa, ubugcisa. Imisebenzi ngu-Ivan Puschina

U-Pushchin Ivan Ivanovich, ochazwa ngaye kule nqaku, wayeyi-Decembrist, umbhali wezinkumbulo, umhloli wenkampani kunye nomgwebi wenkundla eMoscow. Kodwa abaninzi bayamazi njengomhlobo osondeleyo wePushkin.

Ubuntwaneni u-Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin

Iqhawe le nqaku lazalelwa eMaryino (iphondo laseMoscow) ngo-1798. Uyise wale nkwenkwe wayengu-senator noLieutenant-General u-Ivan Petrovich, kwaye igama lonina nguAleksandra Mikhailovna. Ngomnyaka we-1811, uTatomkhulu wathatha i-Decembrist kwikamva kwiTsarskoe Selo Lyceum kwimfundo. Kakade ke, oku akunjalo noko uPushkin Ivan Ivanovich wayefuna. I-Biography eLyceum yaphawulwa ngumcimbi osisiseko - owaziwayo noPushkin. Kwenzeke kwenye yeemviwo, kwaye kamva waba ngumhlobo obushushu. Kwasondele ukusondelelana nokulungiswa kwamagumbi abo. U-Pushkin noPushchin nabo bafunda kwisangqa esinye. Nangona kunjalo, abahlobo abavumelani nemibandela eninzi. Akuzange kubekho kanye ukungavumelani kwizinto ezithile kunye nabantu.

Ukushiya umkhosi

Unyaka ngaphambi kokugqweswa, uPushchina wathintana nomlawuli weLyceum waza wabuza malunga nokufumaneka kwabafundi abafuna ukuya empini. Kwakukho abantu abalishumi, kuquka i-Ivan. Izihlandlo ezimbalwa ngeveki, uGeneral Levashev kunye noKolonel Knabenau babenokuzibandakanya kwimikhosi yezempi kunye nabo kwi-Arena yaseHussar. Izifundo zokugqiba iziqu "zinyuka" zingabonakali. Umhlobo omkhulu kaPushkin u-Ivan Puschin wayebuhlungu ngenxa yokuba kungekudala wayeza kuhamba kunye nabahlobo bakhe ababebe yintsapho yakhe ngexesha lokufunda. Ngeli thuba, kwi-albhamu yeqhawe kweli nqaku, abafundi bakhe babhala imibongo emininzi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona iIlichecheky, iDelvig nePushkin. Emva koko, i-albhamu yalahleka kwindawo ethile.

Inkonzo emkhosini

Ngokukhawuleza emva kokugqitywa kweLyceum, u-Ivan Pushchin, enefoto onokuyibona kule nqaku, yaphakanyiswa kubaphathi kwaye yambethe iifomu ezilindile. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu, iindlela zabo kunye no-Aleksandriya ziye zahlakazeka. Ngendlela, uPushkin wayengazi into yokuba u-Ivan wangena kwisangqa esifanayo ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe. U-Pushchyn kuphela wachaza ubulungu bakhe ngezihlandlo, kodwa akazange axelele iinkcukacha. Siza kuthetha ngakumbi ngezantsi apha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uAlexander akazange aqonde inyaniso.

Intlanganiso entsha kunye nePushkin

NgoJanuwari 1820, u-Ivan Pushchin, ongu-biography kwiincwadi ezininzi zeencwadi, waya eBessarabia udade ogulayo. Wahlala khona iinyanga ezine. Ukubuyela emva kwiphecana laseBelorussian, u-Ivan wema ngesitishi eso kunye nengozi waza wabona igama likaPushkin kwincwadi yeendwendwe. Umphathi wamxelela ukuba uAlexander Sergeevich wayeya kwinkonzo. Enyanisweni, imbongi yathunyelwa ekuthunjelweni kwizantsi. "Uvuyiswa gqitha kukumkela," u-Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin wabhala kwiimemori zakhe. Ubuhlobo kunye nePushkin babuye baqala emva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela.

Ngo-1825, iqhawe lale nqaku lifumene ukuba uAlexander wathunyelwa kwiphondo laseSpkov. U-Ivan wayenomnqweno onamandla wokutyelela umhlobo wakhe omdala. Okokuqala, wayefuna ukuya eMoscow ukuya ePetersburg ukubhiyozela iKrisimesi kunye nentsapho yakhe. Emva koko waya koodadewabo, esuka apho waya kwindawo yokuthunjwa iPushkin - idolophana yaseMikhailovskoye. Abahlobo badikibala u-Ivan kulolu hambo, ekubeni uAlexander wayephantsi kweliso lokungangelwa kwamapolisa kuphela, kodwa kunye nabafundisi. Kodwa uPushchin akazange afune ukuphulaphula. Intlanganiso yabahlobo ngoJanuwari 1825 yaba nombono onamandla kubo bobabini. Kamva, uAlexander wabhala inkondlo malunga nale nto. Yayiyintlanganiso yabo yokugqibela.

Umgca weNgcaciso

Yintoni iPushkin engayitsheliyo ePushkin malunga nokufunda kwabo eLyceum? Ngelo xesha, iqhawe lale nqaku lenzekile ukuze baqhelane nabantu abaza kuthatha inxaxheba ekudalweni koMbutho weMntla, uManyano weNtuthuko kunye neemeko zikaDisemba 14. U-Ivan waba ngumnye wabathathi-nxaxheba ababalaseleyo kulo mbuthano. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inkonzo yempi yasePushcha ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Kalula, akazange amnike ithuba lokuphumeza iinkolelo zakhe. Emva kokushiya i-Ivan ihlala kwiziko lephondo, kwaye yathatha indawo yejaji kwiSebe lokuqala eMoyeni.

Isifiso soTshintsho

Utshintsho lwenkonzo lwangenxa yokuba iqhawe le nqaku lifuna ukuhlaziywa kwemoya ye-bureaucracy, leyo, ngokombono wakhe, yanikezela amandla. Kuyo yonke indawo yayibusa i-chicanery kunye ne-bribery. U-Ivan Puschin wayenethemba lokuthi umzekelo wakhe wokunyaniseka kwenkonzo yabantu ababenokubangela ukuba abaphathi bawuthathe uxanduva oluye lwasuswa kulo lonke.

UmNorthern Society

Isiqingatha sokuqala sokubusa kukaAlexandro I sasichazwe ngomsindo ovuyo malunga nokunyuka kolwazi lokuzibonela koluntu. Kodwa ke yonke into yatshintsha. Kwimimandla karhulumente, izimvo kwiimeko ezininzi zentlalo zatshintshile. Kwaye kwadlula ithemba lekusasa elingcono kwiindidi ezininzi ezihamba phambili, enye yazo yayiquka u-Ivan Pushchin. Kule nxu lumano, ukuchithwa komsebenzi wokuphendulela kwafika phambili. Ukuzibandakanya ngokungaqhelekanga kwimisebenzi enjalo yayingenakwenzeka, ngoko izangqa zatshintshwa zibe yimibutho eyimfihlo.

U-Ivan wayelungu leNorthern Society. Intloko yale ntlangano, uRyleyev, kunye noPushchin, bathunywa kwinkonzo yempi ukuya kwinkonzo yabasebenzi. Baye balwa ngokungazi nokubi. Kodwa kufutshane ne-1825, ezopolitiko zaqala ukungena emininzi kwinkqubo yazo. Kufuneka kwenziwe into ethile. Kwaye amalungu omNyakatho yoMbutho aqala ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso senkqubo.

Ukuvuswa komgwebo

NgoDisemba 14, 1825, u-Ivan Pushchin wema no-Obolensky kwiSenate Square. Ekufuphi kwakukho amanye amaDembembrists. Kamva, i-Kiichelbecker (iqabane kwi-lyceum) yangqina ngabo. Uthe uOdoevsky, uBestuzhev, uSkchepin-Rostovsky, u-Obolensky noPushchin babekhokela kwinqanaba kwaye bamenza ukuba badubula uGeneral Voinov, oyiGrand Duke. U-Ivan ngokwakhe waphika le ngcaciso. I-Pushchin yayithwele kakhulu isihlwele kwaye yahlola kuyo igosa elingaqhelekanga lingenanto. Abantu abazungezile bathi le ntlola. Emva koko u-Ivan wacebisa ukuba ahlale kude naye. Ngubani owabethelwa yigosa, iqhawe le nqaku alizange libonwe. Ngaloo ndlela, umbuzo othi uPushchin wenza ntoni kwiSenate Square uhlala evulekile. Akazange athethe nantoni na ngale minyaka nemininzi kamva kwi "Notes of the Decembrist."

Ukubanjwa

Ngobusuku kaDisemba 14, 1825, u-Ivan Pushchin, isithunzi sakhe esesetyala lobugebengu ngokumelene namaC decembrists, wabanjwa kunye namanye amalungu eNtshona Afrika. Bavalelwa entolongweni kaPetros noPawulos. Xa u-Ivan wayephenywe okanye wayephikile yonke into okanye wayethetha. Inkundla yamfumana uPushcha unetyala lokucwangcisa kwaye uthatha inxaxheba kwi-regicide. Iqhawe kweli nqaku linikezelwa ngoluhlu lokuqala lwabaphuli belizwe. Isigwebo sokugqibela isigwebo sokufa ngokunqumla intloko. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, inkundla yatshintsha isigwebo, iyanqanda u-Ivan wesigaba kwaye yamthumela emsebenzini onzima unaphakade eSiberia. Kwezinye iinyanga ezimbalwa, eli thuba lancitshiswa iminyaka engama-20.

Katorga

Emva kokufika kwakhe eSiberia, u-Ivan Pushchin, owaziwa ngaye bonke abantu abalandeli basePushkin, wachitha iminyaka emininzi enkonzweni yokugweba. Ubomi bakhe bungekho bunzima. Yaye kanye igama elithi "servitude penalty" lisetyenziswe kumaC decembrists, ahlala eentolongweni ezahlukeneyo, kuphela ngomqondo oqhelekileyo. Bahlala kwintsapho efuphileyo, baququzelele emakhonteni abo into efana neyunivesithi yomsebenzi wengqondo. UPushchin kunye noMukhanov kunye noZavalishin bamisa i-artel encinci. Uncedise amalungu ahluphekileyo afika kwindawo yokuhlala. Kwaye kwakukho nephephandaba le-artel, elibonelela i-Decembrists ngeencwadi eziprintiweyo kunye neencwadi zezifundo ezahlukahlukeneyo (kubandakanywa nokuvinjelwa).

Ngethuba ejele laseChita, uPushchin yaguqulela "amanqaku kaFranklin." U-Ivan wabelana kuphela nenxalenye yokuqala. Iyesibini yaguqulelwa ngumhlobo wakhe uSteigel. Uphelile "i-Franklin's Notes" zithunyelwe kwisihlobo sikaMukaniv, kodwa ngelishwa, le ncwadi yayilahlekile. Ikopi ebhaliweyo ye-Ivan kwafuneka ibhujiswe xa ihlola ijele, kuba iIni yayivinjelwe, kwaye i-Decembrists yabamkela ngendlela yokushushumbisa.

ENtshona Siberia

Ngombulelo kwiMinfesto ephakamileyo ka-1839, uPushchyn wakhululwa emsebenzini okhuni. Wayexoshwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwisixeko saseTurinsk (eNtshona Siberia) ngowe-1840. Iminyaka emine elandelayo u-Ivan wayebandakanyeka ekufundeni iincwadi. Isimo sezulu saseSiberia sathintela impilo yakhe. Ukususela ngo-1840, i-Pushkin yayisoloko ihlala ihlala ingagxiliyo. Kulo mba, wabhala isikhalazo sokudluliselwa kwiYalutorovsk. Yanikwa, kwaye emva kokufika kukaIvan, bahlala kwindlu efanayo no-Obolensky. Emva koko ngokumalunga nomtshato weqabane likaPushchin lihanjiswe kwikhaya elithile.

Ukongezelela ku-Ivan, amanye ama-Decembrists ayenjalo naseYalutorovsk: iBasgin, iTizengauzen, Yakzzkinkin, Muravyov-Apostol nabanye. Bahlala bevelele iqhawe kweli nqaku. Kwiintlanganiso, i-Decembrists yadlala amakhadi, axubusha imicimbi yezopolitiko yakutshanje, njl. U-Ivan waba ngumlwelwe kwi-pair okanye wayesebenzisa ixesha elide engadini. Kodwa impilo yakhe ayizange iphucule. I-Pushchin echongozwayo i-Gorchakov (iGavana-Jikelele ye-Western Siberia) ukuba idluliselwe eTobolsk ukubonisana noogqirha.

Unyango nenkululeko

Emva kokufuduka kunye noyonyango lokuqala, u-Ivan waba ngcono. ETobolsk, wabona umhlobo omdala kaBobrishchev-Pushkin. Bonke, abahlobo basebenze ekuguquleleni kukaPascal. Emva kokubuya, uPushchin akazange akhononde ixesha elithile ngempilo yakhe, kodwa kungekudala ukuxhatshazwa kwaqala kwakhona. Ngo-1849, waphinda wabuza uGorchakov ukuba amthumelele unyango. Eli xesha kumanzi eTurin. Zonke iindleko zohambo zihlawulwe kwi-treasury. Kulapho uPushchin wahlangana noBestuzhev kunye namanye a maqabane. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, u-Ivan wabuyela eYalutorovsk. Inkululeko, iqhawe lale nqaku laphuma emva kweManifesto ka-1856, emva kokuchitha iminyaka eyi-16 ekuhlaleni.

Iminyaka ezayo

Ngo-1858, u-Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich, ongu-biography owaziwa ngabaninzi bemali yePushkin, wathatha u-Natalia Fonvizina (umfazi weDemembrist odumile owafa ngo-1854). Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva komtshato, iqhawe lale nqaku lafa. UPushkin wangcwatywa kwiBronnitsy kufuphi ne-kedare. Ingcwaba itholakala engcwabeni likaFosvizin M.A.

Imisebenzi nguPushkin Ivan Ivanovich

Ukongeza kwiiNgxelo ezikhankanywe ngasentla, "i-Franklin's Notes", ipeni leqhawe kweli nqaku lithi "Amanqaku ngoBungane kunye nePushkin" (1859) kunye ne "Notes of Decembrist" (1863). Iyokuqala kwifom epheleleyo ngakumbi iphume ngoMeyikov umsebenzi we-biography yombongi. U-Ivan wayenothando olunothando lukaAlexandria ukususela ngeli xesha wayefunde eLyceum. Ngako oko, "amanqaku" ahlanganiswe uthando lobuzalwana kunye nokunyaniseka.

Lo bugcisa uPushkin Ivan Ivanovich akaphelelanga. Unayo "ii-letters ezivela eYalutorovsk" (1845) ukuya e-Engelhardt. Kuzo, u-Ivan utshela umlawuli wangaphambili ngobomi bakhe. Ukwabelana ngeengcamango zakhe kwi-oda yaseSiberia, i-bureaucracy yendawo kunye nomthetho we-1842, ngokubhekiselele kuloo mafama abanikezelwa umhlaba ukuba bafumane phantsi kwimeko yokusebenza kwabo ngabasebenzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iileta eziya e-Engelhardt ziqulethe iingxelo eziphawulekayo, uphawu lomntu oqhubela phambili, ofundayo.