Yintoni igagasi omxhuzulane?

Umhla ezisemthethweni lokuvula (ubhaqo) Amaza omxhuzulane kuthathwa ukuba Februwari 11, 2016. Ithi ke yaqhutywa Washington kwi kwinkomfa cofa, iinkokeli ngentsebenziswano LIGO, kwabhengezwa ukuba iqela labaphandi waphumelela okokuqala kwimbali yoluntu ukulungisa esi senzeko.

Neziprofetho Einstein enkulu

Isibakala sokuba akhona omxhuzulane, nokuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela (1916) bacebisa Albert Einstein lwacaciswa ngokwesakhelo soMgaqo-General kwezinto (GR). Umntu ukumangaliswa kuphela kwi ubuchule yohlobo yamachiza odumileyo, wayekwazi ukwenza izigqibo enjalo kunye ubuncinane data kanye. Phakathi kwezinye nesenzeko ezininzi emzimbeni kwangaphambili ukuba bafumana isiqinisekiso kwinkulungwane elandelayo (kuyehla kukuhamba kwexesha, utshintsho radiation magnetic kwicala kwamabala omxhuzulane, njl) Phantse ukubona ubukho olu hlobo lwamaza intsebenziswano lwemizimba, kude kutshanje ke akwenzeki.

Gravity - siyazikhohlisa?

Ngokubanzi, ekukhanyeni kwithiyori ka gravity awupheli amandla. Oku yoko le perturbation okanye ugobile isithuba-ixesha eziqhubekayo. Umzekelo onguwo ukuze sicacise le postulate kufuneka kolulwa isiziba somchako. Phantsi ubunzima phezu komhlaba into kwidepho kwasekwa a lekhefu. Ezinye izinto e motion kufutshane kule anomaly kuzakutshintsha isikhokelo yeentshukumo zabo, ngathi 'zatsala ". Kwaye ubunzima bento (elide ubukhulu kunye ugobile ubunzulu), kokukhona 'amandla nomdla. "I enkulu Xa ihamba phezu laphu, Nani linganisani ukuvela "phamb 'ezahlukeneyo.

kwenzeka into efanayo kwisithuba ehlabathini. Nawuphi na omnye umba eqinileyo ihamba ngokukhawuleza na umthombo ukuhla nokunyuka lexinene isithuba kunye nexesha. Loshushiso omxhuzulane kunye namandla awo ebalulekileyo, kwakheka imizimba ezinobunzima ezinkulu kakhulu okanye xa uqhuba kunye accelerations ezinkulu.

ukucaciswa ngokomzimba

Ukuhla kwisithuba-ixesha engenayo azibonakalisa njengoko utshintsho endle omxhuzulane. Le meko ukwabizwa ngokuba phamb 'isithuba-ixesha. wave omxhuzulane kuchaphazela umzimba yezinto nazo, abenze kunye alaneke. imali Strain mancinci kakhulu - malunga nama-10 ^-21 kubungakanani yokuqala. yonke nobunzima efumanise le meko kukuba abaphandi kwafuneka afunde umlinganiselo baze babhale ezi tshintsho usebenzisa izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ngayo. Amandla radiation omxhuzulane kwakhona ephantsi kakhulu - kuba yonke inkqubo elanga, yinto kilowatts ezimbalwa.

Isantya andise amaza omxhuzulane ixhomekeke kancinci kwi iimpawu eqhuba esiphakathi. Le oscillation awo kunye umgama ukusuka kumthombo kunciphisa ngcembe kodwa ayifiki zero. I-frequency kuxhomekeke kuluhlu ukusuka amashumi eziliqela kumakhulukhulu elilodwa. Isantya Amaza omxhuzulane kwi oluphakathi medium osondela isivamvo sokukhanya.

ubungqina

Kuba okokuqala isiqinisekiso theoretical ubukho kwamaza omxhuzulane ikwazile ukufumana ngeenkwenkwezi American uYosefu Taylor uRussell Hulse nomncedisi wakhe ngo-1974. Ukufundisisa Universe nge iteleskopu zakhiwo Arecibo (Puerto Rico), abaphengululi wafumanisa Pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 emele inkqubo kokubini lwe iinkwenkwezi neutron apho ajikeleza ngeenxa liziko eliqhelekileyo mass kwi uqina rhoqo emboxo (kwimeko ezinqabileyo). Zonke zonyango nyaka iiyure 3,75 ekuqaleni, zingama-70 ms. Eli xabiso iyahambelana izigqibo quadratic GTR ukuba ukuqikelela ukwanda ubucotha ukujikele- ezi nkqubo ngenxa ukusetyenziswa lwamandla ukuze isizukulwana kwamaza omxhuzulane. wafunyanwa Kamva ngakumbi pulsars kabini kunye UDema amhlophe a yokuziphatha efanayo. Radio ngeenkwenkwezi D. Taylor kunye R. Hulse ngeMbasa kaNobel e Physics ukuba ukufunyanwa amathuba amatsha ndifunda amasimi omxhuzulane yanikezelwa ngo-1993.

Stealing wave omxhuzulane

Ingxelo yokuqala we ubhaqa indlela amaza omxhuzulane efunyenwe University of Maryland Isazinzulu Dzhozefa Vebera (USA) ngo-1969. Ukulungiselela le njongo wayesebenzisa eriyali ezimbini omxhuzulane yoyilo zabo, ezahlulwe kumgama ozikilometa ezimbini. Le kakutsha resonant yaba lokungcangcazela-bodwa piece cylinder-unyawo elungileyo ye-aluminiyam, baxhotyiswa transducers piezoelectric ezibuthathaka. Le awo ye okuthiwa esisigxina nokunyuka Weber yaba ngaphezu kwesigidi amaxesha ngaphezulu kunoko bekulindelwe. Imizamo ngabanye abaphandi besebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ukuphinda i "impumelelo" ye yamachiza American iziphumo HIV isuke. Emva kweminyaka embalwa yomsebenzi Weber kule ndawo kuye kwaqatshelwa utshonile, kodwa wamnika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso "indumezulu omxhuzulane" xa ubiza kule ndawo isifundo ziingcali ezininzi. Hi ndlela leyi, Dzhozef Veber de afe Qinisekisa ukuba amaza omxhuzulane.

Ukuphucula isixhobo reception

Kule 70s Isazinzulu Bill Feyrbank (USA) lenze uyilo omxhuzulane-wave eriyali, zipholile yi helium ulwelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa esifana - magnetometer supersensitive. Akhoyo ngelo xesha obu bugcisa akavumelekanga ukubona Umsunguli semveliso yenu, waqonda kwi "metal".

Ngokwalo mgaqo senziwa Auriga le kakutsha omxhuzulane e lenyarskoy National Laboratory (Padova, Italy). Ubume ngenxa cylinder aluminiyam-magnesium kunye nobude oziimitha ezi-3 kanye ububanzi of 0.6 m. Le yunithi receiver ubunzima iitoni 2.3 liyanqunyanyiswa eqhelile, zipholile ukuya kufuphi ingundoqo kwigumbi zero cleaner. Kuba nitrogen, nivuthulule uzingela ngekhilogram resonator abangabancedani kunye nenkqubo lokulinganisa esekelwe kwiikhompyutha. Uvakalelo zicacise izixhobo 10 ^-20.

interferometers

Sisiseko ukusebenza interferometric detectors yomtshangatshangiso omxhuzulane kudityaniswa imigaqo efanayo kusetyenziswa Michelson interferometer. Ekhutshwa yi umthombo i-laser umqadi wahlulwe yimisinga ezimbini. Emva zibona ezininzi kunye yokuhamba phezu izixhobo emagxeni kwemali ziziswa ndawonye kwakhona, kunye nomfanekiso umgwebi uphazamiseko lokugqibela abachaphazelekayo ukuba ikhosi ye-reyi nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka (umzekelo, wave omxhuzulane). izixhobo okunjalo wadala kumazwe amaninzi:

• Yesifrentshi 600 (Hannover, Germany). Ubude zidle kwetonela 600 leemitha.
• Tama (saseJapan) kunye namagxa e m 300.
• Virgo (Pisa, Italy) - iprojekthi edibeneyo Franco-Italian, eyaqaliswa ngo-2007 kunye nekhilomitha ezintathu-imigudu elide.
• LIGO (United States, Pacific Coast), ehamba ukuzingelwa namaza omxhuzulane ngo-2002.

Last ekufaneleke ukuba siyicinge ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

LIGO Advanced

Le prowujekthi yasungulwa ngo izazinzulu Massachusetts kunye California Institute of Technology. Ibandakanya zakhiwo ezimbini ezahlulwe sisithuba 3 amawaka. Km, Louisiana kunye Washington (isixeko Livingston kunye Hanford) kunye interferometers ezintathu efanayo. Ubude zidle kwetonela aa Incopho na ngamawaka-4. Zokulinganisa. Le yeyona inkulu ukuya kuthi ga izakhiwo ezikhoyo efanayo. De-2011, iinzame ezininzi ukubona amaza omxhuzulane akukho kuyibonakalisile kusini na iziphumo. A ukuphuculwa kakhulu (Advanced LIGO) landise uvakalelo kwezixhobo kuluhlu 300-500 Hz izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwesihlanu, kunye nakummandla ephantsi-frequency (ukuya kwi-60 Hz) esiphantse umyalelo zezulu, lwathi ixabiso enjalo awayesibawela 10 ^-21. Le projekthi updated yaqala ngoSeptemba 2015, yaye imigudu engaphezu kwewaka abasebenzi intsebenziswano iye yawongwa kunye neziphumo.

Amaza omxhuzulane afumaneka

September 14, 2015 phambili LIGO detectors kwi ms 7 lokuphumla obhalwe wehla ukuya kumaza omxhuzulane umhlaba wethu kwiziganeko inkulu eyabakho imiphetho wendalo obonakalayo - kokudityaniswa imingxuma ezimbini ezinkulu ezimnyama ezinobunzima-29 kunye namaxesha-36 mkhulu intlama elanga. Ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala, eyaqala eminyakeni 1.3 Ga eyadlulayo, xa umbandela lemizuzwana radiation wave omxhuzulane ichithe malunga ezintathu izihlwele elanga zenkqunto. frequency esisigxina amaza lokuqala omxhuzulane kwi-35 Hz, kwaye ixabiso incopho iphezulu yenqanaba ngo 250 Hz.

Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo zenziwe uvavanyo olubanzi kunye nonyango, ndinqumle ngocoselelo kude utoliko ezichaseneyo data. Ekugqibeleni, ngoFebruwari 11 kunyaka ophelileyo ekufumanekeni ngqo isenzeko kwaxelwayo Einstein, kwabhengezwa ukuba uluntu ehlabathini.

Fact ebonisa umsebenzi yemidlalo labaphandi: i awo yengalo oscillation kubungakanani 10 ^-19 m - eli xabiso amaxesha amaninzi incinane netoti i-atom, wobeka phi na ke orange ngaphantsi.

mathemba

Le ukufunyanwa kwakhona uqinisekisa ukuba ingcamango jikelele ka - ayikho nje iseti neefomula abstract, kunye look entsha ngokupheleleyo kwi undoqo amaza omxhuzulane nondiliseko xa iyonke.

Izifundo phambili, nezesayensi amathemba phezulu kwi projekthi Elsa: ukudaleka interferometer Bajikeleza omkhulu emagxeni malunga km 5 million, ekwaziyo lokubhaqa nkqu perturbations ezingephi namasimi omxhuzulane. Ukuvuselelwa umsebenzi kweli cala uyakwazi ukuxelela okuninzi malunga amanqanaba asisiseko uphuhliso iphela, iinkqubo, ukuqatshelwa ukuba bands yemveli kunzima okanye kungenzeki. Ngokuqinisekileyo Kukho emingxunyeni omnyama, amaza omxhuzulane, nto leyo iza kwixesha elizayo, elipholopholo ngendalo.

Kuba ukufunda radiation oyidingayo, omxhuzulane, nako ukuthetha ngayo kuloo maxesha okuba singazi yokuqala yehlabathi zethu emva Big Bang, uya kufuna izixhobo isithuba ethobelayo. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. Le projekthi ikhona (Big Bang mkhanyo), kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ziqinisekiso leengcali, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngaphambi kweminyaka 30-40.