Ubulawuli Russian: umzabalazo kunye nembumba

Kwinkulungwane XII-XV kwisithuba eqhekekileyo feudal kwi Rus eyayikho iimanyano karhulumente - izikumkani yamandulo. Kwi X Ngenkulungwane kwakukho ndlela, elisuke laba sisithethe kwinkulungwane elandelayo, - ukwabiwa komhlaba iinkosana Russian omkhulu, noonyana bakhe kunye nezalamane, kwinkulungwane XII zakhokelela virtual sokonakalisa karhulumente Old Russian.

igunya

Ukuba e kwibhodi yalo komhlaba kunye namandla, olu hlobo abanini amandla ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukuba nzima ukuba bazimele kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kwiziko kwaye oku kwaqhwalelisa uphuhliso oozilawuli Russian. Kuzo zonke iingingqi iinkosana uhlobo Rurik (ngaphandle ngokuba Novgorod, nto leyo esele amelwe isakhiwo ngandlel efanayo kwiriphabliki) sibe abalawuli azimeleyo osebenzisa izixhobo zawo zolawulo, kuqulethe iklasi serviceman, kwaye wafumana yinxalenye iinzuzo evela imimandla subordinated. Feudatories (iingangamsha) kunye namagosa aphezulu Abefundisi Boyar Duma - Consulting kunye sicelwe. Prince umnini iphambili belizwe, ezinye ebeyinalo kuye buqu, nokuseleyo ukhawuleza ukuba abe ngumlawuli indawo, yaye yahlulwa phakathi demesne nabemfuyo ibandla, engena izinduna enemiqathango kunye nabakhonzi zabo.

izilawuli Russian kwisithuba eqhekekileyo

Xa xesha eqhekekileyo eRashiya isakhiwo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko isekelwe phezu inkqubo ileli feudal. De kwinkulungwane XII Kievan Rus kunye nazo izilawuli Russian kuxhomekeke wokwehla ethile amandla. Grand Prince of Kiev ekhokelwa legunya feudal, ngoko eli iwonga le wafumana abathetheli Compostela-Volyn Vladimir-Suzdal. sabaphathi Central kuhlala yi abalawuli oozilawuli ezinkulu njengoko Chernigov, Polotsk, uVladimir-Volyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, ESmolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Galician. Kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi baba nabakhulu akhonze zazo (okhonza inani ungunyana wabanumzana untitled).

Phakathi kwenkulungwane XI, inkqubo ukutshatyalaliswa izilawuli ezinkulu, kwaye kunye nazo izilawuli ahambele phambili kwezolimo - imimandla Kyïv kanye Chernihiv. Ukususela ekupheleni ekuqaleni XII kwinkulungwane XIII, oku iba into yonke. Ngokufanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza ukuqhekeka waba e Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk izilawuli. oko iqondo ayayo oluchaphazelekayo ESmolensk ulawulo, kodwa Rostov-Suzdal kunye Compostela-Volyn ubulawuli la maxesha ityumza mzuzu athile kunye nemibutho okwexeshana phantsi kwegunya yomphathi "abadala". Lonke eli xesha ilizwe Novgorod wakwazi ukugcina ingqibelelo kwezopolitiko.

izitha

Kumaxesha feudal ukuqhekeka baqalisa ukudlala indima enkulu ngeenkongolo zonke-Russian nezeengingqi amakhosi. Bexoxa ngemiba lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle yezopolitiko. Ke azaba nako ukumisa inkqubo ukuchithakala. Lo mzuzu kunye alusebenzisa ingxokolo Tatar-Mongol, umhlaba Russian kunye ubulawuli of Russia ayikwazanga kundihlanganyela ukuxhathisa ndlongo lwangaphandle yaye ekugqibeleni baphulukana ezinye indawo enkulu ekumzantsi-ntshona nasentshonalanga amazwe apho kamva ezichithakeleyo abendlu ka Batu Khan ngo XIII-XIV eminyaka baba oyisa Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, uVladimir-Volynskoye) kunye Poland (Galitskoe). Kwakukho self kuphela mpumalanga Russia (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan kunye nomhlaba Vladimir).

Langoku Russian izikumkani umbutho yokuqala. XIV n. Kwinkulungwane XVI. "Yi-" yi-Moscow nezikhulu urhulumente Russian kuye kwenziwa ukuze kubuyiselwe umanyano lwabo.

zizilawuli, Russian wobukhosi

ephambili kaZwelonke iinkosana Russian yaba inkululeko weRashiya kwidyokhwe iGolden mkhosi mkhulu kunye nokufunyanwa yoqoqosho, kwaye ukwenza oku kube yimfuneko ukuba bamanyane bonke, kodwa umntu kwafuneka ime ziko. Ngelo xesha, ityhileke inkokeli ezimbini strong - eMoscow yaseTver. YaseTver ubulawuli wasekwa ngo 1247 ebudeni bolawulo lo umninawa ka Aleksandra Nevskogo - Jaroslav Yaroslavovych. Emva kokufa umzalwana wakhe, waba irhuluneli yaseTver ubulawuli (1263-1272 GG.), Nguwuphi ngoko ke inamandla eRashiya. Noko ke, kwaba emantloko inkqubo ubunye.

Ngo XIV leminyaka wanyuka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu Moscow, phambi kokufika kwe-Tatar-Mongol yaba yinto encinane asemdeni of Vladimir-Suzdal ulawulo, kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV yaba neziko elibalulekileyo yezopolitiko. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba wayenesikhundla kakuhle kakhulu okuyo. Ukususela kumzantsi mpuma ingxokolo zayisithelisa Ryazan kunye Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod ulawulo wakhe, evela emntla-ntshona - ubulawuli Novgorod kunye yaseTver. Ihlathi malunga eMoscow ivaleke ngenxa amahashe, i-Tatar-Mongol. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukungena abantu kweli Grand seLizwe Moscow Russian linyuke kakhulu. waqala apho ukuphuhlisa ubugcisa kunye nezolimo. EMoscow waba iziko enamandla belizwe yamanzi, yaye oku kube negalelo ekubeni urhwebo, kunye nezicwangciso emkhosini.

eMoscow

Umlambo eMoscow Oka Duchy of eMoscow beza iVolga kunye nemingenela yawo ngokusebenzisa kuthiwa elizweni Novgorod. nkqubo Flexible beenkosana Moscow wanika nemiphumo emihle, njengoko baye benako ukuzuza phezu kwezinye oozilawuli Russian kunye nebandla. Owasungula le abathetheli eMoscow ubukhosi waba Daniil Aleksandrovich - (. 1276-1303 gg), unyana omncinane Aleksandra Nevskogo. Phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, lo ubulawuli ka eMoscow linyuke kakhulu nommandla wayo. Ngowe-1301 washukumisa ku Kolomna, iphumelele kwi Ryazan prince. Ngowe-1302, Pereyaslav umthetheli, ongabanga bantwana, ezabiwa impahla yakhe eMoscow. Ngowe-1303 e Moscow, waba Mozhaisk. Iminyaka emithathu kabini ummandla ubulawuli eMoscow, yaye iye yaba yenye nje enkulu kumntla-mpuma weRashiya.

Mozhaysk - nasekuthwaseni koMlambo Moscow, kunye Kolomna - emlonyeni umlambo olawula abathetheli eMoscow. Pereslavl-Zaleski - enye yeendawo echumayo - emva kokutshintshela ukuya ubulawuli eMoscow ngamandla bya amandla ayo. Ngoko ke, umthetheli eMoscow baqalisa ukuba nzima ne yaseTver ngenxa yobukumkani enkulu. Njengokuba isebe abaphezulu saseTver, Michael Yaroslavovich Prince wafumana ilungelo namabutho ubukumkani enkulu.

Emva koko e Moscow olawula Yury of Moscow, ngubani wayetshate udade Khan Uzbek Konchak (emva kokuba ubhaptizo Agafia). Khan wamnika ilungelo kwetrone. Emva koko uMichael 1315 woyisa squad ka uYuri waza wathimba umfazi wakhe, wafa kamva yaseTver. UMikhail zigqitywe babizwa ukuba anayo. Ngowe-1325 George wambulala unyana omdala Mihaila Tverskogo - amehlo Iinkweli UDimitri, emva koko watshabalalisa Khan Uzbek, njengoko Uzbek Khan waphum umgaqo-nkqubo okutyisa iinkosana Russian, ngenxa Enkulu seLizwe yaseTver waba Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 gg.).

Kuvukela yaseTver

Ngo-1327 kwakukho wombhodamo yaseTver nxamnye konqakrazo isalamane Uzbek. Abavukeli abulala AmaTatar amaninzi. Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 GG.), Ukuthatha uncedo lo mzuzu, weza yaseTver ukuya Tatar-Mongols kunye zicinezelwa ukucaphuka lwabantu. Ukususela ngoko, ileyibhile ebukumkanini enkulu wawuluLwandle abathetheli Moscow. Kalita ikwazile ukufumana uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo abasemagunyeni ibandla eMoscow. Ngoko ke, i-Metropolitan uPetros baphila eMoscow. Ngelo xesha, eMoscow iye kuphela kweyabo kodwa iziko yonqulo eRashiya. Ngexesha lokulawula oonyana Ivan Kalita uSimon ezinekratshi (1340-1353 gg.) Yaye Ivan Olubomvu (1353-1359 gg.) Ukuze i Duchy of eMoscow yadibana Kostroma, Dmitrov, umhlaba Starodubsky kunye inxalenye ilizwe ukulungela ukusebenza.

Don

Prince nguDmitry (1359-1389 gg.) Ngaba eli-9 ubudala waqalisa ukulawula ubulawuli eMoscow. Kwakhona, umzabalazo etroneni Vladimir Grand. Wamela eMoscow waqalisa ukuxhasa ngokuphandle anayo. A uphawu empumelelo kunye ngoloyiso loo ubulawuli eMoscow yaba kukwakha omhlophe-ilitye yesicelo, nto leyo inqaba kuphela iinqaba lityeni kumntla-mpuma weRashiya. Ngale eMoscow wakwazi ukulwa izimangalo inkokheli bonke-Russian yaseTver, Nizhny Novgorod dudula i-Lithuanian Grand Duke UAlgirdas. Bakhetha eMoscow watshintsha intsalela imikhosi eRashiya.

Kwaye ke hlokondiba ukuba phakathi kwenkulungwane XIV iqala ngexesha buthathaka amandla engundoqo kunye nomzabalazo etroneni asebukhosini. Ngowe-1377, umlambo i yangqubana yokulwa onxilileyo apho hlokondiba mtyumzi Muscovite umkhosi. Kodwa nonyaka kamva ngo-1378 phezu komlambo Vozha imikhosi Murza Begich wahlula nguDmitry.

Battle of Kulikovo

Ngowe-1380 Khan Mamai wagqiba ukubuyisela ukukhonya zala mazwe Russian ye-Golden mkhosi. Washumayela kunye Lithuanian Prince Jagiello, yaye bafudukela eRashiya. Prince nguDmitry ngelo xesha waziphatha umphathi abanetalente. Wafudukela esinga nangezinto wawuwela Don, apho benza edabini kunye utshaba endaweni yakhe. Lo msebenzi yesibini wayeza balwe ukuze unganikeli Mamai ukudibanisa imikhosi kunye Jagiello.

September 8, 1380 ngomhla Idabi Kulikov kuse yinkungu, kwiintsuku nje 11 waqala umdlalo egorheni-indela Russian Peresvet kunye ukubola qhawe Chelubey. Tatar yokuqala webutho ophezulu Russian, kunye nomama wam enobungangamsha obukhulu, kodwa ke hit ukusuka ephangweni babelalele oomantyi butho nguDmitry Bobrok-Volintsev nePrince Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. Ngentsimbi 15 dabi konke ngokucacileyo. AmaTatar wabaleka, nangenxa generalship merit baqala ukubiza Dmitri Donskoi. Battle of Kulikovo kakhulu buthathaka amandla loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, leyo kamva ekugqibeleni wavuma ubukhulu eMoscow phezu kumazwe Russian.

Tokhtamysh

Mamay wabaleka emva kokoyiswa e Kafu (Feodosiya), apho abulawe. Umlawuli anayo xa Khan waba Tokhtamysh. Ngowe-1382, yena ngesiquphe uhlaselwe eMoscow. Ngelo xesha Don waba ngaphandle kwedolophu, ngoko waya emantla ukuqokelela irhafu entsha. Inani labemi nesibindi balwa ngokuququzelela ukuziphendulela eMoscow. Ngenxa yoko, Tokhtamysh bezifuna kubo, ethembisa ukuba kuphanga esixekweni, yaye kulwa Don kuphela. Kodwa ke, yena indulumbane eMoscow, woyisa umzi, wayaleka kubafo.

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Don wabanika igunya lokuba ebukumkanini enkulu Vladimir unyana wakhe Vasily I, ngaphandle kokubuza anayo ekunene kwileyibhile. Ngaloo zadityaniswa zizilawuli, Russian - eMoscow Vladimir.

Timur

Ngowe-1395 umlawuli Timur Tamerlane, oyisa Central Asia, iPersi, eSiberia, Baghdad, India, Turkey, waya loo mkhosi mkhulu kunene, ndilutshabalalise, waza ke waya eMoscow. Basil I ngeli xesha wahlanganisa athathwe kwi Kolomna. EMoscow evela Vladimir wazisa Igqwetha ilizwe Russian - i icon ye Vladimir uMama kaThixo. Xa kwikota yesibini Timur waya eMoscow wahlala kwindawo Yelets, ngoko emva komzuzwana, yena batshintsha ngesiquphe ingqondo ukuya eRashiya. Ngokutsho legend, inxulunyaniswa isenzeko phupha Timur uninzi Mother Mary.

iimfazwe wobukhosi kunye Union of Florence

Emva kokufa Basil I ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIV, umzabalazo oozilawuli Russian neenkani, ebizwa ngokuba "iimfazwe wobukhosi." Xa ubulawuli eMoscow phakathi koonyana bakhe nabazukulwana kamva nguDmitry Donskoy kwabakho ukulwa ngokwenene elo ilifa kwetrone. Ngenxa yoko, waya Vasily II Dark, impangele yenyuka kwesi eli xesha izihlandlo ezingama-30.

Basil II wala ukwamkela manyano (1439) kwaye eme phantsi igunya upopu. Kule Manyano kwaba ebekwe phantsi, eqamba zokonga eRashiya ukusuka Byzantium, Ottoman. Russia Metropolitan Isidore (ngesiGrike), owaxhasa umanyano, yaye ngoko nangoko wazidla. Kwaye ngoko Metropolitan uBhishophu uYona waba Ryazan. Yaba ekuqaleni ukuzimela yeCawa Russian Orthodox of the labefundisi kaConstantinople.

Emva kokoyiswa waseConstantinople yi Ottoman 1453, intloko Russian Church waqala ukuchaza eMoscow. Church Orthodox luxhaswe umzabalazo wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa kumazwe Russian. Ngoku umzabalazo samandla ndahlukane izilawuli Russian, waza wahamba ngaphakathi endlwini njengenkosana. Kodwa ukuyilwa karhulumente Enkulu Russian baba ayibuyiseki umva, waza waba bonke zibonwa ikomkhulu eMoscow.