Ukubusa Novgorod. Iimpawu ubulawuli Novgorod

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-12 Kievan Rus kwasekwa izilawuli ezincinane kunye ezinkulu 15. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, inani labo landa ku-50. Ukuwa state nje ezimbi (eziphango phambi ayehlasela Mongols), kodwa ezintle.

Russia nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba wobukhosi ukuqhekeka

Kwezinye izilawuli kunye nempahla baqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza imizi baqalisa ukwakha nokuphuhlisa ubudlelane zorhwebo kunye aseBalti kunye amaJamani. Buqapheleke na utshintsho kwi inkcubeko yasekuhlaleni: yemihla zidalwe, ukwakha izakhiwo ezitsha kunye nangaphezulu.

Amazwe ezinkulu

Xa urhulumente kwakukho izilawuli amakhulu. Ezi, ingakumbi, kungathathwa nje Chernihiv, Kyïv, Seversk. Nangona kunjalo, le inkulu kwakusithiwa iinkalo ezintathu: Compostela-Volhynia emzantsi-ntshona, Novgorod kunye Vladimir-Suzdal emntla-mpuma. Ezi maziko eziphambili kwezopolitiko karhulumente ngelo xesha. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba bonke bephela waba iimpawu zazo ahlukile. Okulandelayo, makhe sithethe yintoni na iimpawu ubulawuli Novgorod.

Overview

Kusenzima imvelaphi awucacanga ngokupheleleyo, waqalisa uphuhliso ubulawuli Novgorod kuzo. Ukukhankanywa yokuqala isixeko ephambili mmandla kwakucingwa ukuba kunyaka 859-th. Noko ke, loo nto ixela ukuba ngeli xesha chroniclers zange ukusebenzisa iirekhodi yemozulu (bona wabonakala 10-11 leminyaka ukuya), yaye baqokelela ezo ntsomi okuye kakhulu zithandwa phakathi kwabantu. Emva Russia wathabatha phezu isithethe yaseByzantium yamabali wokuqulunqa, ababhali kwakufuneka enze amabali, ngokuzimeleyo ukuqikelela umhla phambi kokuqala iingxelo zemozulu. Kakade ke, lo ukuthandana engachananga kude, ngoko musa ukuthembela ngaye kulandela ngokupheleleyo.

SeLizwe "Novgorod Land"

Yintoni na kummandla kumaxesha amandulo? Novgorod lithetha "omtsha isixeko." Isixeko e Rus sakudala esibizwa ngokuba enqatyisiweyo zokuhlala engqongwe ngeendonga. Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana iindawo zokuhlala ezintathu ise kwintsimi, nto leyo inxaxheba kule ubulawuli Novgorod. I indawo okuyo kwimimandla ethile kwenye yeziKronike. Ngokutsho ndawo ulwazi phezu kodonga lasekhohlo Volkhov (ngoku incwadi yesicelo).

Ngokuhamba zokuhlala ixesha zadityaniswa elinye. Abahlali wakha amandla jikelele. Waye wabizwa Novgorod. Umphengululi Bow yasungulwa imbono sele ezikhoyo ukuba ezihlangwini ngembali isixeko intsha kwisixeko samandulo. Yayikumgama isuntswana eliphezulu kufutshane umthombo Volkhov. Ngokutsho yemicimbi yemihla, ekwahlala yamandulo yaba zokuhlala enqatyisiweyo. Yaqhubeka abathetheli ubulawuli Novgorod kunye neerhuluneli zabo. mbali Local wada wavakalisa kakhulu vekeleke ngenkalipho ukuba yokuhlala aphila Rurik. Xa sijonge yonke le nto, ke kunokuthiwa ukuba zokuhlala kwalo mba kunye ubulawuli Novgorod. Zokungqinga Indawo Geographical kungathathwa ye, classes olongezelelweyo. Ulwandle lwema phezu iVolga-Baltic ndlela yaye kuqwalaselwa ngelo xesha urhwebo enkulu kangangoko kunye yobugcisa, yomkhosi indawo yolawulo.

Iimpawu ubulawuli Novgorod

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala bobukho bayo, le ndawo ezincinane (ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje). Novgorod waba ngokhuni ngokupheleleyo. Yayikumgama macala omabini komlambo, nto leyo kakhulu into ekhethekileyo, ngenxa yokuba ngokuqhelekileyo imizana phezu kwentaba kunye kwicala elinye. Abemi zokuqala ekwakheni izindlu zabo kufuphi namanzi, kodwa ungabi kufutshane kakhulu kuyo, ngenxa kwemilambo kunokuba rhoqo. Streets zakhiwa nkqo ukuya Volkhov. Emva kwethutyana ke kwangena kwendlela "ukwaphula-out" wagidima ngaxeshanye ukuya emlanjeni. Phezu kodonga lasekhohlo kwezindonga incwadi yesicelo. Ngelo xesha lilincinane kakhulu kunalowo bumi Novgorod namhlanje. Kwelinye yebhanki ezilalini ibekwe Manor Slovenian kwaye inkundla yenene.

Imibhalo Russian

ubulawuli Novgorod okhankanywe kwiirekhodi incinane ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, ezi nkcukacha bambalwa na ixabiso elithile. In yemihla yomhla 882, lo nyaka, wathetha ngalo iphulo Prince Oleg ukuya eKiev evela Novgorod. Ngenxa yoko, sabadibanisa izizwe ezinkulu ezimbini Mpuma Slavic: Fields kunye Ilmen nokuxubana. Kwaba ukususela ngelo xesha kwaye iqala ibali karhulumente Old Russian. Irekhodi 912, unyaka zibonisa ukuba ubulawuli Novgorod kuhlawulwa Scandinavians kunyaka ukuya 300 hryvnia ekugcinweni koxolo.

Iirekhodi zezinye iintlanga

ubulawuli Novgorod okhankanywe yeziKronike baseByzantium. Umzekelo, uMlawuli uConstantine VII wabhala Rousseau ngenkulungwane ye-10. Kule sagas yaseScandinavia sahlanganisa ubulawuli Novgorod. Kwabonakala le ntsomi zokuqala ukususela wolawulo koonyana Sviatoslav. Emva kokufa kwakhe, phakathi koonyana bakhe ababini Oleg kunye Yaropolk ngumzabalazo amandla. Kulo 977 kunyaka we edabini kwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, oko Jaropolk woyisa amajoni Oleg waza waba Grand Duke, etyelwe Novgorod posadniks zabo. Kwakukho umzalwana wesithathu. Kodwa uloyiko yokuba abulawe, uVladimir wabalekela yaseScandinavia. Noko ke, ukungabikho kwakhe yayiyinto elifutshane ixesha elide. Ngo-980, unyaka wabuyela ubulawuli Novgorod ne Vikings usiqeshileyo. Emva koko woyisa posadniks yaye wafudukela eKiev. Apho Jaropolk Vladimir wahliswa etroneni waza waba Prince of Kiev.

inkolo

Novgorod ubulawuli hlobo luza kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba akazange athethe ngokubaluleka kokholo kubomi babantu. I-989 wabhaptizwa. Okokuqala, oko e Kiev, kwaza ke esikhundleni Novgorod. Power kwiziko ngeendleko amaKristu sihamba yayo. Lo mbutho ibandla yakhiwa ngendlela oluneqela elinegunya. Lube sisixhobo esinamandla ukuyilwa sokumiswa Russian. Kulo nyaka ubhaptizo Novgorod wathunyelwa nguJoachim Korsunianin (umbingeleli baseByzantium). Kodwa ke, ndimele ndithi ukuba kubuKristu nje wanamathela. Abahlali abaninzi Musa ukungxama ukuba ahlukane ukholo wooyise. Ngokutsho ngabembi, izithethe ezininzi zobuhedeni wasinda ukuya kangangeenkulungwane 11-13. Kwaye, umzekelo, Mardi Gras lubhiyozelwa namhlanje. Nangona le holide wanginika imibala zamaKristu.

umsebenzi Yaroslava

Emva Vladimir waba Prince of Kiev, koko wathunyelwa Novgorod Vysheslav, unyana, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe - Yaroslav. Igama yokugqibela lilinge ezinxulumene ukuphelisa yempembelelo Kiev. Ukususela ngo 1014, unyaka Yaroslav wala ukuhlawula irhafu. Vladimir ubuyazi loo nto, waqalisa ukuqokelela squad, kodwa elungiswa wafa ngesiquphe. Enyukele itrone Svyatopolk wogwetywa. Wababulala abazalwana bakhe Svyatoslav Drevlyansky yaye kamva zichongwe njengengcwele kunye Boris Gleb. Yaroslav waba kakhulu isikhundla esinzima. Kwelinye icala, ukuba neze ekuthatheni amandla e Kiev. Kodwa kwelinye icala - squad sakhe engenamandla ngokwaneleyo. Emva koko wagqiba kwelokuba sibuyele Novgorod intetho. Jaroslav wabongoza abantu ukuba bambambe eKiev, babuyele ngaloo ngokwabo konke oko uyasuswa ngohlobo lerhafu. Abahlali wavuma, yaye emva kwexesha elithile kwi Idabi Liubech Svyatopolk waye intloko batsho abalekela ePoland.

Ezinye izenzakalo

Ngowe-1018, lo nyaka, kunye neqela Boleslaw (kayise umfazi wakhe noKumkani Poland) Svyatopolk wabuyela eRashiya. Ekulweni Bayingenela Yaroslav ngokucokisekileyo (wagidima kunye amadoda amane evela entsimini). Wayefuna ukuya Novgorod, yaye emva koko wayecebe ukuba afudukele yaseScandinavia. Kodwa ke abantu ukuba makenze loo nto. Bagawula zonke ehlasela, eqokelelweyo imali, kunye nomkhosi entsha, kuvumela Prince ukuqhubeka ukulwa. Ngeli xesha, siqinisekile ukuba ohleli ngokwaneleyo ngokuqinileyo etroneni Svyatopolk babelwe uKumkani Poland. Ndayihluthwa yenkxaso, walahlekelwa kuliwee-Alta. Jaroslav emva Idabi Novgorod wakhupha ekhaya, ebanika izatifikethi ezikhethekileyo - "Inyaniso" yaye "Articles of Association". Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwafuneka ukuba baphile. Ebudeni eminyaka alandelayo, lo ubulawuli Novgorod kwakuxhomekeke eKiev. Okokuqala nje irhuluneli Yaroslav wathumela unyana wakhe kulya. Emva koko wathumela Vladimir, owathi ngo-1044, kunyaka wabeka inqaba. Kunyaka olandelayo, ngokomyalelo yakhe baqalisa ukwakha icawa entsha ilitye endaweni Nozipho ngamaplanga (awayitshisayo). Ukususela ngelo xesha, itempile kungumqondiso ngokomoya Novgorod.

inkqubo yezopolitiko

Waba ngokuthe ngcembe. iiphiriyodi ezimbini ume ngaphandle kwimbali. Ekuqaleni kwakukho republic feudal, leyo yayilawulwa isikhulu. Kwaye ke wesibini - ulawulo ekule oligarchy. Ngeli xesha lokuqala ubulawuli Novgorod yayikhona onke amalungu ezinkulu kwamandla karhulumente. Higher Institute iqwalasela Boyarsky Council kunye Chamber. Amandla elilawulayo lwanikwa tysyatsky kunye neenkundla njengenkosana, burgomaster, usodolophu, volosteli kunye volostelyami yolawulo. Veche yaba nentsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Kuye ingqalelo igunya elongamileyo apha yaye amandla ngaphezu kwezinye izilawuli. Veche kusonjululwa imiba indalo basekhaya angaphandle, angamgxothi okanye wakhetha umlawuli, ipoma kunye namanye amagosa. Kwakhona yeyona nkundla iphezulu. Enye umzimba iBhunga izinduna. Eli lungu zigxile lonke ulawulo inkqubo yasezidolophini. Ukubunjwa weBhunga kwakukho abemi wabanumzana, abadala, tysyatskiye, posadniki, uBhishophu kunye Prince. Amandla umlawuli yaba sincinci kakhulu iimpawu kunye nomthamo, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kwinkokeli olawulo. candidacy yokuQala umthetheli elizayo kwaxoxwa iBhunga izinduna. Emva koko, wacelwa ukuba ukusayinwa ukuvunywa contract. It eyayilawula ubume bezomthetho karhulumente kunye neemfanelo abasemagunyeni ngokunxulumene komlawuli. Inkulu wayehlala enkundleni yakhe ngaphandle Novgorod. Umlawuli unelungelo lokwenza imithetho, ndivakalisa imfazwe okanye noxolo. Kunye ne Posadnik Prince umthetho umkhosi. Imiqobo ezikhoyo akazange avumele abalawuli ukudibanisa isixeko uwafake kwi sikhundla kolawulo.