Ukuhlelwa kobutyebi ulwazi. Yintoni i parameters zisetyenziselwa ukuhlelwa imithombo yolwazi

Kule nkulungwane ngekhompyutha indawo ekhethekileyo kubomi yoluntu kuthatha ingqikelelo ulwazi. Kusetyenziswa langoku ibakala parameters zophuhliso zoluntu ukuhlelwa izixhobo zolwazi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho iintlobo ezininzi wokwahlula idata ulwazi kwiiklasi kunye namaqela. Noko ke, ngokubanzi, ukuhlelwa imithombo yolwazi yehlabathi ngayo nayiphi na indlela yokuzahlula phantse efanayo. Umahluko inokuba kuphela kwezinye iindlela olunemiqathango xa iintlobo ezithile kwezibonelelo ulwazi (IR) linokukwenziwa kuyo naliphi iqela kwimihlaba ezikhathazayo.

Ingcamango lwemithombo yolwazi kunye yokuhlelwa kwazo (iintlobo ezisisiseko)

Ukuba ujonga ingqikelelo kolwazi kunye nolwazi imithombo ngokwengqiqo ebanzi la magama, kodwa ingachazwa njenge uhlobo ulwazi malunga ihlabathi, ezenzeka ngayo iinkqubo, abantu, izinto, iziganeko, izenzakalo, izibakala, njalo njalo. E., Enoba uhlobo ntetho, umntu ufumana aze ibonisa engqondweni yakho.

Ngako oko, le resource ulwazi uthathwa ukuba iifayili uxwebhu okanye amaxwebhu sithathwa ngokwahlukeneyo, ezithi zigcinwe neenkqubo ezichaphazelekayo (iibhanki data, i-intanethi, amathala eencwadi, iziseko, oovimba, unxibelelwano, njalo njalo).

Ukuhlelwa kobutyebi ulwazi lwenziwa ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela ezisisiseko okanye iimpawu ezikuvumela ukwabelana R & D kwi kwiiklasi ezinkulu ezimbalwa, yaye ngaphezu kwako konke, bejonga kokufumaneka: vula (yoluntu), ivaliwe (kunye ukufikelela limited), ulwazi lobuqu. Kodwa ezi zidingo R & D kwisahlulo iintlobo ezisisiseko ayiphelelanga.

Iintlobo izixhobo zolwazi kunye nokubekwa kwawo

Xa ngobuwena elide ngakumbi, lo ukwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela mazenziwe kuthathelwa iinqobo ezongezelelweyo akhawunti. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe apha ukuba langoku inqanaba lophuhliso loluntu ingqiqo lolwazi, okanye MI, kuhlangene kunye namaxwebhu (ekuthiwa-inolwazi lokugcina). Kuyaqondakala ukuba naluphi na uhlobo kweenkcukacha okanye zigcinwe kwi uhlobo oluthile eendaba (ushicilelo, media ikhompyutha, iiseva, amajelo onxibelelwano, njalo njalo. D.).

Ukongeza, isicelo ngokwahlukeneyo ezinjalo elinkeza ukuhlelwa izibonelelo nolwazi kwisahlulo lwabo zokubhala kunye mobile.

Eyona iphambili ndlela kwi Ulwahlulo lwe-R & D

Ukuba sithethe malunga imiyalelo eziphambili eqeleni R & D kwi kwiiklasi ngokutsho kwezinye iindlela, uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana ezininzi iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Noko ke, phakathi kwabo bonke izizathu apho ngokucalula nokwahlula imithombo yolwazi, ungakhetha kakhulu ezingundoqo:

• nokudalwa umthombo;
• kwi izinga lokufikelela;
• injongo eyenzelwe yona;
• yi indlela ntetho kunye nohlobo yenethiwekhi;
• ngohlobo kobunini;
• yi indlela yombutho kunye nokugcinwa;
• isiqulatho;
• kwi yolwimi yesizwe kunye isiseko komhlaba liqela elingonanga okanye eendawo;
• inqanaba lobuchule, njalo-njalo. d.

Iklasi inkulu bonke luphawu umxholo. Oku kuza kuxoxwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Cinga amanye amacandelo.

Phakathi imithombo yokudala IR ukwahlula eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. Oku kubandakanya ukwahlulwa ulwazi yezomthetho non-zomthetho (ezingafakwanga kumaxwebhu obhaliso lwabafundi) ukuba ngaphandle kolawulo ngokwemigaqo nemimiselo yomthetho.

Eli candelo isekelwe phezu ukufikelela kunokuba ulwazi loluntu okanye lwabucala kunye ukufikelela kuwo (umzekelo, urhulumente, into eluncedo, iimfihlelo zorhwebo okanye idata yobuqu).

Xa sibeke idla kulandelayo imithombo yolwazi :

• siqu;
• yobambiswano;
• izixhobo zoshishino;
• amajelo eendaba;
• nkqubo;
• imfundo;
• yenkcubeko;
• kwizibonelelo imibutho kunye namaziko;
• iinkonzo, kunye neenkonzo;
• Entertainment;
• umdlalo;
• nolonwabo;
• ibhodi;
• Software kunye nokugcinwa eendaba, njalo-njalo. D.

Ngoku makhe sibone oko parameters zisetyenziselwa ngokuhlelwa kwezibonelelo olulwazi indlela ntetho.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuquka ingqikelelo (amaxwebhu iincwadi, amaphephandaba, iimagazini mashinopechatnye) nzima iikopi, Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye ngekhompyutha (digital resources) amajelo eendaba (audio, ividiyo, yokufota kunye umboniso, iiCompact Disks, izixhobo nememori, ikhompyutha nzima drives) kunye neendlela unxibelelwano (irediyo, TV, online).

Phakathi nobunini babucala abalaseleyo (private, corporate), urhulumente kunye federal ezidityanelweyo (ehlangeneyo), ubutyebi kamasipala,, kuzwelonke.

Ngokwemiqathango mbutho kunye nokugcinwa yokuhlelwa imithombo yolwazi kolunye enxulumene iintlobo zosasazo (bamajelo osasazo digital), kwaye ubonelela ingqiqo kwamathala, iziseko, oovimba, iinkcukacha, iifayile uxwebhu kunye neefom ezenzekelayo.

Ngenxa kazwelonke-ndawo ukungazibandakanyi, ndiyacinga, yonke into icacile, kodwa ngokwemiqathango iqondo lwengqibelelo lomahluko wenziwa ngenxa yokuba orientation ukuba ubunzima okanye umsebenzisi umsebenzi.

Iintlobo lwezifundo ingqikelelo-R & D

Ngokubhekiselele kumaqumrhu R & D, apha kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili:

• bamazwe okanye abantu lizwe;
• umbutho;
• amaziko amandla karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba.

Ukwahlukanisa umxholo

Cinga candelo likhulu lonikezelo IR - umxholo - umzekelo yokuhlelwa kwemithombo iinkcukacha khrayitheriya zithile. Ngokubanzi, iquka la maqela alandelayo:

• iincwadi weendawo nezesayensi;
• ulwazi background;
• iintengiso;
• iindaba;
• ushicilelo lombhalo.

Ukuba ukhangela le miba ibanzi thile umzekelo, omnye ukwahlula:

• ulwazi ishishini (ezoqoqosho, ezemali, ezorhwebo, ushishino, statistics);
• kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nolwazi yomthetho;
• ulwazi lwenzululwazi nobugcisa;
• abathengi kunye namanye amajelo eendaba;
• iintengiselwano electronic;
• Computing nonxibelelwano.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, naluphi na uhlobo lwemithombo yolwazi wanikela namhlanje ukwabiwa R & D ngezizathu ezithile inokuba nomahluko kwabanye abafana kuyo. Noko ke, ngalo mzuzu sinomdla ngakumbi iinkcukacha-elektroniki.

Eyona eziphambili ze ulwazi ngekhompyutha

Ukuhlelwa kobutyebi ulwazi (computer ngqo kule amanqaku) kwimeko jikelele ibandakanya iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ngeendlela-IR kwingongoma nganye ukusetyenziswa:

• intanethi - ufikelelo ngqo ukuya kuxwebhu umncedisi nge network;
• offline - ngokusebenzisa amaxwebhu, iinkcukacha, okanye amaqhekeza kwaso ngendlela leekopi data zaseprayimari evela kwiseva, egcinwe kwi-elektroniki.

Ngandlel 'ithile, ulwazi yokuhlela yekhompyutha ngandlel efanayo ukwahlulwa umxholo, kodwa ukongezelela kukho iprofayile market software:

• software yorhwebo;
• ezamahala software (freeware), kuquka iimveliso open-umthombo (GNU GPL imvumelwanoName);
• shareware (shareware).

Ngenxa ukongeza ngakumbi, eminye imithombo zibonisa icandelo ngeenkonzo zolwazi kunye nenkonzo.

Ingcamango xwebhu ngekhompyutha

Uxwebhu le hlobo kwiimeko ezininzi bayaqonda zibhalwe ingcaciso enikwe nge-elektroniki, kwimbono apho iinkqubo zekhompyutha kunye computer kunye ukugqithisa - zonxibelelwano kunye nezixhobo onxibelelwano.

Olu hlobo lolwazi angamelwa njengoko izifayile ezisecaleni, iinkcukacha, kunye kwimiboniso okanye iinkqubo automated. Ngaphezu koko, kwaye okubaluleke kakhulu nomba ngokwasemthethweni nokusetyenziswa ngokusemthethwen amaxwebhu ezithile, iinkqubo ukuqiniszekiswa kunye isatifikethi, kwakunye ekukhuseleni iinkcukacha kulo naliphi na inqanaba kunye uhlobo lokufikelela.

Ukuhlelwa kolwazi kwi Internet

Ukuhlelwa kobutyebi inkcazelo ngekhompyutha abuyonto ngokupheleleyo ukuba kujongwane nemiba ye Internet, ngenxa yokuba namhlanje uninzi amaxwebhu electronic ezikhoyo apho.

Nazi ezinye iindlela ezisisiseko:

• ntetho (amaphepha e web, ulwazi, kunye iiseva ifayile, iinkcukacha, eendaba);
• isiseko kwezolwimi ndawo;
• umxholo kunye t. d.

Iintlobo kwemithombo Internet

Iintlobo kunye nokubekwa kwezibonelelo zemfundo ulwazi kwinkqubo yezemfundo exutyushwayo iinkcukacha ezaneleyo. Noko ke, unako ukuzisa ezinye izongezelelo ukuba ziquka ukwabiwa kwe-R & D kwiiklasi ingqikelelo iintlobo ulongezo lwezibonelelo online.

Njengoko umthetho, phakathi khrayitheriya zezi zilandelayo:

• kunye ukuphelela olusebenzayo isiqulatho;
• Umgaqo yokuxhulumana kunye umsebenzisi (sokwaziswa, interactive);
• izinga nokufikeleleka.

Umxholo sites zisasazwe kwi (iphepha emfutshane nolwazi olusisiseko) amancinane, iiblogu (amaphepha zobuqu), iindawo zentengiso (ukuthengisa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo), iivenkile elektroniki kunye neenkonzo, iziza zolwazi kunye umxholo othile, ze web (resources ezinkulu okanye Internet -soobschestva), ii-ofisi yequmrhu (esizisebenzelayo iinkampani), iinkqubo zolawulo ishishini, intanethi ezihlanganisiweyo intranet (ngaphakathi kunye nothungelwano wangaphandle).

Xa intsebenziswano kunye umsebenzisi ukwahlula ezi ntlobo ze-R & D, njengoko ingcaciso (kukufuma-, amajelo eendaba, umabonwakude, unomathotholo), isicelo (ithala leencwadi online software yokugcina ulwazi kunye nesakhono umxokozelo, iinjini zokuphendla), ngqo-zonxibelelwano (networks zentlalo, Internet -soobschestva), ukuzonwabisa (imidlalo, umculo, iividiyo, iziqhulo njalo njalo. d.), zorhwebo (sites kunye neenkonzo kuhlawulwa kunye noovimba online), intengiso intshumayelo IR.

Ukuba sithethe iqondo nokufikeleleka, le njengenqobo kwenza kube lula ukwabelana R & D kwi uluntu (luvuleleke kubo bonke abasebenzisi ngaphandle kokukhetha), intranet (ufikelelo kuqingqelwa ukuba abasebenzi nawuphi na umbutho ngaphakathi intranet), extra-network (ukuba kufakwa kwi-intanethi, kodwa ukungena inani eliqingqiweyo abasebenzisi ).

iinkonzo zolwazi

Okokugqibela, kufuneka athi malunga neenkonzo zolwazi. Kwindawo yokuqala kolu didi ayikhuphi iinkonzo zokuqala zokukhangela nokuhoywa ulwazi, kukhutshwe ngokwesicelo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-adyumenti kunye nolwazi yokugcina.

Icandelo lesibini ibalulekileyo kukubonelela ngeenkonzo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-Internet, iinkcukacha kunye Ais, phezu ukufikelela kwi-Internet okanye uthungelwano kunye nonxibelelwano lolwazi, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-e-mail kunye nenkonzo ukusingatha (ukuyilwa amaphepha buqu).

protection IR

Kwaye, akubuzwa bathi, nayiphi R & D kufuneka bakhuselwe kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, yaye akukho mahluko ukuba yintoni uhlobo okulo, nokuba kukweyiphi eliphakathi apho zigcinwa.

Ngaphezu koko, phantsi ukhuseleko ukuwaqonda umba ngokusemthethweni (umthetho copyright, kweelayisenisi, certification), kunye nenkqubo kuthetha ngohlobo software unqulo okanye Firewall (firewalls - software okanye "intsimbi"), cryptographic ubuchwepheshe data encryption okanye uqhagamshelwano njalo njalo. .

isiphelo

Njengoko kubonakala ngentla apha, ukuhlelwa imithombo yolwazi kunokuphumela kakhulu kakhulu, ingakumbi ukuba uthathe ingqalelo kuwe inani elikhulu kweekhrayitheriya ezahlukahlukeneyo nga tirhisiwaka kwimeko nganye. Ayisafuni nakucaciswa yona into yokuba TS ukwahlukana eqhelekileyo ezithile kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo embodiments ezahlukeneyo inokuba nomahluko. Noko ke, ngokubanzi zonke ziyafana kakhulu yaye izinto ezininzi ngazo. Okokugqibela, zonke iiklasi R & D ukuba becala bezalana ngokusondeleyo, yaye yanikwa kuphela inxalenye encinane yonke into kuqwalaselwa, ukuba uchaze naziphi na uhlobo oluthile IR.