Ukukhetha Mass yezityalo lokuzala: Imizekelo

Nokuzalana isayensi ezivakalisa ezintsha izityalo, izilwanyana, iintsholongwane rocks. Isibaluli zokukhethwa kukho izinto ezintsha yaye ulungile ukhetho ngamnye kunye nobunzima njenge ndlela yokhetho.

Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuzala-eyayibanjwe crossover kunye wezakhi zofuzo umzekelo umzali waza wenza ukhetho ngumntu. Zonke iintlobo ezintsha, iintlobo, iintlobo, eyenziwe ngumntu, kufuneka iipropati ezithile morphological kunye nokomzimba. uhlobo ngalunye aguqulelwe imozulu ethile. Zonke izinto ezintsha ethatyathwe lukhangelwe, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo kwizikhululo ezizodwa.

indlela yokukhetha plant Mass

A Ukukhetha enkulu ngotyetyiso ezintsha izityalo ibandakanya uvuvuzelo iqela elikhulu lezityalo. Amaninzi, le ndlela isetyenziswa ukufuya iintlobo ezintsha rye, umbona, ujongilanga, ingqolowa. Xa ukubukelwa ezi zityalo, iintlobo ezintsha iqanjwa abameli uhlobo heterozygous kwaye kweejini ekhethekileyo.

A Ukukhetha enkulu ukuvelisa izinto ubonelela iintlobo ezintsha kunye iimpawu kuphuculwe. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela iya kuthathwa singazinzi ngenxa amathuba aphezulu ufumane isenzakalo cross-kwezichumiso (izinambuzane, neentaka).

Ukukhetha Mass kwezityalo - kwenkcazo iqela leesampulu zezityalo, efana omnye komnye ngokungqinelana nemigaqo emiselwe. Umzekelo woku yindlela sibumba isizukulwana esitsha ipapa. Ngokubanzi, ukuveliswa kwezityalo ukuzala-mass indlela kubandakanya elinywayo inani elikhulu iikopi kunye ukuhlaziya yophuhliso lwabo nokukhula, ukumelana nezifo, nezinambuzane. Yavavanywa inqanaba iimfuno precocity, imozulu, nemveliso. Xa ukuzala iintlobo ezintsha breeder rye, ekhethiweyo kuphela ezo imizekelo yezityalo ezibe ukumelana kakhulu kwiimpembelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye indlebe enkulu kunye nani likhulu yembewu. Xa reseeding umbandela ngenxa kwakhona ukhetha kuphela iintlobo abonisa icala akhe. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi sifumana iindidi ezintsha, izakhi efanayo. Oku a Ukukhetha enkulu. Imizekelo rye zikhwelwe ibonisa indlela ukhetho wenziwa zizityalo.

Ukukhetha Mass ineendlela ezininzi, izinto eziphambili iphakathi apho elula, iindleko-ukusebenza kunye nokukwazi ukufumana ngokukhawuleza iintlobo ezintsha kwezityalo. Bobubi ziquka ukungakwazi ukufumana uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwe wenzala.

Nokulunga Ukukhetha mass

Xa usebenza self-ezimvumvuzelwa kwaye cross-ezimvumvuzelwa kusetyenziswa ukhetho beyunithi indlela yokhetho. impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke isakhi, imfuza, ixabiso isampuli ekhethiweyo.

Ukuba gene banoxanduva iimpawu zesifo sizingise, ngenxa yokukhethwa liya kuba phezulu.

Xa ukhetho izityalo ilifa iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo inqanyulelwe isivumelwano, iklasi unikwe igama. Kwimeko yokuba baqhube kakubi iyaqhubeka ukusebenza ngenketho. It ihlala nje abalimi abayifumani zonke iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo xa kujongwe isivuno, ubungakanani iziqhamo, ukumelana izinto eziyingozi, nezinambuzane, izifo. Yaye ukhetho omkhulu inzala ngaphambili okhethiweyo ngamanye amaxesha wahlukile kamva, ezithatyathwe nabazali babo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Kuba ixabiso ngempumelelo isampuli yokuzalela. Ukuba umbandela kuthathwa kunye namazinga asezantsi, ngoko ke isityalo ngazo ukudandatheka yokuzalisana, nto leyo ikhokelele izivuno lifinyele.

Ukukhetha Mass kakhulu ngempumelelo xa kudityaniswe iindlela zokubakhetha ezongeziweyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kusetyenziswa kubanjiswene ne hybridization, izityalo polyploid ngotyetyiso.

hybridization

Hybrid - esi sityalo sizukulwana sokuqala elo ke linyuke ubomi imbiza kunye nemveliso eliphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne iifomu umzali. Ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa imbewu ibhastile genes abazali azalwa kutshatyalaliswa.

Ukukhetha polyploid

indlela polyploidy kwakhona siyasebenza gqith. Xa ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha, abalimi basebenzisa polyploidy, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ukwanda ubukhulu iseli kunye nezityalo phindo zofuzo.

Inani elikhulu chromosome kwandisa ukungawi izityalo zizifo ngezifo imiba eyahlukeneyo ezingalunganga. Ukuba zofuzo umonakalo izityalo abanye eziliqela kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Zonke izityalo wafumana indlela yokukhetha polyploid abe nempumelelo kakhulu.

Imizekelo Ukukhetha mass

Imizekelo ukulungiselela gqith by Ukukhetha ubunzima nerorho. Esi sityalo efunyanwa ukuwela ingqolowa nespelete. Kwibakala elitsha enokumelana iqabaka phezulu, ruggedness, kunye nokumelana kwizifo ezininzi.

ingqolowa Russian zemfundo wheatgrass iintlobo zezityalo entsha zifunyenwe ukuba nokumelana eliphezulu ukuya kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, izityalo zokuqala ayifanelekanga lokulungisa izinto zokutyala, njengoko ufuzo lwabo ezinamaphepha zofuzo ezahlukeneyo akazibandakanyi meiosis. Izifundo phambili, oko yaphakanyiswa phinda inani zofuzo ezithile. Umphumo waba amphidiploids umsebenzi.

Abalimi hybridization lwenziwa kunye isithombo ikhaphetshu. Ezi zityalo kufuneka inani twatse zofuzo. yaba sisiphumo yamva ephethe zofuzo-18, kodwa naziqhamo. Okuye kwalandela kabini inani zofuzo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni izityalo yemveliso ukuba zofuzo 36 neziqhamo. Iqumrhu ngenxa waba imiqondiso zekhaphetshu kunye isithombo.

Ukanti omnye umzekelo hybridization ingqolowa. Yaba ngukhokho hybrids heterosis. index nokuvuna inkcubeko gqith ebiphezu amathathu ekhulwini, kunokuba abazali babo.

isiphelo

acocekileyo kuphela izityalo ekhethiweyo xa umgca omtsha. Ngexesha amalinge owabeka ngxilimbela indibanisela kakhulu yimpumelelo. Iziphumo ezashicelelwayo nezathi zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ngakumbi yezityalo hybrid.

Uphuhliso iintlobo ezintsha ukhetho abaninzi nje, wenza kube lula ukufumana iintlobo eliphezulu-evelisa zengqolowa, irayisi, umbona, rye. Imizekelo imisebenzi enjalo imihlobo eziphuhliswe abalimi Russian. It vuno "Saratov-29", "Saratov-36," "Bezostaya-1", "Aurora". Baya abanganyangekiyo yokulalisa, phantse uyagula, esikwaziyo ukuvelisa isivuno ngcembe naziphi na iimeko zemozulu.