Ukuchaneka noluhlu ufakelo lomlilo "Grad". Volley "Grad": embindini wentshabalalo, TTX, amaqokobhe

Enye iisimboli iingxabano basekuhlaleni, emva kokutsha kwiindawo ezininzi kwawa yiSoviet Union, owayesakuba inxalenye yawo, yaba ukufakelwa "Grad". Iifoto umjukujelwa kunye zokudubula iinkqubo, epapashwe kumaphephandaba kumaphepha eempapasho intanethi, zisoloko ubungqina phambi Russian emkhosini, okanye kuba Imizobo ibonisa izimpi. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba wena akunguye usebenzisa i BM-21, elungileyo ngokwaneleyo. Ukusebenza kwalo isixhobo uphezulu kakhulu.

"Katyusha" kunye nophuhliso NWB

Kwilizwe lethu imvula ufakelo uvele ekuqaleni ngaphezu xa kwakutshabalala ihlabathi. Jet Research Institute inelungelo elilodwa lomenzi inkqubo yokuqalisa amazwe, ihlumelo imijukujelwa, ngo-1938. Ukususela ngoko, umsebenzi ekuphuculeni MRL lwaqhutywa kwi-USSR phantse rhoqo, bafumane uphuhliso okhethekileyo kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. "Katyusha" - la Guards edume mortars - babesilwa iikhompawundi lwezintlu regimental, kodwa amandla abo ugwayimbo onokufaniswa amaqela. umgaqo ivolibholi, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya imijukujelwa-zokudubula enye, uye iingcambu umkhosi ngesizathu esilula kakhulu. Ekubeni banesifo emva kowama-ngamahlanu imijukujelwa kwakukho ubukhulu becala olungalawulwayo, eqhutywa indlela wokuhlolwa eqhelekileyo kunye nokuchaneka embetha izixhobo zokudubula obuphantsi. betshisa fuel Ukunqongophala ngokulinganayo nokunyuka ukubetha yenzekile, ebangela amaxabiso ezinkulu elinazibini eziziintsali. Yokungenelela le nokubi yodwa ukusetyenziswa enkulu, ngenxa yaloo wabetha lo mmandla yonke into phezu kwabo ngaloo mzuzu ngayo. I-Second World War waphawulwa ngenxa yangqubana oluninzi lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu kunye nezixhobo. Ngokusekelwe amava olufunyenwe 1939 ukuya 1945, oko laliqulunqwe ingqikelelo kweenkqubo sungula irula ezininzi eziveliswe emva koko kwi-USSR. Imbetha ubuso bakhe babonakala BM (isithuthi ekulweni), ukuba malovyrazitelnoe index ye '21 ", oko imiselwe ku" Grad ". kuhlaselwa uluhlu uye enkulu kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa ne "Katyusha", firepower liye landa izihlandlo ezininzi.

inkqubo yakuqala

Xa banesifo kade ingcamango imvula ukuhlaselwa imijukujelwa, kwakunye ngokubanzi kubugcisa irula, inkokheli eSoviet zomkhosi iphathwa ethile urhano. Negalelo conservatism umkhosi ngokwesiqhelo kudityaniswe ngokuzithemba kwiintlobo engqiniweyo izixhobo. Noko ke, abathandi ezininzi uhlobo olutsha lwe nezikhali bakwazi ukwahlukana luvukelo, yaye kungekudala emva kokuba amaqela ukuhlasela isiJamani "Katyusha" wathabatha kwindawo ukudutyulwa, ukwenza ezintlwini bahlaseli ukudideka kunye uphaphazele. Isicelo ngempumelelo NWB ekulweni eYurophu yaye emva koko kwelaseAsiya (ngokuchasene Kwantung kudweliswe imikhosi Japanese) ekugqibeleni yalomeleza ubunkokheli kaStalin kwiingcinga malunga imfuneko yophuhliso ngakumbi eli candelo lezobuchwepheshe emkhosini. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala 50 imifuziselo ezintsha zaphuhliswa zaze zamkelwa. BM-14 MS ukuvuleka kunye ummandla ekujoliswe 140 mm ukuba hit i parameter ezilishumi. BM-24 ladubula phambili, ukuya ku-16 800 m. Kwakubonakala ngathi nantoni ugqibeleleyo ukwenza nzima, ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba isebe jikelele zokudubula kunokuba endala kunye nesiseko lobuchule, kodwa kuxhomekeke inkqubela yenzululwazi, ezifana eyama okanye weenqanawa. Guns kunye howitzers zisetyenziselwa eminyaka ngaphandle kwazo utshintsho kwisakhiwo, kwaye abamangali nabani. Noko ke, ngokokubona lowo wengcibi yokuluka enkulu AN Gonicheva, u nga babeseza lukhulu. NgoMeyi 1960 yena lowo wafumana umsebenzi obalulekileyo karhulumente. TTX ukufaka "Grad", ukudalwa apho wabelwa, kwafuneka ngaphezulu kakhulu yoMgaqo-BM-14 kunye BM-24, sele kwinkonzo.

Tasks nozimanya ngokupheleleyo

Ayikho into design entsha revolution ekuqaleni akazange oceba ukuzisebenzisa. Imigaqo ngokubanzi ngokuqhelekileyo kwasekwa. Bekucingelwa ukuba projectile engamafutha eqinileyo, le isuke yi isicelo ubunzima imikhosi kunye iimpawu iimeko yokugcina kwi izitora umgca ngaphambili kwimeko ungquzulwano yasemkhosini. Sixhobo Ukuchaneka ukufaka "Grad" kungaphuculwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe yimiqolo tubular ngakumbi ambathe ingakhankanywanga kumda wesangqa yeentshukumo ngexesha lokuqalisa-up ne-moya yokuqala. Le torque umoya a projectile kunye enye ukwenzela ukunciphisa kwelifu kwenzeka kuphela enkosi ekwenzeni ilahlwe kwi-engile kumgca moya, kodwa ngenxa ezikhethekileyo isikhokelo-vee, ndinqumle kulo umphanda, kanye njengoko kubhaliwe iphunyeziwe ngemipu zokudubula. Kunye nezinye izinto enokuthi angafundisi parameters ukudubula, yaye kufuneka silwe, hayi kuphela imikhosi yentloko lombutho yoyilo, kodwa ngezivumelwano. DB wadala SKB-203, iiseli amafutha waphendula ESRI № 6 kunye ezase sele asakhasayo GSKB-47. Igama "yeposi", yaye namhlanje bambalwa abantu ngento, wathi, yaye emva koko, ngo-1960, yaye ngakumbi njalo. Yonke kwezikhali wadalwa emfihlekweni, kuquka ukufakelwa "Grad". Photo AMAGQABAZA ▸ agcinwe iifolda ngokukhethekileyo kwamaxhalanga engqongqo. Bonke abasebenzi inxaxheba ekudalweni NWB entsha, wanika ehambelana yorhumo isivumelwano pahaha. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, akukho namnye abasebenzi amashishini zokhuselo ababa zindwendwele ngaphesheya, nkqu kumazwe yobusoshiyali.

test

Ekupheleni kuka 1961 ukulungele sokuhlola lokuqala pre-ufakelo lomlilo ivolibholi "Grad", ngoko omnye. Main Missile kunye zokudubula loMlawuli yiSoviet Army ngasemthonjeni kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma okuphekiweyo (kummandla iLeningrad) ukwenzela kuhlelwa lokwazisa 650 imijukujelwa saza saqhubeka iimvavanyo ngobude kwindlela kweekhilomitha 10,000 isebenza. Akwaziwa nokuba isiphoso sele ikhawuleza, kodwa uluhlu isisu semoto iyonke yaphuka, wakwazi ukuba kudlula km 3300 kuphela, emva koko kwisakhelo eyaphukileyo. Kwisisu semoto kwafuneka itshintshwe, kodwa kwacaca phandle, ingxaki wayengekho random, kodwa lwenkqubo. Phantsi yempembelelo imithwalo ezinamandla yadilika iibhulorho amabini kunye umphini eziphosakeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi iinkathazo musa kuthintela ukwamkelwa kuluntu. Iimeko test, umgama ukubaleka ngokugqithiseleyo wayebekwe khona. Faka "Grad" baqala ukususela 1964 ukuya kufika kwiiyunithi zomkhosi.

mechanism nokukhomba

Kakade ke, indlela ebalulekileyo kakhulu kule nkqubo lomlilo ivolibholi baba amanani, kuqinisekiswa yi badubula uvavanyo, kunokuba yokusebenza uqhuba. Ukusuka eMoscow Vladivostok, i NWB phantsi amandla ayo ukuqhuba akukho mntu uya kukuhlangula, kukho ezinye iindlela, kunye nazingxaki ezamahala run kweekhilomitha ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu wathetha lukhulu malunga kwisisu semoto, ngokubanzi, zenziwa kangako, nangona, kunye nesidingo kwezinye yokukhulisa. Iyunithi iphambili matshini na warhead equlathe amane (10 ngenani), Iityhubhu sikhokelo, i-3 yemitha ubude kunye ne ubudeki yangaphakathi 122,4 mm. Beqhumisa lomqolo setting "Grad" kuxhomekeke utyekelo unit umboko kuthelekiswa-moya tyaba, i-engile echazwe isixhobo emcela. Lendawo ise embindini isiseko nangemigaqo walo gearbox ngomatshini, oquka izibini ezimbini kinematic: umngxuma gear ivili gear lokukhokela kunye nezixhobo iimpethu, nge leyo idala ekuphakameni oyifunayo. Iqhutywa ngendlela isikhokelo esebenzisa actuator okanye ngesandla.

ezintsha zokwakha

TTX Lokulinganisa "Grad" uhlobene ngqo iimpawu imijukujelwa ngazo kuyo imilibo.

Owona nenqaba for MB-ezicwangcisiweyo 21 eliphezulu-zivutha imizili 9M22. imveliso kwayo unikwe inombolo izityalo 176, nto leyo 1964 yaba ukuvelisa amawaka 10 ziingceba. Noko ke, emsebenzini, inkampani aluphumelelanga, ubunzima engalindelekanga kunye neengxaki ebezingalindelekanga. Ngexesha lekota yokuqala zesityalo likwazile ukukhulula imijukujelwa 650 kunye ezase 350 kubo. Ukuzithethelela ukunyhashwa ishedyuli ezisenokusebenza ezintsha efuna ithuba ukuziphumeza, kodwa ngenxa yezifundo zobugcisa ukuphucula kwixesha elizayo. Xa ngokuthi of uMyili Jikelele Alexander Ganicheva iveziwe indlela housings yokuvelisa bafaniswe hood sheet sentsimbi, efana naleyo isetyenziselwa ekwenzeni ukuba iqokobhe zokudubula. Eku sunguleni, a rocket lazithwebula zibe iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano ngomshini evela billets eqinileyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni umbane ophezulu ngentsimbi kunye iindleko ezingeyomfuneko zabasebenzi. Enye indlela ezintsha iye isetyenziswe indlela nokubopha ekwenzeni projectile yokukhwabusha leyo luphinde ludubuleke sentlalo "Grad". 9M22 ukuhlasela uluhlu engaphezulwana nje kancinane kune km 20. Nciphisa umgama azikho ngokupheleleyo ngokwemigqaliselo ukuchaneka. Ukwandiswa iingongoma egqithiseleyo esiphezulu. Enyanisweni, i ufakelo ubuncinane badubula ibanga "Grad", wazibeka-5 km, lunemiqathango, umlilo lunokwenzeka kwaye kumgama oyi kweekhilomitha enye enesiqingatha, kodwa basengozini enkulu nceda musa ukuya apho ufuna, ukuba amandla enkulu etshabalalisayo izixhobo kunokubangela imiphumo ebuhlungu kakhulu.

"Ukumbiwa" ubugcisa sifanelekile na. izindlu enomjukujelwa iye yaba lula ngokwenene. Iwenza imveliso, kodwa yaba impumelelo enkulu. uluhlu ufakelo lomlilo "Grad" liye landa kakhulu. into kwi projectile efanayo ubunzima-isibhakabhaka yena ngqo apho kujoliswe kuko.

yokuqalisa irula

Nakule weziphithiphithi zasekuhlaleni iziqephu kwenzeka xa oonokrwece yenzelwe MB-21, aye silubaleke neemakhishithi isileyiti ebekwe phezu izitena ukudlulisela i-engile oyifunayo. Kule meko, Kakade ke, ukuchaneka ibetha uphansi. iindlela Auxiliary kungenziwa indawo nesityalo "Grad". Amafoto abagrogrisi kuMbindi Mpuma lizama umonakalo ukuya kwelinye iqela usebenzisa izixhobo ngcono ziyilelwe ngeenjongo zokubonelela uxinzelelo engqondweni.

9M22 enomjukujelwa ubunzima 66 kg kunye ubude 2870 mm. Ukulwa gumbi enobunzima ka 18.4 kg kwaye iqulethe 6.4 kg TNT. Yokuqala kwenzeka xa sombane ukubetha ucinezelo fuse. Amafutha eqinileyo ubunjwe emibini ubunzima lilonke 20.4 kg. Uchitha intloko fuse ibonelela MRI (MRI-U), nto leyo iba cocked ngokuzenzekelayo emva ukuphuma rocket kwi eemitha 200-400. Umgqomo amagqabi projectile, ukuba isantya-50 m / c, uze emva koko ibalekisa ukuya kuma-700 m / s. Beqhumisa setting ibanga "Grad" kungenziwa zamntu umda ngokusebenzisa amakhonkco waqhekeza (elikhulu okanye elincinane). Ngowe-1963, NII-147 Iingcali ziye udale uqhekeko projectile imichiza lobeko, okhethwe "Lake" (9M23), nto leyo neneempawu yokusebenza enye 9M22.

Cala 9M22 and "Leica"

Iimvavanyo baye babonisa njani esinamandla kangakanani na ukufakelwa "Grad". Sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi indawo ne imvula ngokupheleleyo 1.050 macala onke. m xa ubethwe yi kwawo, no-840 macala onke. m yezithuthi vehicles.

uphuhliso olunokubakho yentsimbi ye fuze projectile wanele. "Lake" uyakwazi ixhotyiswe nabo embodiments ezimbini (mechanical kunye radar). Nayiphi ordnance eliphezulu umonakalo uba lusebenza kakhulu ukuba yenziwa ukubukela ukuphakama egqibeleleyo, kuquka projectile ukuba luphinde ludubuleke ukufaka "Grad". iziqwenga indawo sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi kunye izinto eziyityhefu phezu lokwaluka kweemitha ezingama-30 ukusuka ukunyuka kumphezulu kabukhali, kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa radar fuze kunciphisa noluhlu ubuninzi kwi yeemitha 1600.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezakhiwe "Inqaba"

Ngethuba zemveliso BM-21 besebenza rhoqo ukuphucula ezikhoyo nokudala emthethweni omtsha (special). Bangakwazi kuhlawuliswa nayiphi setup "Grad". 3M16 cassette amaqokobhe kuba inxenye intloko 9M42 ukukhanya ngaphakathi kwindawo umzuzu isiqingatha ngaphakathi 500 m ukusuka ngemihla yobumhlophe 9M28K ayichithachithe landmines (3 nganye), self-liquidating iiyure 16-24. RS 9M519 ukudala ezinzileyo ukuphazamiseka yasekuhlaleni.

BM-21 ikakhulu isebenzisa Iimboniselo ezilula engakhokelwa, kodwa kukho iintlobo ezikhethekileyo emthethweni, ezifana 9M217 samopritselivaniya isixhobo yaxhobisa Isigxina ezongezelekayo ukuba balwe kwiitanki.

Wadala kwaye nomsi-rhoqo imiqobo, kwaye umthamo iimbumbulu linyuke, kunye nezinye izinto ezi- ezininzi ebuhlungu utshaba, leyo uya kuhlawuliswa ufakelo "Grad". Kwirediyasi intshabalalo iya ukunyuka amandla ebulalayo ngakumbi, ngokuchaneka uyaphuculwa.

Ziphuculwe BM-21

kwinkqubo ukuze iphelele kwaye zithembeke esetyenziswa yimikhosi kumazwe amaninzi, yaye amkelwa jikelele lula ulondolozo kunye nentembeko, nangona yobudala yayintle zingasetyenziswa ixesha elide. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha iimpawu zayo ziyaphuculwa ngenxa phambili zeteknoloji zakutshanje, ikakhulu ulwazi.

Ngowe-1998 yazenzela yotshintsho zinzulu zesityalo "Grad" kuye kwaboniswa Orenburg. Iifoto nevidiyo yale matshini, eli xesha bazifihla kuluntu kwaye epapashwe zonke eziphambili imijelo ulwazi iindaba. Ngokungafaniyo imodeli esisiseko kuba phambi kwisikhululo ulawulo lomlilo, ebizwa "News-B2", wadala ngokusekelwe i-high speed yekhompyutha "Baget-41." Isakhiwo kwakhona iquka yolawulo umlilo meteosystems inkqubo, navigation onefuthe ezintsha encoded zonxibelelwano izixhobo ezisebenza ngendlela imo exchange data oluzenzekelayo. Abalibona yababini ibanga "Grad" badubula kabini (40 km). Ukwenza ngcono imijukujelwa weave, kunye ekwenzeni ezintsha kunye ulungelelwaniso ugqibeleleyo. umxube entsha fuel kwinkqubo yophuhliso.

Ngexesha umsebenzi ukuchonga iindlela ezintsha mihla, ukunciphisa kakhulu ixesha ekulayisheni kunye nezinye iimpawu yokusebenza "Grad". Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje apho izixhobo ezijongeneyo, ukusetyenziswa apho ukunyusa iqondo ubuchwepheshe lahlukile ukuya radar kanye ukuba zokwakha. Kungenzeka, ekufakweni elizayo kufuphi of ivolibholi lomlilo "Grad", endaweni imiphanda tubular ukuba avelise Polymer-ixesha candy bar owawuza kunciphisa ixesha recharge ukuba imizuzu emi-5.

Szu yala maxesha kunye neenkqubo zakutshanje "Prima" kwixesha elizayo uya kufumana Russian Armed Forces. Kukho iinketho ukuze ukufakwa kuphela kumaqonga emotweni, kodwa ezinye iinqanawa. Parede sentlalo "Grad" nazo zingasetyenziswa njenge ukhuseleko element kunxweme iziseko.