Ukuvuleka .30-06 mm, iimpawu zayo. Ukuphonononga malunga isikhali ukuvuleka .30-06

Yaye ngaba usebenzisa ukuzingela ukuvuleka .30-06 iCartridge, umzekelo? Makhe sijonge ezinokwenzeka kule iimbumbulu. Isithethe ithi ethandwa kakhulu ngexesha edabini Korean. First kunye kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi lwesiBini ayikho ngaphandle inxaxheba yayo nayo.

Ngokubanzi 7,62H63 mm (.30-06 Springfield) - umpu umatshini standard okanye umpu unitary umxhasi American zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Lakhutshwa ukususela 1906 kude kube ngu-1952. Le modeli kusetyenziswa ndisadla ozingela ukudubula kwezemidlalo.

umlando

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo warhead .30-06 ukuvuleka wabonakala amajoni American ngo-1906 (kungoko igama lakhe). Salawo iCartridge .30-03, yakhululwa ngowe-1903.

iintlobo ezintsha emthethweni zakhiwa emva kokugqitywa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ngoko, kwakukho neekhatriji kunye ngembumbulu 11.3-gram - .30 M1 Ball (yasekwa ngo-1926) kunye iimbumbulu 9.7-gram - .30 M2 Ball (esekwe 1938).

Ngowe-1936, i-Army US axhobe umpu okuzenzekelayo mihla M1 "Garand" waza waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla kwimveliso kwezixhobo phantsi isigxina .30-06 abanjalo. Kwaye ngo-1944, eMelika iphuhlise afohlela prototype T20 (M1 "Garand" kunye iphephancwadi elisusekayo, zisetyenziswa rounds amabini ukusuka umpu-kumatshini "Browning" M1918 kunye Dar Ungqabhuko shoot).

Ekugqibeleni imfazwe kwi US igqithile iingcali inxaxheba ekwenziweni a iCartridge elitsha, ngelo ezincinane dimensions ngokubanzi ukuba sigcine idatha ballistic .30-06 iimbumbulu (7,62H63 mm). Ngowe-1950 T65 isigxina sadalwa, leyo ndangenela umkhosi phantsi igama NATO 7,62H51 mm. Kakade ke, yaba efanayo imveliso .30-06 ukuvuleka, kodwa ngoku kwafuneka kwisingxobo kukuncwina 12 mm. isigxina wayo wenziwa ngumgubo eyomeleleyo nokuphucuka ukuba sinika ballistics efanayo. Hi ndlela leyi, ukususela 2000, bonke abenzi zixhobisa zizicatshulwa umgubo enye, apho iye ngomthamo omkhulu .308 ye-20%.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukususela 2000, lo warhead yenziwa eRashiya ngu JSC "Barnaul Machine-Isixhobo Plant" njenge neekhatriji zemidlalo nokuzingela.

izixhobo ingathengwa for neekhatriji 7,62H63 mm

• Springfild M1903.
• Johnson M1941 umpu.
• M1 "Garand".
• "Browning" M1917.
• Chauchat.
• "Browning" M1919.
• gun Johnson kaThixo.
• Oluzenzekelayo Rifle "Browning" M1918.

"Springfield"

.30-06 Springfield - eli ubungakanani warhead ka-7,62 mm. amajoni US Army axhobe nabo 1906 zokudubula ikuqhuma "Springfield" kwaye 1936 bakhe baqalisa ukusebenzisa umpu "Garand".

Ngokubanzi, amanani abonisa ukuba .30-06 ubukhulu 0.30 iziisentimitha kwisampula 1906. Warhead esebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu. Okulandelayo, oko indawo NATO iimveliso 7.62H51 kunye 5,56H45 mm.

Hi ndlela leyi, ifomathi .30-06 abazingeli ayahlonitshwa zombini kuMzantsi nakuMntla Melika.

ukuvuleka	ubunzima Bullet, g	IVOTI m / s	EO ziijowule
.30-06	7.1	1030	3766
.30-06	9.7	890	3842
.30-06	11.7	825	3982
.30-06	14.7	735	3863

"Ukumkani Uncrowned"

Kwaye uyazi yintoni ukuvuleka .30-06 obizwa ngokuba "ngukumkani uncrowned wookumkani"? Hi ndlela leyi, aba "kumkani" wadala umkhosi: zaba eyimfuneko kwinqanaba elithile ezimbalini ukuze atshabalalise yotshaba. Akusebenzi indawo ezintsha kwi US emkhosini, yiyo frisky kancinci kwaye 223 kaRemaliya.

Yaye ekubeni ezi zixhobo ixesha elide abangalwenziwanga uphando, iingcali ihlala kuphela ukuziqhelanisa kubo nezidingo zemakethi emkhosini, oko kukuthi, ngeenjongo kuzingela. Eneneni, ukuvuleka .30-06 wazibonakalisa ngokumangalisayo elungeleleneyo (zoonke izigxina olu hlobo zidityanisiwe ngokugqibeleleyo). A .308, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwakhona sinoMthetheleli le sabona.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba le ndlela kwafuneka ukuba ahambe, kunye nabezomkhosi German 8H57, kamva anda ubukhulu ku 8.2 mm. models zakhe ziyilelwe ngokuzingela, ezichongiweyo: the 8H57, 8H57 JS, kunye imikhono kunye flanges 8H57IRS. Power chuck nezithelekiswa 30-06 Spr.

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba uyakwazi ngonaphakade ukuphucula. Ngenxa yoko, namhlanje iimbumbulu ukuvuleka .30 ezikhuphile isethi omkhulu zokuguqulwa kunye nobunzima ezahlukeneyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yezandla zabo ukwenza phantse bonke abenzi enkulu nemoto.

.308 eWinchester

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba ubukhulu ekhethiweyo zokuzingela? .30-06 no .308 - oku amanani umdla kakhulu. Kanye ngoku senza uqonde. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukususela 1952 .308 Winchester idumile kwimarike non-emkhosini. Oku kwahlukile NATO 7,62H51 mm umthamo yangaphakathi le nqanawa.

Xa u xi umphanda ifikelela bar 3600, imveliso kwandiswa ukuya kwi 880 m / s, kwaye amandla inyuswe ukuya 3840 J. ezase kunokusinceda zonke iintlobo ngembumbulu ezintsha zalishumi 9,7-13,0 g kanye ububanzi ubuninzi 7,85 mm. Apha, ubude umda we emkhonweni ilingana 51,18 mm, kukho umsantsa na neesentimitha ezili-12.

Ekuqaleni, kwaba ngaphantsi ithandwa kakhulu .30-06, kodwa iye yaphinda yathandwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Le iCartridge isoloko isetyenziswa kukhuphiswano ukudubula, oko wabizwayo waba sompu yomkhosi, kwaye ngoku kucetyiswa njengoko iimbumbulu umbayimbayi ichanekileyo phakathi bodidi oluphezulu.

Le iCartridge ukhetha ukusebenzisa abazingeli Russian. Hi ndlela leyi, Bulelani L. I. Brezhnevu nenyaniso, asinguye kunyaka wokuqala lukhutshwe eRashiya phantsi kwegama 7,62H51, kwaye eneneni uluhlu ziphangwe ngemipu yale ndlela ukwandisa ngonyaka ngamnye. ukubuya buthathaka, ithuba iimbumbulu enzima, 13 g, ukuchaneka zendalo kunye nendleko eziphantsi le iCartridge wamenza yimpumelelo enkulu. Le warhead owaziyo kwaye isebenzisa ehlabathini lonke.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kwiimeko Russian isetyenziselwa kuzingela izilwanyana ezincinane: iielk, amaxhama, yasendle. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba .308 le nto ukhetho kakhulu izilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezinkulu, ngoko kufuneka nje ukuba kutolwe "endaweni", lo warhead ichanekile kakhulu, uluhlu elide kodwa incinci.

Ziintoni iimpawu uphawu ifomathi unalo Win .308? Ukukhetha ukusuka kwinani elikhulu kwezixhobo zorhwebo kwi kwimarike iingalo, sinokugqiba ukuba iCartridge phantse yonke carbine angamangalelwa, nto leyo eza kunika ukuchaneka elungileyo: a seemitha ezimakhulu ukuya ngokweesentimitha ezine.

Ngapha koko, .308 Phumelela zimbumbulu zingasetyenziswa kwimveliso Russian ukudubula kombiwa kuyo. Le ezincinane abazingeli bamkelekile abangathathi ntweni, ngolwasemzini neekhatriji ophezulu ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kakhulu ngexabiso.

jikelele .30-06

Kubafundi Kusenokwenzeka niqashele ukuba .30-06 ukuvuleka uneempawu ezimangalisayo? Le iCartridge olu hlobo wayebhula kakhulu eUnited States 20-30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngelo xesha ke ithuba anqumle umda US. Kulo luhlanganisa ngokupheleleyo zonke iziqalelo iCartridge - ayimfuneko umthamo ezingontsini emkhonweni, engile lwalo ithambeka, dulcitol ubude, iimbumbulu ubukhulu. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ke uhlobo benchmark.

Nemoto ukuba babe ukuvuleka .30-06, abafoti liyi emangalisayo! Ngokubanzi, i warhead kuthiwa kufanele iimveliso nokuzingela ngongcono owaziwayo kwaye ixhaphakileyo esetyenziselwa kudutyulwe evela ngemipu ziphangwe.

Kwaye yintoni ngokukhethekileyo .30-06? Ngenxa capacious powder breech sleeve 64 edibene ngempumelelo kunye nomgca ngokupheleleyo 7,82 iimbumbulu mm zalishumi ukusuka 6.5 g ukuya 14.3 g (manual iiseyile 16 g): ezincinane esebenzayo inika utolo "isixhobo" kuluhlu ebanzi kakhulu ukuzingela.

Le nemoto yale bodidi yenza inani elikhulu leenkampani ehlabathini lonke. Bona azibizi kwaye aqhelekile eMelika, apho asetyenziselwa ozingela umdlalo kakhulu abohlukeneyo. Kakade ke, ubukhulu bullet .30-06 ine inani umxhelo kwiinguqulelo, kwaye ayiphucukanga. Ngokubanzi nale iCartridge onokuthelekiswa 308 Win kuphela. Hi ndlela leyi, bullet eyahlukileyo .30-06 ine Velocity isicheme namandla kwi imida 734-942 m / s kunye 3270-4120 J. A kwibhulethi ubukhulu egqitha 7,85 mm, inyathelo layo rifling ingqamana intshi ezilishumi.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indlela warhead wazuza ukuthandwa ngokubanzi eRashiya emva kokugqiba yesibini .308 Win. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kunye neefektri zethu baqalisa ukuvelisa .30-06 abanjalo izixhobo. Ngoko ke, abazingeli abaninzi ucinga phezu koko ukukhetha umxhasi. Ingakumbi kweli hlabathi kwezi ezase ezimbini ezithe zaphumelela ingqalelo efanayo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe, ngamnye kubo umgangatho walo elilungileyo, asinto zanto.

Ngoko ke, ngokuba warhead Russian .30-06 ekuzingeleni uyakukhetha ngakumbi 7,62x54R kunye .308 Win, kunye naye yokusebenza wokuhlolwa phantse ngendlela efanayo. Anicingi ukuba .30-06 ukuvuleka mm outperforms ezi okhuphisana? Le iCartridge unalo kwisingxobo kunye umthamo lwangaphakathi omkhulu, elide yaye ngaphantsi nzulu ngakumbi Dultsev kokwehla iimbumbulu. Yena eliqeqesha ngokupheleleyo iimbumbulu oxandileyo elide, umthamo apho lincinane kakhulu ukulungiselela anenani elifunekayo ngumgubo.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, esebenzisa bullet ka-13.0 no 14.3 g, umahluko zingafumaneka kule isantya sokuqala leyo ingqamana 80 m / s, kwaye eneji - 650 J. Le caveat ebaluleke kakhulu ..

Ngokubanzi wokuzingela warhead .30-06 zomdlalo kakhulu ezahlukeneyo. snaryadka isandla sakhe kwandisa umgama phakathi kwakhe .308 Win: amanani zakhe kufutshane Ipharamitha ezase yorhwebo .300 Win Mag. Nciphisa ubunzima bullet ngo .30-06 - 13 g, yaye .308 - 11.7 g Enyanisweni, ukuba bodidi .30-06 iimbumbulu ezibanzi 13-14 g, zive ukhululekile ukuya kumdlalo omkhulu.

Ngokubanzi, i .30-06 kuthiwa imveliso jikelele: LBW bullet zalishumi 8 grams, kwaye ukudubula Impungutye ingcuka, kwaye nkqu amadada. Ukuba ine weight 9,7-10,7 g, iibhokhwe zasezintabeni, iigusha, ungulates ezincinane seemitha ezimakhulu mathathu umgama zibe neembasa ngesandla ngaphandle engxakini enkulu.

Kodwa kuthekani ixhama enkulu (ixhama, ixhama obomvu)? Ukuze ukuqhayisa gesi ezinjalo, kuyafuneka ukusebenzisa izixhobo kunye iibhola abakhokelayo zalishumi 11,66 grams, zithathwa mbulali kumgama 250 m.

Iingcali ukucebisa elk kunye zehagu ezinkulu wasebenzisa iimbumbulu ukusuka 2.96 g ukuya 14,25 g, 16.2 g, kanti, Teilmantel kunye nezinye elikhankanyiweyo isicelo .308 iCartridge. phawu Zobungangamela .30-06 ekuthiwa nokuhambisana zonke iinkqubo nezixhobo shutter yakutshanje. Luxhaphakile zokuzenzela wokuzingela ukuvuleka .30-06 kunye shutter longitudinally-ezihambayo, carbines, okuzenzelekayo, ukuphuculwa umpu, mayixhotyiswe ngesa- esile eshukumayo okanye shackle Henry. nokuba odnozaryadki ingafunyanwa kwi kwimarike, apho kukho shutter "Ruger" inkqubo nkqo enokususwa.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i .30-06 ngaphandle kongqameko, kodwa onengubo ngcathu xi yokusebenza, wakwazi ukuba zijoyine popular izikhali eYurophu zidityanisiwe. Kumazwe kule bodidi .30-06 mmandla wafumana ingxelo eyakhayo kuphela. abazingeli abaninzi ekubeni izixhobo Steyr-Mannlicher kunye CZ-550, mdumiseni ngomzuzu. Kwaye akukho namnye uthetha kakubi le ndlela, bonke waphawula knockdown bakhe. Abaninzi bathi iqhele ukusebenziswa iimbumbulu 13 11.7 g

Abo iintolo akuvamanga ezingelwa, okanye awuzukuba izityhwentywe zemali unako ukuthenga carbine "Ixhama." Abantu abaninzi kakhulu bathenge carbines mveliso "Hammer" (Vyatskiye Polyansky). Ukusuka izikhali amazwe nga ngokukhuselekileyo nazo CZ-550 shotgun. Kaloku, oomatshini, Kakade ke, i "uTiger" okanye "yehagu".

banesifo carbines

Ndiyavuma .30-06 izixhobo ukuvuleka emangalisayo! Oku kancane kancane ukwandisa injongo yaso ukuzingelwa kwimarike Russian. Iinkampani ezininzi amazwe bakhohlisa yokwenza afohlela okuzingela, umnikelo imodeli le ukuvuleka, ngoko ke uluhlu le mveliso likhulu ezivenkileni umpu.

Umzekelo, umpu ivenkile "Arsenal" (St. Petersburg), inikeza abathengi bayo .30-06 ukuvuleka afohlela okuzingela amanani amakhulu: Browning BAR iisampulu-2, i-Sauer 202, Asera, Blaser R93, SBS 96 Steyr Mannlicher, Swiss SHR970.

Apha lezingela ngalinye uyakwazi ukukhetha imveliso, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukhetho zawo. Uye wagqiba ukuthenga ucinge self-kulayishwa? Zive ukhululekile ukuba uthenge BAR 2! Kodwa ukuba ukhetha isampulu ngqongqo ubethwe ejikelezayo, kuyimfuneko ukuba anikele ingqalelo Uxela, SBS, Eurobolt okanye Sauer.

Kufuneka shotgun elungileyo? ukuvuleka .30-06 ukuncoma nayiphi shooter! Unga cinga uthenga Mannlicher carbine kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko phambili, okanye oluthembekileyo Browning, kodwa bathembele nje yamanqaku ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Abanye abazingeli bayamoyika Uxela Swiss nocoselelo ubuhle yenkampani isampuli Sauer engaqhelekanga 202-th, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokuba ibhokisi ezifuna engaqhelekanga kwaye ibhokisi buti.

umdla kakhulu Asera kunye Blaser R93. Ukuba umzingeli wayibekela indlebe carbines idwelisiwe yaye ufumane omnye wabo, yena uya kwenziwa kakuhle kwaye isixhobo oluthembekileyo efanelekileyo zokuzingela abanjalo Russian. Ingakumbi ukususela iCartridge kunye bullet ukuvuleka .30-06 ngomzuzu azikho eziphelayo. Emva emarikeni unako ukuthenga iinkampani Iimboniselo RWS (Dynamit Nobel), nto leyo ungalunga ukuya iinketho ezine. Hi ndlela leyi, ngokufuthi izixhobo RWS iinkampani sebenzisa njenge benchmark yokuvavanywa ukuchana umlilo azinamsonto iimveliso.

izincomo

Akakho umntu ofuna ukufumana abathengi angaphandle ngamaxabiso crazy! Ingaba akunjalo? Ngoko ke, ukuba abanini afohlela .30-06 yaziswa ngamanye amazwe Ungazoba ingqalelo imveliso basefektri naseNovosibirsk:

• Spr .30-06. FMJ. Ukuba sixelisa ukulwa eqolo, bullet zalishumi 13 g, Tompakova iqokobhe. Bullet yenziwe ngobhedu. Le modeli yenzelwe zokudubula ukusuka trohsotmetrovki.
• Spr .30-06. FMJ. Bullet yale warhead yi Tompakova iqokobhe kunye ubunzima 9.4 Apha ngaphakathi ngobhedu, isantya yokuqala imveliso - 855 / s. Warhead ezenzelwe lulawule kwaye engahlawulwayo ezifuywayo ukukhathaza ukuya kwi 150 kg kumgama ezingamakhulu amathathu eemitha.
• SPR .30-06. SP kuba kwisingxobo yobhedu. Weight bullet - 9.4, ngesantya samabanga - 865 m / s. Le mveliso uba iqokobhe Tompakova Copper SP. warhead Amateurish esetyenziselwa lokuloba nokuzingela izilwanyana ukukhathaza ukuya kwi 400 kg kumgama oziimitha 400.

ingxoxo

Akukho shooter ehlabathini ukuba ubuncinane kanye ebomini azixoxwa kwaye uthelekise .308 kunye .30-06 emthethweni. Kakade ke, inqaku Springfield wabonakala sibulela ungquzulwano Spanish-American oluqale 1898 (lizwe wawalwela ilifa Cuba). Amajoni Spanish zaye ke axhobe afohlela Mauser M-1893 kunye shtatovtsy zaye nje "How-Jorgensen" ukuvuleka .30-40 (imikhosi US ufumene isifundo elungileyo).

Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1903, amajoni US abaxhobileyo kunye afohlela ezintsha Springfield M-1903. Baba ifana kakhulu kwi Mauser, ke ngoko, ukuba ukusetyenziswa zobunjineli German States kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule enkundleni.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i sokuqala .30-06 ukuvuleka mm ayidluli okhuphisana zalo bullet enzima zalishumi 14 grams kunye isiphelo luhlaza. Ngowe-1906, abakhokele omtsha etsolo isigxina yadalwa, zalishumi 9.7 g, imveliso iye umxhasi inamandla ekuqaleni kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. amajoni Shtatovskih wamthanda ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Loluphi ulwazi ukusibonelela bemeko- .308 no .30-06? Bathi ke, lo mgaqo, abazingeli zisoloko unomdla ulondolozo lwamandla ngexesha badubula. Kodwa olu khetho ixhomekeke isantya kunye nobunzima. Apha sibona ukuba kuwugcina ngokuwubopha le divergence yale parameter 291 J, kumgama 200 m, oko lancitshiswa 122 J yaye ifikelela 66 ukuya 300 J. m.

Speed Priority m 9 / s kumgama 300 m engenaso umxhelo, kwakunye ubufanasini uluhlu badubula. Ngapha koko, bambalwa abantu umahluko emehlweni iimitha ezilithoba. Iingcikivo e kakhulu ubalo nandzu-bengafumani nto kuthathelwa ingqalelo. Ngokucacileyo, oku idata avareji, kodwa zifunyanwa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo, kunokuba yi amehlo.

reviews

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, yaye ziziphi izinto ukuya badumisa ubukhulu abazingeli .30-06? Abaninzi ukucebisa ukuthenga Nikon 2-7H32, ekubeni isebenza kakuhle. Kwaye bacebisa ukusetyenziswa ngembumbulu 1.7: babanga ukuba ezaneleyo na indebe. Abanye bathi oku kwibhulethi yi kunokuba ababuthathaka ukuba bear ena okanye ixhama, kodwa bonke lufundwa kwi practice.

Amaxesha amaninzi, abazingeli ingxelo ezame slug 13 g ngexesha intshutshiso, xa imigama ukuya kwi 150 m, kodwa umahluko ngokuchana ziye kuphunza, kodwa wasilela ayeke irhamncwa. Abaninzi bacetyiswe xa lokudubula uncedo yasendle echibini ukunika 11.7 g

Ngokubanzi iintolo bathi xa uzingela enkunzini, ibhokhwe okanye iielk, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba zincede zikhethe ukuvuleka .30-06. Iimbumbulu nzima unamandla ilungileyo ngovimba, nto leyo ethetha ukuba wabangxwelerhiweyo run isilwanyana kufuneka ngaphantsi.

Kwaye isiphelo siza kunikela ingqalelo carbine omncinane "Tiger". Emva ethetha inani elingu-abazingeli, oku kuchazwe ngokuzithemba ukuba lo isixhobo kuphela ncomo ezintle. Kuba ukufumana indawo bullet ethambileyo (13.2 - 13 g). Ukuba zinzima kakhulu, bona zisetyenziswa, njengoko kufuneka ukuba indlela ayanyuka, nto leyo ebangela kubenzima uzimisele.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, 13.2 g kubeka maxhama okuhle kumgama we-250 m ukusuka umpu "ingwe". Indlela ngu SVD kuthintela ngokupheleleyo misfires kunye wokufaka ngesiquphe.

Iipateni imigama emifutshane medium uguqulelo thumbanails ye "uTiger" ngabantu angaphezulu ukusebenza kweesampuli kunye Umphanda ubude eqhelekileyo. Xa uphume jikelele, elula kakhulu, xa umpu elula, kwaye engcono.

Iintolo musa Siyaleza kuthenga zeplastiki. Emva ebanda isandla kuyabanda, yaye ngamanye amaxesha creaks. Ngoko ke, inkoliso ithanda iinkuni. Abaninzi emthini SVD ujonge isigunyaziso beeyunithi zomkhosi.

Emarikeni unako ukuthenga "Tigers" ngaphantsi warhead .308 Win 9H64. Kakade ke, ukusetyenziswa "NATO iCartridge" welcome kuphela uluhlu imxinwa abatoli, kodwa nayo uyakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezininzi ukuzingelwa. Njengomgaqo, abazingeli bathi carbine 9-mm isixhobo esithile, nako ukubahluthisa phezulu lo mdlalo mkhulu.

Ngokomthetho bathi ngaye, yenye ye afohlela lokuzingela iphambili Russian semi-automatic. Yena ngqo kunye nabalulamileyo iyasetyenziswa.

Siyathemba siye sanceda ukuba uqonde ezinye imbambano. lokuzingela Good!