Ukuxovwa of Propylene: Isibalo basabela

izinto eziphilayo kufuneka indawo ebalulekileyo ebomini bethu. Zezona Iipholima yecandelo eziziintloko ngeenxa zonke kuthi, ukuba izingxobo zeplastiki, kunye irabha, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Polypropylene ihlanganisa kolu ngcelele na inyathelo lokugqibela. Oku kwakhona zibandakanyiwe izinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye lisetyenziswa mveliso ezininzi ezifana ulwakhiwo, ukusetyenziswa ikhaya njenge material ngenxa iikomityi zeplastikhi nezinye ezincinane (kodwa hayi kwi kwisikali kwimveliso) idinga. Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe inkqubo enjalo, njengoko ukuxovwa of propylene (ngawo, ngasendleleni, singafumana utywala isopropyl), khangela kwimbali Ekufunyanisweni kwalo into ebalulekile ukulungiselela ushishino.

indaba

Ngenxa yoko, umhla lokuqala le propylene ayihambi. Noko ke, Polymer wayo - Polypropylene kwaphinde eneneni kuvulwa ngo-1936 yi-yasekhemesti odumileyo waseJamani Otto Bayer. Kakade ke, kwakubekwe, yayisaziwa ngokuba umntu unako ukufumana ngumbandela obaluleke, kodwa practice oku kuphumelele. Oku waphumelela kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-yamashumi xa German kunye ekhemisi Italian kunye Ziegler Nutt wavula unsaturated ezizizembiwa polymerisation kuvala (ukuba omnye okanye ngaphezulu iibhondi kabini), apho kamva wathi igama: ehlanganisa Ziegler-Natta. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwakungenakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukwenza indlela polymerization kwezinto ezinjalo sele uphumile. Baye ayaziwa polycondensation reaction, xa ngumnxibelelanisi ngaphandle kokuchaphazela into enxulumene bangela bakwazi ukungenela kwikhonkco Polymer, ngaloo ndlela kusenziwa yi-mveliso. Kodwa hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo musa baphumelele.

Enye inkqubo ebalulekileyo enxulumene nale nto, kwaba ukuxovwa yakhe. Propylene ngexesha ekuqaleni ukusetyenziswa kwayo lixesha elide kakhulu. Kwaye konke oku ngenxa iinkampani ceba ezahlukeneyo oyile negesi yokuyifumana propene unyango (nazo ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba into echazwe). Le nokuqhekeka kwe-oli ekrwada yaba yi-kwimveliso, yaye xa wajika ukuba yemvelaphi yayo, isopropyl utywala, kuba sisiseko Yindibanisela izinto ezininzi luncedo ngoluntu, iinkampani ezininzi, njengoko BASF, amalungelo awodwa abenzi indlela yabo imveliso yaye yasungula urhwebo enkulu oku. Propylene ukuxovwa wahlolwa kwaye sifakwe phambi polymerization nto acetone, hydrogen peroxide, isopropylamine waqalisa ngaphambili ukuvelisa ezinepolypropylene.

Inkqubo umdla kakhulu ukwahlulwa propene ukusuka petroleum. Nguye ngoku jika.

Ukuqhela propylene

Enyanisweni, xa kukho ukuqonda theoretical indlela esisiseko kukuba kuphela inkqubo enye: ioli pyrolysis kunye neegesi ezinxulumene. Kodwa ngoku Ukusetyenziswa iteknoloji - nje ulwandle. Inyaniso kukuba yonke nkampani ifuna ukuba afumane indlela ekhethekileyo nokukhusela patent yayo kunye nezinye iinkampani ezifana Sikwajonge iindlela zabo ukuze basenako ukwenza nokuthengisa propene njengoko izinto ekrwada okanye basenze sibe ezahlukeneyo kweemveliso.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - mlilo "lys" - intshabalalo) - iimolekyuli yemichiza ekuboleni enzima emikhulu ukuba ibe yimisebenzi emincinane phantsi kwempembelelo lobushushu eliphezulu kuvala. Ioli, njengoko yaziwa, ngumxube hydrocarbon yenziwa ukukhanya, aphakathi kunye namaqhezu enzima. Ukususela ekuqaleni, le ubunzima kweemolekyuli ephantsi kakhulu, kwaye propene kunye methane kwi pyrolysis. Le nkqubo oluqhutywa emlilweni ezizodwa. Xa abenzi eziphuhlileyo yenkqubo nobugcisa yahlukile: ethile kwentlabathi isetyenziswa njengesipholisi, omnye - zwi, kunye nabanye - coke; Unakho kananjalo mabayahlule eziko kubume: akukho tubular kwaye eqhelekileyo, njengoko zibizwa ngokuba zamandla.

Kodwa inkqubo pyrolysis uvelisa ipropu ngokwaneleyo ecocekileyo, njengoko, ngaphandle kwakhe, akukho kwasekwa nentaphane hydrocarbon, ngoko kufuneka ukuba ayahlule iindlela ngobulungisa umbane kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuze afumane izinto esulungekileyo njengoko isetyenziswa dehydrogenation of alkanes ilandelwa ngu ukuxovwa: kwimeko yethu - propane. Kwakunye nenkqubo polymerization echazwe ngasentla nje engenzekiyo. Cleavage evela molkuly hydrogen umda ezizizembiwa kwenzeka phantsi intshukumo ye ehlanganisa trivalent chromium oxide kunye aluminium oxide.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ugqithele ibali ngayo inkqubo ukuxovwa, khangela isakhiwo hydrocarbon zethu unsaturated.

Ingakumbi isakhiwo propylene

Propen ngokwayo - kuphela yesibini ilungu inani alkenes (hydrocarbon omnye bond kabini). Kuba lula, yena yesibini kuphela ethylene (kuzo, njengoko unokuthekelela, ukwenza polyethylene - ubunzima Polymer ehlabathini). Kweyesiqhelo propen karhulumente - igesi njenge "isihlobo" yayo yentsapho alkanes, propane.

Kodwa umahluko propane ebalulekileyo ukusuka propene - kukuba wokugcina kumafa yayo ibhondi kabini, nto leyo etshintsha ngokupheleleyo iimpawu zayo chemical. It ivumela uqhagamshelwano molecule ezizizembiwa unsaturated kwezinye izinto, apho ezimbaxa efunyenwe iimpawu ngokupheleleyo amaxesha kubaluleke kakhulu kushishino kunye nendlu.

Lifikile ixesha lokuba ukuthetha ithiyori reaction, leyo, enyanisweni, isihloko eli nqaku. Kwicandelo elilandelayo, uya kufunda ukuba zazilelinye iimveliso ezininzi ngokorhwebo kakhulu, yaye njani indlela abasabela ngayo yaye oko ke kujonge ngayo xa propylene ukuxovwa.

Imfundiso ukuxovwa

Okokuqala, makhe sibuyele inkqubo jikelele ngakumbi - solvation - olubandakanya ngayo echazwe ngasentla. Le ukuguqulwa imichiza, ekukho wokungena molekyuli inyityilikiswayo ukuya molekyuli ento. Ngenxa yoko baya kuba zinemoletyhule entsha, okanye ke kuthiwa solvates, - amasuntswana eyenziwa ngaba molekyuli enyibilikayo kunye nesinyibilikisi intsebenziswano ezinxulumene electrostatic. Siya abanomdla kuphela uhlobo lokuqala zemathiriyeli, kuba xa ukuxovwa of propylene kuba bhetele xa kuyilwa imveliso ezinjalo.

Kulo solvation indlela ngasentla iimolekyuli ezinganyibiliki zincamathele enyibilikayo, wafumana ezimbaxa entsha. In organic chemistry advantageously lasekwa ngo-alkoholi ukuxovwa, ketones kunye aldehydes, kodwa kukho ezinye iimeko, ezifana ukuyilwa glycols, kodwa ke loo nto iya kuxutyushwa. Enyanisweni, le nkqubo ilula kakhulu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye nto inzima kakhulu.

mechanism kunxano

bond kabini, njengoko eyaziwayo, iquka iintlobo ezimbini neentambo atomic: pi kunye kelly izitropu. KwePi-bond yaphulwe phezu ukuxovwa kusoloko into yokuqala, njengoko kunjalo ngaphantsi eyomeleleyo (has a amandla ezincinane ibambane). Xa uqhekeko yayo kwenza orbitals ezimbini ezingenamntu ezimbini athom carbon ezikufutshane apho kuyaba imixokelelwane ezintsha. Molecule yamanzi olukhoyo isisombululo ngohlobo amasuntswana ezimbini kwaku- hayidroksayidi kunye Proton, ekwaziyo wokujoyina liqhuma bond kabini. Apho hayidroksayidi ion iqhaganyishelwe kule atom carbon engundoqo kunye Proton - ngokugqithileyo yesibini. Ngoko, kwi ukuxovwa of propylene ezikhandelwa ubukhulu becala 1-propanol, okanye isopropyl utywala. Lo ngumbandela obaluleke gqitha, kuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane igcwala acetone, esetyenziswa kukuninzi kwihlabathi lethu. Sixelelwa ukuba esenzelwa ubukhulu becala, kodwa oku akuyonyani. Ndimele ndithi oku: kuphela imveliso ezenziwa ukuxovwa of propylene, yaye oku - utywala isopropyl.

Kakade ke, bonke ubuqili. Enyanisweni, yonke into ingaba lula kakhulu ukuchaza. Ngoku siyazi indlela yokubhala ikhosi yesikolo yenkqubo efana ukuxovwa of propylene.

Reaction: kwenzeka njani

Xa chemistry ukubonisa yonke ilula: ngoncedo lenxaki reaction. Loo nguqu chemical lomba phantsi kwengxoxo kungachazwa ngale ndlela. Ukuxovwa of propylene, lenxaki abasabela lulula kakhulu kwaye kuthatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezibini. Okokuqala laphula pi-bond, yinxalenye kabini. Emva koko ke molecule amanzi ngohlobo amasuntswana ezimbini anion hayidroksayidi yehayidrojini zesiqinisekiso, ifanele propylene molecule ukuba ixesha esebenzayo lwezihlalo ezimbini ezingenabantu ukwenza izitropu. ion hayidroksayidi esakha ubuhlobo kunye atom carbon hydrogenated ngaphantsi (ngamanye amazwi kunye, apho isixa amancinane athom hydrogen), kunye Proton, ngokulandelelana, - kunye ngokugqithileyo eseleyo. Ngenxa yoko, imveliso olunye: umda utywala monohydric yi isopropanol.

Indlela ukurekhoda impendulo?

Ngoku siza kufunda ukuba ubhalwa njani ulwimi indlela kwemichiza, ezibonakalisa inkqubo efana ukuxovwa of propylene. A ifomula into iluncedo kuthi: CH ₂ = CH - CH _3. Oku formula izinto yokuqala - propene. Njengoko ubona, ukuba unalo iqhina kabini iboniswe umqondiso "=", kwaye kule ndawo kuza prisoednyatsya amanzi xa ukuxovwa of propylene kuya kwenzeka. Reaction equation angabhalwa ngolu hlobo: CH ₂ = CH - CH ₃ + H ₂ O = CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH _3. Iqela hydroxyl kwi ipharenthesis kuthetha ukuba le nxalenye ayikho inqwelo-moya le formula, yaye ngaphantsi okanye ngaphezulu. Apha asikwazi ukubonisa engile phakathi amaqela amathathu, elandisiweyo ukususela carbon atom eliphakathi, kodwa bona bathi malunga lingana omnye komnye kwaye wenze ukuya degrees 120.

yayisebenzisa Uphi na?

Sele ekhankanywe wafumana ngethuba ukwimo reaction lisetyenziswa ukuba Yindibanisela kwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo kuthi. Kuyinto efanayo kakhulu isakhiwo acetone, ukusuka apho iyahluka kuphela ukuba endaweni emi apho gidroksogrupp nee (oko kukuthi, oxygen atom enxulumene ngokuzikhanyeza kabini ukuya atom nitrogen). Njengoko yaziwa, acetone ngokwayo lisetyenziswa ivanishi kunye nemixube, kodwa ukongeza, lisetyenziswa njengendlela reactant ezwi ngakumbi kwezinto ezinzima ngakumbi ezifana polyurethanes, epoxy resin, acetic acetic , njalo-njalo.

acetone evelisa indlela

Sicinga ukuba kuluncedo ukuchaza inguqu utywala isopropyl, acetone, ingakumbi ekubeni le ukusabela nto inzima kakhulu. Okokuqala, propanol kunye ngumphunga kwi 400-600 degrees Celsius oksilyayut mpilo kuvala okhethekileyo. A imveliso ecocekileyo kakhulu efunyanwa yokuphumeza basabela ngendlela enemingxuma yesilivere.

yokusabela equation

Asiyi kungena iinkcukacha indlela awasabela ngayo ngenxa igcwala of propanol kulo acetone ukusukela sinzima kakhulu. Avalele eqhelekileyo conversion iikhemikhali equation: CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH ₃ + O ₂ = CH ₃ - C (O) - CH ₃ + H ₂ O. Njengoko kubonisiwe Scheme zonke kakhulu ilula, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuya nzulu le nkqubo, kwaye siza kujongana inani kobunzima.

isiphelo

Ngoko lidilizwe le propylene inkqubo ukuxovwa kunye lenxaki ukuba indlela bafunda kunye indlela ukwenzeka kwayo. Ingqalelo imigaqo zeteknoloji asisiseko iinkqubo eyiyo ezenzeka kweli shishini. Kwathi kanti, bengengabo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kodwa nibabalwe yokwenene kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.