Ukuzala kwiintlobo ephezulu ngokuhla enezityalo

Andise uphawu zonke izinto. Oku kunika ukukwazi ukubhala ngokutsha zoludwe kunye nokuqhubekeka yobomi. Xa eziphilayo ukuba abe imilo iseli ye isakhiwo, lokuzalanisa isekelwe candelo.

iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela yokuzala okuphakanyiswe zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokubanzi ingqalelo iintlobo ezintathu yokuzala: kwezityalo, ngokwesondo kunye maqanda.

Kwimeko yokugqibela, uphuhliso ephilayo lwenziwa ukusuka kwiseli enye akukho umohluko ngokwesondo. Yokuveliswa kwezityalo luphawulwa uphuhliso eziphilayo multicellular kumagciwane, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuba umahluko.

Sexual ngokuzala kwezityalo luqala ukuyilwa iiseli lwegciwane (gametes). ukuzala ezingeyomfuneko kuyehla ngokudibana gametes kwi elilodwa. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukuchumisa adlulisele inkcazelo yemfuza ukusuka abazali kwinzala.

Gametes akhiwa kule zangasese - gametangia. Abameli flora, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo kwezichumiso, na umjikelo wobomi babo, meiosis.

ukuzala akukho iimpawu ukuba ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza, iintsholongwane. Akafunyanelwanga indlela yokuzala kunye nenani zomngundo.

Iintlobo ukuzala kwi iintlobo asezantsi enezityalo ezahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, abanye inkqubo yokuzala ulwelwe eluhlaza inokwenzeka ngaphandle ukuyilwa gametes. Kulo mzekelo, eziphilayo ezimbini fuse ezineseli.

Ukudityaniswa gametes, okuye misila, ebizwa isogamy. ukuzala Zinjalo ulwelwe ezininzi.

ulwelwe kwiseli (Chlamydomonas abathile, umzekelo) ukufikelela kumda othile, ngokwabo kuphambukela esini wokusungula gametes. Xa abameli multicellular gametangia eminye musa kwahluka kwezinye iiseli okanye gametangia kuyilwa iiyantlukwano morphological (umzekelo, ektokarpusa).

Kuba baninzi ulwelwe isogamous geterotallizm uphawu (division ngokwesondo yemfuza kunye nokomzimba). Ngenxa yoko kukho ezo gametes physiologically ezahlukeneyo.

Kwabanye ulwelwe luphawulwa conjugation: kukho "esingumkhukula" kwiseli protoplast kwenye.

Ukudityaniswa gametes kunye ubungakanani obahlukeneyo misila, ebizwa heterogamy. Compound bezzhgutikovoy gamete obhinqileyo (iqanda) yaye misila (idla) oyindoda amancinane (amadlozi) yi oogamy. ukuzala Zinjalo abaninzi abomvu, nangwevu, diatoms ulele eluhlaza, kwakunye ezithile fungi asezantsi.

Ukuchumisa e gologamnyh, heterogamic, izityalo isogamous kwaye oogamnyh oluqhutywa emanzini. A inani lezityalo oogamnyh inkqubo naziphi yenzeka oogonia (gametangia obhinqileyo). Bona ke ngenkuthalo ezihambayo amadlozi angene emanzini. Lo msebenzi ubonakala ngenxa chemotaxis. Ngaloo spermatsii ulwelwe obomvu (ulwelwe ebomvu) beqhutywa yinto ukuhamba kwamanzi - nje.

izityalo eziphezulu oogamnymi. Noko ke, kwezichumiso kwenzeka abanazo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kuba izityalo eziphezulu ezi gametangia multicellular kuvamile - archegonium (ababhinqileyo) kunye antheridia (abangamakhwenkwe). Umaleko engaphandle weeseli amalungu esini abantu abawaziyo. Xa archegonia iqanda kwasekwa elinye antheridia spermatozoa akhiwa ngokuqhelekileyo mali eziphakamileyo.

iifeni ukuzala kunye ubulembu oluqhutywa emanzini. amadlozi zivela antheridium aye archegonium. Naye, ukulungele ukwenza umgquba archegonium umdla isidoda singene yencindi ezingaphansi ukusuka phezulu. Ukuya endaweni yencindi, isidoda kufutshane iqanda, kodwa zidibana kunye nenye.