Ukubunjwa, Indaba

Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko we 'Socialism iba "unyaka kwabanjwa?

Kuhlelo olutsha siseko USSR , kwaye kwaqatshelwa ukuba 'ngolawulo ngokozwi lakhe labasebenzi "iye ngokupheleleyo kusini na imisebenzi eziye liyinikiweyo yaye eSoviet Union yaba ngurhulumente luhlanga ngokubanzi. Ukongeza, uxwebhu labelwa omzimba yolawulo, sele bulawula ngelo xesha. Igunya elongamileyo yayigqalwa iBhunga Ephakamileyo. Amalungu ayo kwakukho amagumbi amabini: iBhunga beentlanga kunye neBhunga le Union. igama lakhe landiswa ukuya kwiminyaka emihlanu.

Malunga yintoni nyaka ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko 'Socialism phambili ", kuloo ndawo, ukuba negalelo ukubonakala kwaso, kunye neenguqu kulo, ukufunda eli nqaku.

constitutionalism Soviet

Ukufunda imbali yomthetho esiSiseko ye-USSR sibaluleke kakhulu kwezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho, zenzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko. Enye yezona iinkalo usembindini ukuyilwa sokumiswa Russian na ukwamkelwa-siseko "liqulunqe socialism". Unyaka 1977 yaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso ngakumbi kweli lizwe.

Nakule karhulumente yiSoviet kuphela 4 yoMgaqo-siseko: 1918, 1924, 1936 no-1977. Bona amaxesha ezahlukeneyo semthethweni, ebonisa ukuba ezinye iinguqu ezenzeka ekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, wabonisa ukuvela ukuphuculwa entsha okanye izinto ezindala. Kwakhona, umthetho omtsha esisiseko nganye lizwe wasishwankathela esi intshukumo phambi, emva koko urhulumente ivula isigaba esilandelayo yophuhliso lwayo.

isizathu

Development loxwebhu olutsha kunye nokwamkelwa okwadala-siseko 'Socialism liqulunqe "lu dityanisiwe inguqu ebalulekileyo ulawulo yezopolitiko USSR. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba inkqubo loluntu kunjalo amalungiselelo ngokungqongqo yaye zilawulwa abameli iqela kuphela ezikhoyo kweli lizwe, urhulumente likhululeka ukunqulwa lobuzwilakhe, bezise ngexesha lakhe I. V. Stalin.

Nalwazelelelo nokuchasa umthetho, kunye noloyiko olukhulu elaye loyisa ngayo ngexesha ulawulo owayenguzwilakhe umntu omnye - ukuba ugwetyiwe ngokuphandle sigqibo Communist Party. Xa amanyathelo athathiweyo kwicala ngokuzivuma iimpazamo kunye nokubanjwa kwezinto, ukuqinisekisa umphakathi ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba babuye kolawulo elidlulileyo, kwakukho umbuzo malunga uphuhliso kunye nokwamkelwa kwe-siseko USSR "phambili kwiSocialism" kubalulekile.

Ukuyilwa kwento uthumo olukhethekileyo

Kuye kwagqitywa ukuqhubela phambili kwisigaba sokuqala inguqulelo entsha ye-mthetho esisiseko. Okokuqala, saseka uthumo siseko okhethekileyo. lasungulwa kwakhokelwa ingxelo kaNobhala of the CPSU N. S. Hruscheva kwintlanganiso ye-ePhakamileyo yiSoviet we-25 Apreli 1962 Ngosuku olufanayo kwakukho intlanganiso apho ikomiti zaza zamkelwa. Ukususela ngoko Baqala uphuhliso ngakumbi ngoko nangoko kunye nokwamkelwa-siseko 'Socialism liqulunqe "(umphathi weprojekthi - N. S. Hruschev).

Xa L. I. Brezhnev wamiselwa uNobhala Okokuqala, yena ngokuzenzekelayo wathabatha phezu njengoSihlalo we-Commission. I kufuneka bathi nokubunjwa kwayo latshintshwa izihlandlo eziliqela, kodwa lo mgaqo lokusekwa ihleli injalo - kwakukho abantu bokuqala yenkokheli karhulumente kunye iqela, abameli Union nasemazweni ezimeleyo, imimandla kunye nemimandla, kwakunye iindwendwe ezivela abasebenzi kunye nabalimi, izazinzulu, etc ...

Development yeprojekthi

Ngelo isanda yokubhala kwakukho umbuzo malunga yintoni efanayo ngalo mzuzu kuluntu yeSoviet yaye apho uya kuhamba kwixesha elizayo. Indawo esekelwe kwi 'ngolawulo ngokozwi lakhe labasebenzi "ivelaphi, ngenxa yokuba i" umzabalazo yeklasi' njengoko enjalo wayengekho apho.

Ukuze ukuba kude kwiimbono endala kunye nokwakha uluntu kufuneka ixesha ngokupheleleyo entsha. Ngaphambi kokuba kubekho ingcamango "socialism iba" sele phantse i-15 iminyaka. Kodwa kamsinya nje kwasekwa iziseko zawo,-siseko oyidrafti bendibhala inyathelo ngokukhawuleza.

ngumba

Ukususela mzuzu xa siseko wavunywa ngo-1936, yaye kwakuthabatha engamashumi amane ukuya kwemvume uxwebhu olutsha. Ngeli xesha, eSoviet Union kuye kukho iinguqu ezibalulekileyo, ngendlela enye okanye omnye ochaphazelekayo zonke iinkalo zobomi ekuhlaleni.

-Siseko owandulela lo, esamkelwa ngowe-1936, weza evela into yokuba ukusekwa kwe -siseko engundoqo socialism yaphela. Kaloku, ukuba kwabalelwa ibekwe, ukuba eSoviet Union owakhe uluntu oqolileyo kwaye ziphuhliswe, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni uluntu eyahlukileyo abantu ebizwa ngokuba abantu Soviet.

Urhulumente, ezivele ngenxa ka 'ngolawulo ngokozwi lakhe labasebenzi ", ngoku sele abe luhlanga ngokubanzi, kwaye uqoqosho sele udlule ngokupheleleyo impahla yobusoshiyali. I-Communist Party iye yandiswa kwayo, kunye nendima yayo urhulumente abe noxanduva ngakumbi.

Socialism liye ngebande elinye kunye nezinye iinkqubo zehlabathi, kunye nempembelelo iwonga ngamazwe kunye eSoviet Union banda izihlandlo eziliqela. Zonke ezi zinto zifuneka kuqala bathi uphuhliso kunye nokwamkelwa-siseko 'Socialism liqulunqe "baba lokulwa.

Ukupapashwa

Le projekthi umthetho omtsha ezingundoqo yapapashwa ekuqaleni kuka Juni 1977, hayi nje kuphela kweli ndaba kazwelonke, izithili nephondo central kodwa apha. Yena kwaxoxwa ngokubonakalayo iinyanga ezine - ukususela ngoJuni-5 ukuya ekupheleni kukaSeptemba. Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, ngexesha leengxoxo projekthi entsha wawuzinyaswe ngabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-140. Loo nto malunga fifths ezine abantu abadala yonke eSoviet Union. kuxoxwe ngalo mba wenze kube lula ukuzisa malunga 450 amawaka. Iziphakamiso izilungiso, nto leyo zazijoliswe kukucacisa, ukuphucula okanye ukongeza amanqaku drafti.

Le miba iphambili yale nkqubo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle

Eyona ndlela iphambili yophuhliso kwenkqubo karhulumente kunye somthetho Soviet bavakalisa kukuphuculwa nasekomelezeni intando yobusoshiyali. Kwaye oku lula yi ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko "liqulunqe socialism". Xa lowo i ngcamango lingaphunyezwa? Kakade ke, ngaphantsi Stalin, bekungayi kuba ngaphandle loviwo. Ekubeni wobukumkani bakhe kuphela phezu lizwe litshintshile kakhulu.

Kwakhona uMthetho omtsha Basic yadityaniswa isiseko zentlalo karhulumente Soviet - i manyano ngamandla abasebenzi kunye nabalimi kunye nezazi. Wayethetha impumelelo ukufana ezithile zentlalo yoluntu kunye namathuba alinganayo kubo bonke-ngeenxa nophuhliso lomntu ngamnye.

Ngokubhekiselele nkqubo angaphandle, uMgaqo-siseko umisela ngokucacileyo izibonelelo ezisisiseko ngokusekwa yoxolo, intsebenziswano ngamazwe kunye nokhuseleko kubo bonke abantu ngaphandle kokukhetha. Kwakhona wavakalisa kunye nemigaqo okuqhubekayo ubudlelwane obuhle-olungileyo phakathi eSoviet Union kunye namanye amazwe. Inxalenye yenkqubo yobusoshiyali yi amazwe Commonwealth-nkqubo efanayo naleyo eSoviet Union.

umnotho

Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko "liqulunqe kwiSocialism" yaba negalelo ekunyukeni kakhulu zombini yenkcubeko eziphathekayo umgangatho wokuphila kwabantu Soviet. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sisungule inzululwazi-based and ixesha elide qhinga ezikhethekileyo zezoqoqosho. Eyona engundoqo indima kuyo edlalwa ngurhulumente yiSoviet. Obekumele ukuba ukunika umbutho lwemveliso, iimeko azivumi ukuba ekudalweni material mihla kunye nesiseko yobuchule lawulo ukuba lilawule ubuhlobo kwezoqoqosho.

Ngabaqulunqe ezi umthetho omtsha esisiseko kwaphuma into yokuba ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko "liqulunqe kwiSocialism" bhetele ukuqinisa indlela sele ngokwembali enamandla, esibumbeneyo yaye ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Olu xwebhu ke lixesha lokuqala abebalwa kwinqanaba yowiso-mthetho, inkqubo yezoqoqosho ekhethekileyo ye-USSR.

ifomu ubunini

Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko 'Socialism phambili ", umhla ukuvunyelwa kuphela nje ixesha, esekelwe kwinkqubo yoqoqosho wabeka ubunini yali so indlela zemveliso, delivshuyusya ibe iifom ezimbini. Omnye wabo Le yayiyimeko yoluntu, kunye nezinye - co-operative. Noko ke, kwakukho uhlobo olunye kwempahla bobusoshiyali - iyimpahla zemanyano yabasebenzi kunye neminye imibutho yoluntu. Kodwa ke iifom ezimbini zokuqala kuphela kumiselwa uhlobo uqoqosho kunye ukwahlulwa umphakathi abameli kweeklasi lobuhlobo - abasebenzi kunye nabalimi. Ngaloo ndlela umsebenzi iphambili kurhulumente, zikokosiweyo kumGaqo-siseko omtsha, ukuba ukhuseleko lwepropati yobusoshiyali.

inkqubo eSoviet kwezoqoqosho kwaye ilungelo kwipropati yabucala. Yaba umthombo yabasebenzi luncedo eluntwini. UMgaqo-siseko ka-1977 babeka izibonelelo ezisisiseko Isimo ngokomthetho nazo zonke iintlobo ubunini, kunye nezifundo zabo.

Amalungelo nezibopho

umthetho basic New uqinisekisa ubulungisa kwezentlalo, abemi USSR. UmGaqo-siseko ufakela unelungelo lokusebenza, ukuphumla, imfundo, imbuyekezo yemali xa yokulahlekelwa umondli okanye ukukhubazeka. Ezikhankanywe kule xwebhu kwi inkululeko yokuthetha eendaba, imiboniso kunye imingcelele, irallie kunye neentlanganiso, njalo-njalo. D.

Luxanduva abantu Soviet bayalelwa ukuba sigcine imithetho waseUSSR, ukuba ufanele kwesihloko ngummi USSR, kwaye ngomoya omhle ukusebenza baze bohlwaywe emsebenzini, ukukhusela umdla karhulumente kwaye yonke indlela uncedo ukomeleza igunya layo kunye namandla, abanye.

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kusithiwa malunga umsebenzi engcwele wonke ummi eSoviet - ukukhusela ezweni yali. Licebo - lulwaphulo-mthetho engcwabeni nxamnye nabantu babo. umsebenzi ohloniphekileyo abemi Soviet yaba emkhosini kwi omkhosi kweli lizwe.