Ukwenziwa Charles 1 (30 Januwari 1649) eLondon. I-Second Civil War e England

Kubanda ntsasa ngoJanuwari ngo-1649 phezu itheko, wazibeka entliziyweni London, uye akuvelanga mthetho eqhelekileyo, nokumkani, umthetho abantu bakhe iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesine. Ngale mini, eli lizwe sele lisigqibile isigaba esilandelayo ngembali yaso, waba uphumezo lokugqibela uCharles 1. Ngo eNgilani, umhla isiganeko zingaphawulwa kwikhalenda, kodwa yena wangena ngonaphakade kwimbali yawo.

Le nakumlibo ngentonga Stewart amanene

Stuart - lobukhosi, weza evela indlu endala Scottish. abameli balo, hayi abahlala nje IsiNgesi Netrone Scottish, njengoko kungekho mntu wumbi ngasekhohlo umkhondo kwimbali karhulumente. ukuphakama kwawo ibhekisa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV, xa Count Walter Stewart (Steward) wazeka intombi kaKumkani Robert mna Bruce. Igwala umtshato kwakhokelwa ibali zothando, mhlawumbi, lo mlawuli IsiNgesi ingqalelo kuyo ukuze kuxhamle ekomelezeni manyano ubudlelwane zawo basebukhosini Scottish.

UCharles ke Okokuqala, bayahlelwa ezibuhlungu oya kuhamba intetho kweli nqaku le ke inzala omnye oHloniphekileyo Earl Walter, kanye njengoko babephuma Stuart Minor. ngokuzalwa kwakhe yena abemi 'uyolo' elizayo Novemba 19, 1600, wazalwa ngendlela yokuhlala endala yasebukhosini Scottish - Denfermlinskom Palace.

Kuba ukulawula olulandela wetrone kwabakho Carl provenance encinane umisela umzekelo - utata wakhe waye uKumkani Scotland, Yakobi VI, njengoko uMama iKumkanikazi of England Anna Datskaya. Nangona kunjalo, lo mbandela exhakamfula umzalwana omdala, Henry, nguMthetheli Wales, wazalwa kwiminyaka emithandathu ngaphambilana, yaye ngoko wayenelungelo phambili isithsaba.

Ngokubanzi isiphelo wayengekho ingakumbi ububele Carl, Kakade ke, ukuba enokuthethwa umntwana indlu yakomkhulu. Njengoko umntwana yena umntwana ogulayo, into eshotayo, yaye ngoko ke kamva kunokuba oontanga bakhe baqalisa ukuhamba uthethe. Kwanaxa ngo-1603 uyise ilifa itrone IsiNgesi, yaye wafudukela eLondon, uKarl nako ukulandela ukuba oogqirha inkundla babesoyika ukuba akayi kusinda endleleni.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba buthathaka kwaye zobuthathaka begazi lakho emzimbeni kunye bonke ubomi bakhe. Kwanaphezu lo mfanekiso ngaphambili lomculi akanako ukunika le nto kumkani ngathi ngembonakalo omkhulu. Ewe, kwaye ukukhula Charles Stewart 1 162 kuphela cm.

Indlela eya etroneni yobukumkani

Ngowe- 1612 umcimbi kwenzeka ukuba uzimisele bayahlelwa yonke Charles. Ngaloo nyaka eLondon aduma indyikityha abangcangcazelisi yesifo, ukusuka apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukufihla nkqu nangaphakathi ezindongeni Royal Castle. Ngethamsanqa akayi wayenzakele ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha eSkotlani, kodwa esi sifo uye waba lixhoba umzalwana wakhe omdala, uHenry, ngubani ukususela ekuzalweni walungiselela ukuba silawule ilizwe, yaye lonke uluntu eziphakamileyo babelindele.

ukufa kwakhe wavula Carl umendo ku ngamandla, yaye ngenkankulu e-Westminster Abbey, apho waphumla uthuthu kukaHenry wagqiba zokuzila kulenkonzo, yaphakanyiswa iPrince of Wales Rank - yindlalifa eziya etroneni, yaye kule minyaka izayo yobomi bakhe kuzaliswa kukwazi nazo zonke iintlobo amalungiselelo ukuba abulawe umsebenzi omkhulu onje.

Xa Carl ubeminyaka imashumi mabini ezelwe, uyise waya isixhobo ubomi bakhe bentsapho elizayo, umtshato indlalifa ngumbandela nje zezopolitiko nenwebu ebonisa ubuntombi nto phezu obethe azivumelekanga. UJames VI ukhetho lwabo ime kwi-Spanish Infanta Anna. Esi sigqibo inamalungu abanomsindo bepalamente zazingathandanga ukuba rapprochement dynastic kunye norhulumente yamaKatolika. Xa phambili, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ukubulawa ikamva uCharles-1 kuya kuba ukukhetha ubukhulu becala zonqulo nomdlandla, njalo kakubi ukucetyiswa lomtshakazi yaba linyathelo lokuqala ukuya kuyo.

Noko ke, ngalo mzuzwana kwakungekho zimpawu inkathazo, noCarl waya Madrid kunye nomnqweno angenelele buqu kwi-thethwano lomtshato, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ujonge umtshakazi. Umyeni sakhatshwa ozithandayo, okanye mandithi, othanda uyise - George Villiers. Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, Korol Yakov VI waba intliziyo enkulu kunye nothando, kuloo elingana kuphela manenekazi, kodwa amadoda iingangamsha zabo.

Ukuze ukuphoxeka wenkundla IsiNgesi, e Madrid, uthetha-thethwano bafikelela ngxaki, njengoko icala iSpanish ibango inkosana ngokwamkela ubuKatolika, yaye kwaba neze eyamkelekileyo. Charles kunye nomhlobo wakhe omtsha waseGeorge ubuhlungu ngenxa obstinacy ye baseSpeyin, ukuba ikhaya lakhe lokubuya, cela iPalamente ukuba ndaphule kunye kwinkundla yakomkhulu zabo, yaye indiza kwibutho labasebenzi expeditionary ukuba baqhube imisebenzi yokulwa. Akwaziwa into yonke kwakuza kufika esiphelweni, kodwa ngethamsanqa, ngelo xesha wavela umtshakazi iSADC ngakumbi - intombi le French ukumkani uHenry IV, noHenrietta Maria, owaba ngumfazi wakhe, ushiyiwe umtshakazi ukuzola.

E ephethe

1 Carl Stuart wanyukela etroneni emva kokufa kayise 1625, yaye ukususela kusuku lokuqala baqalisa sathanda kwipalamente, befuna ukuba unika kuzo zonke iintlobo adventures zomkhosi. Musa ukufumana ezifunwayo (uqoqosho waya ziingceba), waba kabini apheliswe bakhe, kodwa kwanyanzeleka ixesha ngalinye zokubamba kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba kuyimfuneko kuthetha ukumkani wavuka, sizibeke labantu irhafu mthethweni kunye ezinzima. Imbali igcwele ngemizekelo enjalo yasebukhosini-kakuhle elifutshane eziplagwe zinemingxuma mali, buyaqhubeka irhafu.

Iminyaka elandelayo wayisa uphuculo. Umhlobo wakhe obathandayo George Villiers, emva kokufa kaYakobi VI ekugqibeleni saya emagumbini uCharles, lwakhawuleza wabulawa. Oku kwaba njengonqevu ezingamanga, awusebenzeleyo wahlawula, benza ukuqokelela irhafu. Ngaphandle kokuba ingcamango incinane yoqoqosho, ekuphela kwendlela bazalisa ebuncwaneni uKumkani, ezibheka iirhafu ezintsha kunye ezintsha, izohlwayo, ukuqaliswa abadibeneyo ezahlukeneyo, kunye namanyathelo afanayo. Ukwenziwa Charles 1, emva ngomnyaka wamashumi amabini wesine wobukumkani bakhe, yaba kwincopho ufanelwe-nkqubo onjalo.

Kungekudala emva Vilersoma ukubulala, ukususela kwesazinge inkundla kumi Tomas Uentvort kakhulu, ngubani na ke onako ukwenza ebudeni bolawulo uCharles umsebenzi lokuqala ezikrelekrele. Yaba iingcinga zakhe ukuseka imo ubukhosi elililo, ebambe umkhosi rhoqo. Kamva waba viceroy eIreland, wafaka ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa isicwangciso, umlilo nekrele abathintela ukuphikisana.

Ushintsho, nto leyo yabangela imbambano kwezentlalo eScotland

UCharles I Akabonakalisanga lokubonelela kunye namazwe ungquzulwano zobukhaya zonqulo. Inyaniso kukuba abemi Scotland kaThixo becala bezibandakanya abalandeli zamaPuritan kunye Presbyterian iicawa ukubayinxalenye ezimbini iintlobo ezininzi Protestantism.

Idla waba namkhusane ungquzulwano kunye nabameli Anglican Church, alawule eNgilani, yaye exhaswa ngurhulumente. Angafuni ukuba bafune kwizibhambathiso, ukumkani wazama amanyathelo enogonyamelo ngokuqhelekileyo ukucwangcisa ubunganga balo, nto leyo ebangele Ukujala iScots, yaye ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela igazi.

Noko ke, impazamo enkulu, nengcitho imfazwe yamakhaya eNgilani, ukubulawa uCharles 1 kunye ntlekele kwezopolitiko olandelayo, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kakhulu emabi wamitha kwaye ineptly wabasukela nkqubo nxamnye eSkotlani. Kule abaphandi abaninzi ngamxhelo bayavumelana bube bubi waphela lo mthetho.

Ingqwalasela ephambili umsebenzi wakhe kukomeleza igunya engenasiphelo lasebukhosini neecawa. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ke naxa ingumbandela ozaliswe ziziphumo ezimbi kakhulu. EScotland, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo nesithethe, Kufaka iiklasi ekunene limise umthetho inviolability kwipropati yabucala, kwaye nabo kwindawo yokuqala kunye inkosi kungenelelwa.

I short-bisayo le nkqubo yasebukhosini

Yonke enye into, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ngobomi ka Charles 1 ebuhlungu nje kuphela ngenxa yeenjongo wazichaza, kodwa ngenxa yeendlela eyisebenzisa. izenzo zakhe, njengoko umthetho, ngokugqithiseleyo straight and kakuhle iyilwe, wayesoloko zashiy wacaphuka ezithandwayo kunye wanceda nokomeleza inkcaso.

Ngowe-1625 ukumkani zingazani uninzi yezikhulu Scottish, wakhupha umthetho, nto leyo wangena imbali njengoko "uMthetho kwi sokuchitha." Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, isigqibo ukurhoxisa bonke ookumkani eNgilani, ukususela 1540, ukutshintshwa ilifa ilizwe iindwalutho. Ukugcina kuzo abanini kwafuneka enze kuNondyebo isixa elingana nexabiso komhlaba.

Ukongeza, lo umthetho efanayo wayalelwa ukuba abuyele kwiCawa eNgilani yomhlaba waso, ezibe eSkotlani, baza bambamba ngexesha koHlaziyo, ubuProtestanti iye yasekwa kweli lizwe ngokupheleleyo ezichaphazelekayo iimfuno zonqulo yabemi. Ayimangalisi into yokuba emva kobhengezo uxwebhu inkanuko eso wazandlala phambi kokumkani ezininzi izibongozo yoqhankqalazo ngabameli amacandelo ngacandelo oluntu. Noko ke, hayi kuphela wenza ke wawabuza wala ingqalelo, kodwa kubaxa meko ngokuthi unike iirhafu ezintsha.

Ukutyunjwa le episcopate kunye nokupheliswa yePalamente Scottish

Ukususela kwimihla wokuqala wobukumkani bakhe, uCharles ndaqala ukubeka phambili oobhishophu Anglican-ofisi ephezulu. Uye unikwe uninzi lezihlalo yamatyala yobukumkani, leyo yehla kakhulu ukumelwa yezikhulu Scottish kuyo, wabanika isizathu entsha ukunganeliseki. Ngenxa yabantu basebukhosini Scottish yasuswa ukusuka amandla evinjwa ukufikelela kukumkani.

Esoyika ekomelezeni inkcaso, ukumkani ngo-1626 phantse kumiswe kwimisebenzi yePalamente Scottish, kwaye konke okusemandleni ukuba kokubizwa yoWiso-Jikelele we-Church of Scotland, apho ukunqulwa umyalelo wakhe lazise iqela izimiso ezingaqhelekanga Anglican. Yaba impazamo esibulalayo, kunye nokubulawa kaCharles 1, nto leyo eye yaba ekupheleni buhlungu wobukumkani bakhe, yaba neziphumo engaphephekiyo of miscalculations ezinjalo.

Ukuqhambuka kweMfazwe Civil

Xa kwakukho intetho malunga ulwaphulo amalungelo ezopolitiko yezikhulu, ukuba la manyathelo yabangela ingxwaba isangqa zabo esinda Estates, kodwa kwimeko iphula izithethe zonqulo - King ukuhlutha lonke uhlanga. kwakhona Oku kubangelwa nokuphazamiseka kwemali kunye nezicelo zoqhankqalazo. Kanye ngexesha lokugqibela, ukumkani akazange abone bona, wathulula ioli phezu komlilo ngokuzisa ngomnye zikhalazo kakhulu esebenzayo, akuba eyithethele kunye njengesiqhelo kwiimeko ezinjalo, nesigxina umbuso.

Yathetheka ke uqhuma iphephancwadi ngumgubo Scotland, iinzame ubambe July 23, 1637 kwinkonzo Edinburgh, eyakhelwe ngokusekelwe ngentloko imfundiso Anglican. Oku kwabangela ukuba yinto nje abemi kuphela, kodwa kwakhona imvukelo vula itshayelwe emininzi yelo lizwe, waza wehla embalini njengoko imfazwe yokuqala yamakhaya. Le meko kwakhula yonke imihla. Iinkokeli yenkcaso amanene sayilwa kwaye ithunyelwe kuye uKumkani logwayimbo yayintsha abantu sohlaziyo yecawa, nokuvela yenkohlakalo episcopate Anglican.

Ukuzama kwanciphisa isimo wokumkani, ngenkani ndihambe ndikhetha Edinburgh ukuchasa esebenzayo, okuphinde kuphela ukunganeliseki jikelele. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi kwengcinezelo evela abachasi bakhe, uCharles I kwanyanzeleka ukuba enze umnyinyiva, ukususa abantu ezithiyekileyo ngoobhishophu zebhunga yasebukhosini.

Isiphumo yombhodamo jikelele, waye kokubizwa i-National Convention of Scotland, equka iindwendwe ezivela kuzo zonke iyaxela kwezentlalo, kwaye ikhokelwa nabameli basebukhosini kakhulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba ezo zinto zabuya baza basayina Manifesto on inyathelo elidityanelweyo kwisizwe siphela Scottish emizamweni ukwenza naluphi na utshintsho iziseko zawo zonqulo. Ikopi yoxwebhu yadluliselwa kukumkani, waza wanyanzeleka ukuba ukwamkela. Noko ke, lo senze yethutyana nje kuphela, kwaye isifundo kumkani izifundo zakhe, akazange aye evenkileni. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukubulawa Charles Stewart 1 wayesuke ubhalo kwekhonkco iimpazamo zakhe.

nempi yombango New

Lo mlawuli zidla, kodwa unelishwa kakhulu Wanqumla umzobo ihlwempu kwenye inxalenye ubukumkani bakhe owayamileyo - Ireland. Apho ibe yimbuyekezo yokhuseleko wathembisa ezithile aqinileyo kakhulu amaKatolika lobulali, ngoko ke, ndakuba ndamkele imali kubo, ngoko walibala ngayo yonke into. woniweyo Ngoko ke baphathwe, i-Irish wathabatha phezulu iingalo ukuze ukulisebenzisa ukuhlaziya imemori ye uKumkani. Nangona ukuba ngexesha uCharles ekugqibeleni Ndilahlekelwe nenkxaso yepalamente lakhe, kwaye nalo ke uninzi lwabantu, wazama kukho inani elincinane regiments abathembekileyo, amandla okuguqula le meko. Ngoko ke, Agasti 23, 1642, i-Second Civil War eNgilani.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba warlord uCharles I nje nje engathethekiyo njengokuba irula. Ukuba ekuqaleni impi wakwazi ukufumana ezinye uloyiso bekulula, i-July 14, 1645 umkhosi wakhe phantsi yisiwe Idabi Naseby. Nje ukuba ukumkani waba thrall kwizifundo zakhe, ngokunjalo enkampini yakhe yathinjwa yokugcina equlathe i uluhlu zonke kujongelwa phantsi. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi baqalisa ukuba bazise ubuqhetseba yakhe ngakwicala lezopolitiko nakwelemali, kwakunye unyango uncedo zomkhosi kumazwe angaphandle.

ibanjwa uMmeli

De 1647, uCharles I ulibanjwa eSkotlani kwindawo. Noko ke, kule ndima yaseXhora waqhubeka ukwenza iinzame ukuthethana kunye nabameli zamaqela ezopolitiko kunye neentshukumo zonqulo, ngesisa kunika ngasekunene nangasekhohlo isithembiso sokuba akukho namnye uya ukuholwa. Ekugqibeleni, abalindi wamshenxisa kuye inzuzo kuphela kunokwenzeka, udluliselo (bethengisa) engamakhulu amane amawaka eekhilogram omhle kwiPalamente IsiNgesi. Stuart - lobukhosi, ubone kakhulu ebomini bam, kodwa shame enjalo yena kuye kwadingeka amava.

Kanye e London, ukumkani wahliswa yafakwa lock Golmbach, ize ke idluliselwe kwibhotwe eNkundla Hampton, phantsi endlini. Apho, Charles ithuba elililo ukubuyela igunya, wavuma athe kweza isafobe kwezopolitiko abaziwayo ixesha Oliver Kromvel; ngokuba lowo ngokubulawa Charles 1, nto leyo eye yaba yi ngexesha xi ri xa xiviri, waba disadvantageous.

NgokoMthetho ecetywayo yi kukumkani, akazange lingaqulathi izithintelo ezinzulu unegunya, kodwa ke ephosiweyo ithuba lakhe. Efuna minyinyiva ezingakumbi, waza ingxoxo iqalwa kunye namaqela ezopolitiko ezahlukeneyo eli lizwe, Karl walahlwa impendulo ngqo Cromwell, ngenxa yokuba yena waphulukana umonde wanikela phezulu icebo lakhe. Ngenxa yoko, ngokubulawa Charles 1 Stuart yaba kudlula ixesha.

utyhilo kabuhlungu olukhawulezisiweyo ebaleka ukuya Isle of Wight, ibekwe i IsiNgesi Channel, kufutshane nonxweme yaseBritani. Noko ke, le adventure yasilela, nto leyo endlwini ekubanjweni kwibhotwe indawo ngeentambo esiseleni. Ukusuka apho, inkosi yakhe owayesakuba wazama ukuba amhlangule Baron uArtur Capel, leyo uKarl wayesele nangoko untanga zize zakhiwe kwi phezulu kuluhlu lwezinto lentendelezo. Kodwa, hayi ukuba imikhosi ezaneleyo, kungekudala yena wazifumana emva kwezitshixo.

Tyala kwaye kuqaliswa le uKumkani wazidla

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba lo ngumsebenzi omninzi uphawu le nakumlibo Rod Stewart waba Ukuthanda ngamayelenqe, nto leyo ngenxa leyo yaluphuthisayo ulawulo lwakhe. Umzekelo, enika izithembiso canga xa Cromwell, naye wakhokela thethwano elihlebo abachasi bakhe epalamente, kunye nokufumana imali amaKatolika, nabo inkxaso oobhishophu Anglican. Yaye ukubulawa uKumkani uCharles 1 olukhawulezisiweyo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ngoxa akakabanjwa, akazange ayeke ukuthumela iminxeba ukuvukela yonke, ukuba isikhundla sakhe ukuba impambano epheleleyo.

Ngenxa yoko, inkoliso regiments zingeniswe iPalamente lwezikhalazo befuna ukuqotywa yokumkani wangaphambili. Kwaba ngo-1649, kwaye iye kudala ibe yinto amathemba elidlulileyo, awanyakazela ngayo British ndibulisa anyukela kwisihlalo sobukhosi. Endaweni yoko, le nkqubo kwizilumko abukhali, yafika wamazwe touchy kwaye lunomnyino.

Ukuqhuba icala uCharles I wePalamente I wamisela omnye elinamanci mathathu amahlanu ngabakomishinala, ababekhokelwa igqwetha owaziwayo ngexesha Dzhon Bredshou. Ukubulawa uKumkani uCharles 1 kokuvalelwa kwangaphambili, yaye nenkqubo wonke akazange athathe ixesha elide. Yibone yangaphambili, indoda izolo waka amandla esithe nkqi, waye wonke umntu abe okhohlakeleyo, umngcatshi kunye utshaba ezweni labo. Kucacile ukuba isigwebo kuphela kunokwenzeka ukuba ibe lulwaphulo mthetho ezinjalo kungaba ukufa.

Ukubulawa uKumkani uCharles 1 yaqhutyelwa ekuseni kaJanuwari 30, 1649 eLondon. Ukumnika ngenxa yakhe - nokuba wenyuka waya itheko, waligcina engqondweni, yaye waphethukela kwisihlwele Abizelwa ndawonye intetho bayafa. It ugwetyiwe, wathi amalungelo nenkululeko zibonelelwa kuphela bubukho karhulumente kunye kwemithetho eqinisekisa ubomi lwabemi isidima propati. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye loo ayiniki abantu ilungelo ufanelekele ekulawuleni ilizwe. Lo mlawuli kunye isihlwele, wathi, - ukuba umahluko ngokupheleleyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, wema emnyango lokufa, uKarl wasivuna imigaqo absolutism, amarhamente bawo bonke Stewart. England kuseyimfuneko indlela ekusafuneka ihanjwe phambi esekwe ngokupheleleyo lobukhosi siseko, yaye abantu ngokuchasene uluvo lwakhe waba ithuba lokuthabatha inxaxheba kurhulumente. Noko ke, esi siseko sele ilele.

Ngokutsho memoirs ababephila, ngokubulawa uKumkani uCharles 1 kwatsala isihlwele esikhulu abantu abafumaneka kulo mbono kwegazi e kwimo kufutshane yokothuka. Incopho yoku yaba xa umxhomi yabamba phezulu intloko ndanahlula ngeenwele kakumkani yazo yangaphambili. Noko ke, zemveli kwiimeko ezinjalo, amazwi abonisa ukuba ungowommandla yolwaphulo karhulumente umngcatshi, hayi ngokunjalo.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1649 ndakufaka isiphelo wamagazi ebukumkanini lo kumkani. Noko ke, abapasileyo ngaphezulu iminyaka elinanye, kwaye imbali England kuza ixesha ebizwa ngokuba Restoration Stuarts, xa kwakhona kunyuka ukuya etroneni bale uhlanga yamandulo. Second Civil War kunye nokubulawa uCharles 1 waba isandulela yayo.