Uluhlu zesinyithi non-ayoni: iimpawu, isicelo

Uphuhliso impucuko bekungazi kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunjalo, ukuba umntu Ngeningalifumananga indlela ukuvelisa ukusebenza iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ekuqaleni oko wanyuselwa yi ezifunyaniswe ngempumelelo zike zegolide zendalo elele ngqo phezu komphezulu womhlaba, ngoko kungekudala uluhlu zesinyithi non-ayoni, apho abantu bakwazi ukuba "lulamile", baba ukwandisa kakhulu. Yemifuniselo yokuqala kunye Ufundo ngakumbi iimpawu izinto ezintsha aye abonisa ukuba zonke izinto zibe iipropati ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ukulungiselela iinjongo ezifanayo akunakwenzeka. Ngaphezu koko, lo nokuphelela limited oovimba imveliso intsimbi Imiba ukuba metal non-ayoni wenza ezixabisekileyo ngakumbi namaxabiso ngaphezu emnyama.

Yintoni a iintsimbi non-ayoni?

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba iintsimbi non-ayoni - ibaluleke kakhulu igolide, isiliva, platinum, Noko ke, le mbono engalunganga. Kuqala kwinto zonke, kuluhlu olungasentla zesinyithi non-ayoni ngokubanzi akanakungena zonke ezi ngesinyithi, ngokuba bengabakho kumaqela ahlukeneyo zombini mihlaba, iinkqubo iindlela, kunye nemveliso, ukwabiwa, kwaye isicelo (ngaphandle nje kushishino izacholo). nawe usenokucinga ukuba zonke iintsimbi non-ayoni, ezo musa iqulathe kumafa yayo Fe, ie yentsimbi.

Kwindalo, kukho inani elikhulu kwezinto, nganye eneyazo iimpawu ezizodwa nokuxhasa ixhoba labo. Phakathi kakhulu eyaziwa: ubhedu, i-aluminiyamu, titanium, nemagnesium, nickel, nebhekile, nelothe, chromium, zirconium, kwaye ngaphezu kweshumi ngezinto ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ezimxinwa-iprofayili. Analogue bafumana ayikho oko akunakwenzeka, kodwa ekudaleni iimeko enziweyo kweelebhu zenzululwazi kakhulu kukuba abasebenzi back-ngokungekho mthethweni kunye iphupha izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke kunye neminyaka lonke. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula imibhalo alchemical kunye amalinge ochazwe imisebenzi yenzululwazi neminyaka yamandulo, kwaye imisebenzi zembali, uncwadi kunye ntsomi ezininzi ukuba akukho bungqina ezikholisayo ukuba.

imibhobho yoMlilo, amanzi kunye nobhedu

Ngoko ke ngubani na ingenelo ngesinyithi, non-ngakumbi ezithandwayo kunye hardware engabizi? Kutheni na ukuba misela ukuba ngokufuthi wagxininisa kakhulu iimeko, kwaye inani elikhulu oosomashishini zabo bonke ubukhulu hayi ngaphezulu ngokuqokelela kwiimvuthuluka zesinyithi non-ayoni? Isibakala sokuba ezi mathiriyeli iimpawu ezizodwa emzimbeni imichiza. Isikakhulu ke, luphawulwa plasticity ephakamileyo ukuthamba, energoprovodimostyu egqwesileyo kunye nesinyithi nkqu ukuba abantu bayakwazi ukufumana kakhulu inani elikhulu, ngamnye kubo isetyenziswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokwenene, asizizo zonke izinto ingasetyenziswa ngendlela ecocekileyo, ingaphithikezwanga, uluhlu zesinyithi non-ayoni ukuba abe-ebizwa ngokuba kweziyobisi, inkulu kunene. Bona wahlanganisa ukwenza iikhompawundi ezintsha enokusetyenziswa kushishino space, amayeza kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bomntu. Maxa wambi kwanele ukwenza inxalenye ethile okanye elementi sesixhobo ukusuka metal non-ayoni eninzi kunye unique, kodwa kuphela ukuba wenze wokutshiza. iimpawu ukutyabeka obhityileyo kakhulu Physical nemichiza iyakwanela ukuphumeza injongo ezinqwenelekayo.

Yonke le nto igolide glitters

Gold - metal, eyona idumileyo phakathi onombala. Le nto ayimangalisi, popularity yakhe kakhulu kangangokuba ixesha elide, bona okuhlawulela iimpahla, yaba isiseko ezahlukeneyo ubucwebe ngokubanzi yaba uhlobo umlinganiselo nentlo-ntle. kangangamashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, izibalo phakathi kwamazwe amabini ithatha indawo elingana ngegolide, kwaye ngoku oovimba igolide naliphi mali karhulumente sisalathisi kuqoqosho jikelele nobutyebi yabantu ngakumbi.

Stern zegolide - sisinyithi, ezinqabileyo, kodwa lula ukusingatha. Eyona inzuzo ductility obalaseleyo Sega kaThixo, apho bejewellery ukudala imihombiso ezintle kunye namanqaku izinto yellow. Noko ke, kule imeko ezincinane zegolide ecocekileyo, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukufumana, kule nkalo, oko kudla wongezelela ongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo, izinto ezo kancinane ukutshintsha umbala kunye ukuthamba zegolide kwi eziphumo zokuphela konyaka. Uluhlu zesinyithi non-ayoni lo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye additive nganye zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, izinto eziphambili zezi:

• copper;

• yesilivere;

• nickel;

• platinum;

• mbala;

• zinc.

Nganye lwezi methali ukutshintsha umbala wokuqala umbandela onesiphumo, esenokuba ezibuhlazarha, ezipinki, ithinti ezimhlophe. Kwakhona kubalulekile elingumxube amandla metal, ngenxa yokuba ngokwayo igolide ithambe ukuze kube lula phina, wonqanyulwa, ngemela, kunye umgudu ngenxa, ibalume nezinyo. Zonke ezi ndlela - indlela elula nezifikelelekayo ukuvavanya imveliso nganye ukunyaniseka kwayo.

Ukongeza kwishishini jewelry, igolide lisetyenziswa kushishino amachiza, elektroniki, isithuba kunye moya zokwakha, imveliso oyile.

amatye anqabileyo

Phakathi iintsimbi ezininzi zibiza ngentla ayonto kuyabiza, kuphela ranking kwindawo yesine. Uluhlu zesinyithi non-ayoni ngeendleko sifundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (ixabiso wotshintshiselwano for 1 gram):

• California - 500 amawaka eerandi;

• osmium-187- amawaka 200 eerandi;

• Rhodium - $ 225;

• Platinum - $ 77;

• ngegolide - $ 30;

• osmium - $ 19;

• Iridium -16 dollar;

• ruthenium - $ 15;

• palladium - $ 14;

• Silver - $ 0.6.

Amaxesha ezinye zezi imichiza esetyenziswa uhlobo yayo enyulu, yaye wonk 'isetyenziselwa ukwenza obukhulu kuzo zobugcisa othengisa ngayo. Kuye kucingelwe ngqo lemveliso amacandelo ngamnye iindawo ezinzima ekucaca ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okanye asezantsi, imichiza eyonakalisayo, njl iintsimbi Non-ayoni kweli qela - .. Kuyinto ngqo, nomsebenzi ezintsonkothileyo kodwa nenzuzo, nto leyo ethatha indawo kwinqanaba likarhulumente okanye kwintlangano monopolistic. Ishishini Ibutho uyaqonda izixhobo ezikhethekileyo, imijukujelwa, ezo uzama ukubuyisela amaqhekeza iinkcukacha kuqhubekeko oluphambili.

isicelo

Abaninzi uyazibuza ukuba kutheni ezi zinto zibiza kakhulu. Ke kaloku, wambamba iigrem intsimbi anqabileyo, ukuba oko kwenziwe ngendlela? Impendulo ilula: ngaphandle izakhono ezithile kunye nezixhobo - nto.

Umzekelo, palladium isetyenziselwa zodumo of zezikhumbuzo kunye collection point, leyo yindlela lotyalo-mali eyinkunzi. Kodwa injongo yokwenziwa komsebenzi, isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zonyango. Ruthenium iluncedo njengecandelo zokuhlanjululwa amanzi kwaye lukhuni aluminium iridium ukuba iimveliso ziya kuboniswa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu.

Uninzi izinyithi non-ayoni zisetyenziswa njengendlela yengeniso kunye nokulondolozwa of capital ngokuthatha inxaxheba urhwebo emarikeni njengoko stock esemthethweni, ngokunjalo ukuba enye indlela imicimbi yonke eluhlaza kunye zokuhlala.

aluminiyamu copper

Copper - enye izinto ethandwa kakhulu ekwenziweni iintambo zombane, imibhobho yamanzi, elektroniki. Yena kakhulu elinjubaqa, umqhubi nobushushu kunye umbane ngexesha elifanayo engenamandla ngokwaneleyo kwaye cast kahle. Ukuze kulungiswe le ethile, sisinyithi, esulungekileyo idityaniswa ubumdaka ezahlukeneyo apho wenze ubhedu kakhulu kunene. Tin, nto leyo ifunyenwe ngenxa yoko, ayikho phantsi umhlwa lingonakali, enkosi iimpawu imihlaba yalo ebanzi kakhulu.

Enye additive eqhelekileyo i zinc, ipesenti ethile intsimbi yenza kube lula ukufumana ubhedu. Le ukwakheka wanelisekile kubaluleke kakhulu dopant, ayanda isiqulatho ekhulwini additive, nzima intsimbi, kodwa usengozini kumonakalo entsimbini.

Kodwa copper-nickel ingxubevange isoloko isetyenziswa ekwenziweni izacholo, le additive unika umbala kumnandi ngakumbi ngamandla iimveliso.

aluminiyamu

Aluminium - yenye izinyithi phambili non-ayoni. ithandwa kangaka kungenxa ixabiso eliphantsi imveliso, elula processing kunye kalula etyhidiweyo, ubukho bokusetyenziswa nakwizinto esele zisetyenzisiwe.

Njengoko ukuba ezinye ezenziwe ngesinyithi aluminium ecocekileyo lokufaka ingqiqo yokulwela ongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo, ukongeza, ngokwazo aluminium ukuze ubuchule yokuvelisa ezahlukeneyo yahlulwe abo ukuba kuqiniswe unyango ubushushu, hayi lukhuni, kwaye kukho kwakhona iqela eyahlukileyo, udidi lwesithathu, nto leyo evumela ekubunjweni ezithile ezifunekayo kunye neemveliso.

Asongwe izinyithi non-ayoni kubonisa ukuba izinto emva kokuba unyango kuthatha uhlobo iintonga, iingcingo amacandelo ahlukeneyo emnqamlezweni khona, iimakhishithi, iityhubhu, etshe kunye bushings.