Umendo eSiberia: imbali, inkcazelo, ubude

Umendo Siberian - ezweni indlela ukususela European Russia ukuya eTshayina ngokusebenzisa imida eSiberia. Kuye amagama amaninzi. Phakathi kwabo:
- umendo Moscow-eSiberia.
- isiqephu ezinkulu.
- Moscow-Irkutinsky phecana.
- The main Siberian indlela iposi.

Isiphelo sale ndlela uchongwe amasebe ukuba Nerchinsk kunye Kyakhta. Ubude phecana eSiberia, ngokutsho ezinye iingqikelelo, wayelingana 11 lamawaka. Leekhilomitha. Oku ikota umgama we kwesazinge somhlaba kwi ikhweyitha yayo.

isidingo ukudala

Ukutyhubela olude elide yonxibelelwano phakathi inxalenye yaseYurophu Russia kunye eSiberia oko lwaqhutywa kuphela iindlela komlambo esahlukileyo. Kwaye onxulumene yokungabikho kweendlela.

Ngowe-1689, iRussia neChina wasayina iSivumelwano Nerchinsk, apho phakathi mazwe mabini kwenzeka okwesihlandlo sokuqala neentlobano ezisemthethweni. Ukongeza, isivumelwano kwavula indlela ezahlukeneyo kobudlelwane zorhwebo, okubangele imfuneko ekudalweni nezithuthi phakathi kwamazwe.

Qala of zokwakha

12 (22). 11. 1689 wakhutshwa umthetho, uyalelwa ukuba kuxhotyiswe indlela yokudibanisa eMoscow eSiberia. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwakhiwa yalibaziseka phecana. iminyaka emashumi mane, akukho manyathelo mani athathiweyo. Lo mthetho wahlala ephepheni.

Phantsi Peter Okokuqala ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eTshayina kufuneka abekwe kuphela nge iindlela isiwe, iiwaterways umzila. Kuphela 1725, China uthumele igqiza, okhokelwa Count Sawa Raguzinsky Vladislavovich. Ngenxa thethwano ngo-1727 ikhontrakthi sisayinwe Bura. Esi sivumelwano elisekwe imida elizayo zokuhlala kufutshane Kahta. Kwabakho isivumelwano esayiniweyo Kahtinsky ezazichaza nezobudlelwane zorhwebo kunye nezopolitiko phakathi kwamazwe. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1730, eRashiya waqala ukwakha indlela entsha, ekuthiwa omkhulu yaseSiberia. Imisebenzi zaye zagqitywa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19.

geography

Umendo Siberian - endleleni lide ixesha, leyo kwadityaniswa iinxalenye ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Kodwa indlela efanayo isiwe ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eTshayina uye waba ndlela imfutshane, odibanisa inxalenye engundoqo karhulumente Russian namadlelo ayo wasempumalanga.

Wakha umendo Siberian esiphezu imephu Russia? intambo lakhe ivela eMoscow ngokwayo, ngoko uya Moore, ucanda Kozmodemyansk kunye Kazan, Osu kunye Perm, Kungur kunye Ekaterinburg, Tyumen kunye Tobolsk, Tara kunye Kainsk, Kolyvan kunye Yeniseisk, Irkutsk kunye Verneudinsk kunye Nerchinsk. Yeyona kwinqanaba lokugqibela Kyakhta. Ngoko ke, lo emendweni eSiberia asuka phesheya eSiberia kwimida China.

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, le ndlela komhlaba iye yatshintsha kancinane. Ukuba uthatha imaphu xesha, ngoko ke umendo eSiberia nje kumzantsi Tyumen. Isebenza nge Yalutorovsk kunye Ishim, eOmsk kunye Tomsk, Achinsk kunye Krasnoyarsk. Koko akunika Irkutsk ingqamana ndlela ngaphambili.

Noko ke, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Umendo Siberian - enye iindlela mde ehlabathini - iye yaba akakwazi ukuhlangabezana yokwanda kwiimfuno zothutho karhulumente Russian. Kungenxa yoko le nto uRhulumente wayegqibe kwi kwakusakhiwa Trans-Siberian Railway.

Ukwakhiwa zokuhlala

I ntsha Umendo eSiberia befuna ilungiselelo ethile. Ngenxa yoku, bonke ubude bayo wakha zokuhlala. Nemizana, nemizana ephezu emendweni, yaba ubukhulu becala kwaye macala omabini endlela. Ngaphandle pritraktovyh zokuhlala besivalelwe kumgama ozikilometa enye okanye ezimbini ukusuka kwiziko.

Ukuze izitrato ezininzi emakhaya compact abulawe endleleni kwicala emxinwa ngakumbi. I ngundoqo kule lali, ekufuphi ibandla, njengoko umthetho, zandiswa ngeendleko kwezitalato wagidima ngaxeshanye kweendlela oluya.

uphuhliso yommandla

Umendo Siberian iye singunobangela okhokhelela zokuhlala iindawo ngaphambili gqa. Urhulumente ukuba ukumisa ngendlela ebiza ukuya ikoloni ngebhaxa. Umendo Siberian - kodwa lo mmandla apho imimandla yaseYurophu eRussia baphinde coachmen. Ukongeza, apha saqhutywa amahlwempu elubhacweni, abanini bawo urhwebo-credit ukubuthwa. We ezinza kule ndawo kanye nezinye izizwe ngokuzithandela. Beza bevela kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo eSiberia naseRashiya.

Njengoko indlela komhlaba kunye yokufika nokukhula abafudukayo kwezi ndawo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, la kwimimandla kuba ngoyena waphila-eSiberia. Abantu abaye bafudukela apha, ukuba inzuzo karhulumente. Iminyaka emibini kokuba bekhululwe kuzo zonke izibophelelo ezikhoyo ngelo xesha, ngaphandle yokuvota.

Xa indlela eSiberia ekugqibeleni yakhiwa abalimi zemizana, nemizana pritraktovyh urhulumente anikwe iimbopheleleko ezongezelelweyo ukulungiselela umxholo ziwelela iibhulorho, yomkhosi provozki t. D. imisebenzi enjalo ukuya ku amaxesha-40 ngaphezu iindleko abo balimi efanayo ababehlala kumaphondo Russian.

Thumela umyalezo

Ukongezelela yokuseka ulwalamano kunye neTshayina, emendweni eSiberia kwakufuneka eRashiya ngakumbi kuba injongo efanayo. Ngaphandle kweli lizwe ngendlela kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba aququzelele inkonzo yeposi karhulumente. Ukwakhiwa kwendlela kwixesha elizayo urhulumente kwizinto ezilindelweyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba 1724 izinto zeposi ukusuka eMoscow ukuya Tobolsk kuthuthwa kanye kuphela ngenyanga, ngoko ngo-1734 - qho ngeveki, yaye emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini - zonke iintsuku ezintathu okanye ezine.

Ngenjongo umbutho kakuhle lokuhanjiswa eninzi izitishi ezithuba kulo lonke emendweni yaseSiberia. Ukuhanjiswa izinto ngexesha elifanayo wenziwe coachmen kunye nabalimi.

indlela iintsontelo

Umendo Siberian - kwindlela isiwe, apho ukongeza iseti kwezikhululo zeposi zonke neekhilomitha 25-40 amabanga. I Abokuqala zakhiwa kule eko ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ngokutsho kuphuculo lolawulo, iqela walandela ilahla endleleni yakhe, yahlulwe sigaba 61. Intshukumo ngemihla amabanjwa osemendweni eSiberia kulawulwa yi uxwebhu okhethekileyo. Yaba "Charter kwi zigaba." Kuye zipeyintwe imigaqo esisiseko ilungiselelo ezintolongweni, umyalelo intshukumo amaqela ezopolitiko elubhacweni njalo njalo. D.

Umendo Siberian - oku apho amabanjwa emveni kweentsuku ezimbini yokuhamba ecaleni kwendlela anokubu- entolongweni yokuhamba. Zazisetyenziswa le njongo kunye nezigaba indlu enguronta, ezibe phantse zonke izitishi iposi. Umgama we 25-30 neekhilomitha iintsuku ezimbini wawuwela ethwala entolongweni, njengenxalenye ngawo amaxesha neenqwelo, ezithutha iimpahla zendlu. Ngamanye amaxesha umzila we ibanjwa ukuze kugula okanye afe. Ngoko umzimba wakhe waba phezu enqwelweni, waya kwingoma ukuqhubela phambili kwinqanaba elilandelayo. Ithi ke ilizwi wazalwa: "Ndihlangule ophilayo okanye ofileyo."

Phakathi kuka 1783 ukuya 1883. iphecana indlela Siberian wegqitha nama-1.5 million. amabanjwa. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abavukeli ezopolitiko. Umzekelo, kwi-90 kwinkulungwane ye-18. le ndlela weza kabini AN Radishchev, umseki samizdat Russian.

kwindlela yorhwebo

Yakhelwe ukusuka eMoscow ukuya eTshayina phecana waphila angayazi kuphela amazwe kodwa lwasekhaya loqoqosho. Kuyo yonke le lizwe indlela esebenza ezindabeni ezinkulu - Makarevskaya kunye Irbit. Kwakhona, ngenxa indlela rhoqo wenziwe yokutshintshiselana ngezinto phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kwiphondo Kazan baba bai izityebi, wawavulayo indlela kufutshane mveliso yabo.

Ngenxa emendweni eSiberia banzi amaqhina noqoqosho phakathi eRashiya kunye neTshayina. Le ndlela amazwe sindise nesikhumba oboya, nesilivere, neoli, neenkozo nompleyini kunye intlanzi ezinqabileyo, inyama irhanisi kwakunye nokunye okuninzi. Kwakhona wayekuthanda omkhulu eSiberia Holland, eNgilane France. Kulo mzila, baza abantu abangeniswe iimveliso China. Kufuneka wathi neenqwelo Wasolula ecaleni kohola eSiberia eqhubekayo chain kulo nyaka.

Ukuvela nezithuthi kweli lizwe negalelo ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo ezinkulu mveliso ezintathu. Xa uluhlu kwabo gun Perm, Izhevsk Arms kunye kwazo Kazan. iimveliso zayo emayihanjiswe endleleni embindini karhulumente Russian.

osempuma indlela isiwe, ibekwe eSiberia, ebizwa "The Tea Olukhulu." Ngokutsho kuyo, ikharavani, ndinihlangule iti evela eTshayina. In Russia ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha. nkqu inkampani entsha "amagugu kunye noonyana bakhe." Yena wayethengisa iti, beninikela ukuba yonke imimandla bukhosi.

imeko yendlela

Iindawo ezinika umdla ecaleni kohola eSiberia kwakunzima kakhulu. Isibakala sokuba urhulumente yendlela yonke ikwimieko embi gqitha. Inkcazelo kwindawo iphecana eSiberia sifumaneka memoirs abanye abahambi. Ngokutsho kwabo ngale ndlela le ndawo wakhangela ibe yintsimi kulinywa, zakhutshwa lengthwise vee. Yayikhe intshukumo kakhulu, ngoko ke kumgama oziikhilomitha amabini kufuneka koyiswe kuphela iiyure 7-8.

indlela East Tomsk wacanda bahambe ezindulini kwendawo, kodwa kwakhona ezikwimeko enkenenkene kakhulu. Kwakhona yakhokelela izikhalazo ezivela abahambi, ogama amanani njalo ngokwanda. Noko ke, nangona kule meko, indlela phezu amawaka eekhilomitha kuye indlela yonxibelelwano ezithembekileyo nezixabisa kancinci. Ekuqaleni, oko wachacha milestones kuphela, ewela, acandacanda iintaba kunye nemilambo, kwaye emahlathini IZ. Ke ilizwe uCatherine II elahliweyo kunye ezinde phecana. Imithi kwindawo enye kwenye kumgama cm 2 m ukuya 84 (abane iyadi), ukukhusela kwendlela zicima ikhephu kwaye singavumeli umhambi ukuya belahleka kwimozulu embi.

Indlela namhlanje

EMoscow-Siberian ilizwe indlela waba kubaluleke kakhulu yesizwe phantse engamashumi amahlanu. Noko ke, emva kokufunyanwa ngo-1840 yezithuthi kwinqanawa umlambo, kwakunye nokufakwa ngo-1890 ezi iindawo kaloliwe, ukusetyenziswa yayo iye yenziwa kwisikali amancinane. ukukhula koqoqosho Russia liye landa kwiimfuno zothutho lizwe. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni isigqibo ukuqalisa ukwakhiwa Trans-Siberian Railway. Emva kokugqitywa kwayo ngo-1903, umsebenzi negquba olucothayo safudukela a ingoma entsha.

Namhlanje, owayesakuba isebe ngakumzantsi wayo yendlela eSiberia umyalezo ukusuka Kazan isicelo phantse ngokupheleleyo umzi Malmyzh uze emva koko Perm kunye Ekaterinburg. Kulo mzekelo, owayesakuba emendweni eSiberia yakhiwe phantse ngokupheleleyo kwaye namhlanje esiyintsika yale nqanaba liphezulu. Beyond indlela mihla, umzekelo, icandelo ukusuka Zura Debyosy ukuya elalini, umgama kuhlala ezahlukeneyo. kusetyenziswa ngokubonakalayo iimfuno zendawo enye kuphela ingxenye yayo. Le ndlela esuka Syurnoguta ukuba Debyosy.

Kwindlela Kazan-Perm kukho ezinye iindawo phecana eSiberia, engaphandle kwemida sikude entsha. imeko yabo yahlukile. Ezinye iindlela kwalula ngaphambili ukuba igcinwe kakuhle kwaye zisetyenziswa zokuhamba, ngoxa abanye kuyekiswe ngokupheleleyo ejikeleza kwaye okwangoku yene.

museum

Ngowe-1991, isakhiwo ekhethekileyo yavulwa kule lali Debyosy. It is a imyuziyam yomlando iphecana yaseSiberia. Injongo yalo esentloko kukuba ukulondoloza imemori wendlela ophambili phakathi eMoscow kunye neTshayina, nto leyo kwiinkulungwane 18-19. Yaba eposini ephambili, urhwebo kunye amatyathanga iRussia.

Museum ise kwisakhiwo wakhiwe yi nomgcini labakhandi yesibini Murtaza kuthenga Mulyukova ngo-1911. Ngemihla yakudala ukuba kukho enqabeni yomkhosi ezintlwini asezantsi, oko ke akasekude entolongweni-eqongeni, apho amabanjwa zabanjwa phakathi okuzo. Isakhiwo myuziyam iphantsi wokhuseleko karhulumente.

Abasebenzi kwisakhiwo inamalungu abasebenzi elinesihlanu kunye nabaphandi ezine. Bakhusele, nande kulo myuziyam, ethi namhla ekwakugcinwa iincwadi ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu ezinqabileyo, izinto ngenkcazo kunye nezinye izinto zobuciko.
Ukungakhuseleki le kwisakhiwo esisodwa kwavulwa ezintathu. izifundo zabo:
- "indlela Tsar kaThixo."
- "Ilali iphecana yaseSiberia."
- "Ihlathi yentlanganiso."

Kumgangatho wesibini ibekwe mboniso ezifana 'ilali yesikolo Karaduvan History "yaye" Imbali iphecana yaseSiberia. " imiboniso bethi malunga nophuhliso lweenkonzo yeposi 1790 ukuya namhlanje. Kwangaxeshanye, iindwendwe baziqhelanisa coachmen impahla, esetyenziselwa iintsimbi buyo, nezikrweqe, njalo njalo. D. umdla enkulu ziindwendwe unobangela ezintsonkothileyo amaxwebhu kwangaphambili-mbuso, ekukhoyo kuzo iileta namakhadi zezithili post-ngokokuhlala, nto leyo ebonisa isithili Kazan. Phakathi avuleke uyakwazi ukubona ifowuni, wenza kwinkulungwane yama-20. Worse apparatus, umyili iimpahla abasebenzi zeposi isithuba-imi--40 ka-20., Ke TV lokuqala Soviet.

Eli candelo malunga ngembali lali Karaduvan, baxhotyiswa ngezinto zokufunda, kuquka i-Koran na ngesandla, izinto zabantu abanini yangaphambili yendlu yabarhwebi, njalo-njalo. D.

Abasebenzi ukucwangcisa Iihambo kuphela lwembali, koko kwakhona elalini Debyosy, kwakunye emaphethelweni yayo. Umsebenzi iphambili yale kwisakhiwo esisodwa zembali ayikho zorhwebo, kunye nophando kunye nenkcubeko.