Umzekelo: iintlobo imifanekiso, ingqiqo kunye nenkcazelo

Wonke umntu mihla ijongene imihla ingqiqo ka "object" yaye "model". izinto Imizekelo njengezinto, zifikeleleke ukuba bachukumise (le ncwadi, umhlaba, itafile, usiba, ipensile) kunye ingafikeleleki (iinkwenkwezi, zezulu, eziwa), izinto ubuchule zobugcisa umsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni (isincoko, umbongo, umxube, ukupeyinta, umculo kunye abanye). into nganye kuphela umntu waqonda xa iyonke.

Into. Species. iimpawu

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, umntu ukucinga ukuba injongosenzi yinxalenye yehlabathi yangaphandle, ukuba ubonakala xa iyonke. iqhekeza nganye ingcamango yayo ngamnye iimpawu ezahlula kwezinye (uhlobo, ububanzi bokusebenzisa, umbala, ivumba, ubungakanani, njalo njalo). Eyona nto ibalulekileyo injongosenzi igama; kodwa igama akwanelanga ukuba inkcazo epheleleyo yokuba umgangatho wayo. Ngakumbi yaye iinkcukacha ezichazwe into, le lula inkqubo yokuqaphela kuyo.

Model. Definition. ngezigaba

Kwimisebenzi yalo (, lwezenzululwazi, ubuciko, zobugcisa emfundo) abantu ukusetyenziswa imihla ezikhoyo ukwakha imimiselo ezintsha zehlabathi ngaphandle. Amvumela ukuba uzakhela malunga neenkqubo izinto yomkhondo Umbono ngqo (encinane okanye into, icala, ezinkulu kakhulu, olucothayo kakhulu okanye fast kakhulu, kude kakhulu, njalo njalo).

Ngoko ke, lo imodeli - yinto into ebonisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo isenzeko phantsi sifundo, into okanye inkqubo. Kusenokubakho oomahluko eziliqela imifanekiso yento enye, ngokunjalo izinto eziliqela linokuchazwa yi umfuziselo omnye. Umzekelo, kukho imeko efanayo ubucukubhede, xa ezahlukeneyo ukusuka iqokobhe komzimba lungabonakaliswa ngokwamanqaku eziphathekayo, oko kukuthi modeli (umntu, imoto, uloliwe, inqwelo-moya).

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba akukho imodeli single akanako endaweni ngokupheleleyo into umfanekiso njengoko ubonisa kuphela ezinye izakhiwo zalo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ngesisombululo iingxaki ezithile ezihamba yenzululwazi kunye noshishino inkcazelo ezahlukeneyo imbonakalo ongumzekelo kuba nje kuphela luncedo, kodwa kuphela ithuba lokuthetha uze uphande iimpawu ethile into.

Ububanzi izinto ngendlela aphila

Iimfaniso zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi babantu: kwinzululwazi, imfundo, ezorhwebo, ubunjineli, kunye nabanye. Umzekelo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa loyilo kunokwenzeka kunye nebandla yezixhobo zobugcisa, oomatshini, iziphaluka zombane, oomatshini, izakhiwo njalo njalo, njengoko kungekho ukubala nezoviwo nokudala ukukhululwa umzobo nkqu iinkcukacha zilula akunakwenzeka.

imizekelo asoloko zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zemfundo. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba ezibonakalayo. Ngokomzekelo, ingcamango sendawo uMhlaba iplanethi umntu ufumana, ukufunda umhlaba. Kwakhona ezifanele imifuziselo ebonwayo kwezinye zenzululwazi (chemistry, physics, imathematika, ibhayoloji, kunye nezinye).

Ngenxa yoko, umzekelo theoretical component nokufunwa ekufundweni yendalo kunye nenzululwazi ngqo (biology, imichiza, physics, geometry). Zibonisa mihlaba, ukuziphatha kunye nolwakhiwo izinto baboniswa sifundo.

Aphila njengenkqubo

Ngumzekelo - indlela kwingqiqo, kuqukwa ukufunda ezikhoyo kunye nokudalwa iimodeli ezintsha. Isifundo lolwazi yale isayensi imodeli. Iintlobo imifuziselo baza kufakwa kudidi ngokweempawu ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko yaziwa, into nganye ibe ezininzi iimpawu. Xa uyila modeli ithile eme kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu ukusombulula le ngxaki.

Inkqubo yokudala iimodeli na ubuchule bokubeka ngokokwahlukana kwalo konke. Kulo mba, phantse wonke umsebenzi wengcibi yokuluka okanye boncwadi kunokubonwa umfuziselo into yokwenene. Umzekelo, imizobo Akayomizekelo-mhlaba yokwenene, ukanti lifes, abantu, imisebenzi yoncwadi - iimodeli ubomi babantu, njalo njalo. Ngokomzekelo, xa kudalwa umfuziselo we-moya ukuhlola iimpawu zayo ashukimisayo kubalulekile ukubonakalisa iimpawu zejometri kwe kuyo, kodwa ngokuphelele ngeke umbala ebalulekileyo.

Izinto ezifanayo zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo zezifundo kumanqaku ezahlukeneyo, kunye neentlobo zabo imifanekiso isifundo nazo ziya kwahluka. Umzekelo, physics ufunda iinkqubo kunye neziphumo impefumlelwano bezinto, chemistry - chemistry, biology - nokuziphatha kunye nolwakhiwo eziphilayo.

Model isihlobo time factor

Relative kwixesha umfuziselo lowo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini: eme ndawonye nabanamandla. Umzekelo Uhlobo lokuqala ngexesha elinye-human uviwo ekliniki. Ubonisa umfanekiso karhulumente yakhe yempilo okwangoku, ngelixa ikhadi zonyango uya kuba ngumzekelo onamandla, leyo sibonisa iinguqu ezenzeka emzimbeni ixesha elithile.

Model. Iintlobo onobuhle kwifom

Njengoko kucacile, umzekelo inokuba kwahluka iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, zonke iintlobo ezaziwayo okwangoku lwemizekelo data lungohlulwa lube iiklasi ezimbini eziphambili: izinto (isifundo), kunye nolwazi.

Uhlobo lokuqala sithumela emzimbeni, zejometri kunye nezinye iimpawu zezinto ngendlela ebambekayo (moulage yokwakheka, iglowubhu, isakhiwo yokwakha, njalo njalo).

Iindidi ze iimodeli ulwazi iyahluka ngokohlobo ukuqonda: lokomfuziselo elingumqondiso. model Waxonxa (iifoto, imizobo, njl) ezi ukuqonda obonakalayo into, kwi ethile yamajelo eendaba esisigxina (iifoto, iifilim, iphepha okanye idijithali). ngokubanzi ukuba asetyenziswa kwinkqubo yezemfundo (iipowusta), izifundo zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo (Botany, ibhayoloji, kwesayensi, kunye nabanye). imodeli lenkundla - kukuphunyezwa kwiithagethi njengoko iisimboli zeenkqubo eyaziwa ulwimi. Baya zinganikezelwa ngohlobo ifomula, itekisi, iitheyibhile, iitshathi, njalo njalo. Kukho iimeko apho, ukudala imodeli yokomfuziselo (iintlobo imifanekiso ukudlulisa ngqo umxholo ufuna ukufunda iimpawu ezithile yenjongosenzi), esebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Umzekelo kule meko ke iigrafu ezahlukeneyo, iitshathi, iimephu, nezinto ezinjengezo, ezithi zisetyenziswe imizobo kunye nabalinganiswa lweenkqubo ulwimi.

Ukulungiselela injongo ingxelo ulwazi beneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo zobomi asebenzise iintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko iimodeli ulwazi: network, oluneqela kunye tabular. Kwezi, ethandwa kakhulu ngulowo wokugqibela osetyenziswayo ukulungisa ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiimo izinto ze data zazo zithwala.

ukuqaliswa imodeli Tabular

Olu hlobo modeli lolwazi, njengoko kutshiwo ngasentla, yeyona iphambili. Kubonakala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kuqhelekile, eliquka lwemiqolo nemihlathi itheyibhile enezintlu ebuxande zazo zigcwele kunye neesimboli omnye iilwimi abaziwayo lenkundla. Sebenzisa imodeli tabular ukuya iimpawu izinto babe iipropati efanayo. Ngoncedo lwabo, kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi anokwenziwa zombini imifuziselo obuluqilima kunye static. Umzekelo, itafile equlathe imisebenzi zemathematika, kunye neenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo manani, iishedyuli uloliwe, njalo-njalo.

model ngeMathematika. iintlobo imifanekiso

Ezahlukileyo iintlobo imifanekiso nolwazi lwezibalo. Zonke iintlobo iimodeli zezibalo lidla kwizibalo, abhalwe ngolwimi algebra. Ukusombulula ezi ngxaki jikelele isekelwe phezu uphendlo elinganayo utshintshwano eququzelela ukubonakaliswa variable kwindawo ifomula. Kukho kwakhona amanye zibalo kunye nezisombululo ngqo (isikwere, yomgama, netrigonometri, njalo njalo). Ngenxa yoko, izigqibo zabo kufuneka asebenzise iindlela kwezisombululo omalunga ngokuchanileyo enikwe, ngamanye amazwi, ezi ntlobo ze data zezibalo, zombini lwamanani (indlela bisection), imiboniso (iyelenqe) kunye nabanye. indlela Bisection kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela phantsi komqathango wokuba abangakwaziyo yaziwa, apho umsebenzi ngenxa amaxabiso athile engcanjini lenxaki kuthatha amaxabiso ezibandayo.

A indlela yokwakha ucwangciso emanyeneyo. Ingasetyenziswa njengoko kunjalo ngasentla, yaye kwimeko apho isigqibo kuba ilingane kuphela, kumqubula, kwimeko ebizwa ngokuba "rough" ukuxazulula zibalo.