Ngoobani abalimi sathathwa? Lo ngumbuzo umdla malunga nendawo abalimi e Russia

Phakathi kweminyaka nabalimi 18-19 zabelwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kumaqela. Of umdla ezithile abalimi possessional yabalela. Yinto indima enkulu abalimi, nto leyo ngokusemthethweni kucingelwa ukuba impahla karhulumente, kodwa eneneni phantsi ukuxhatshazwa kakhulu ngabanini mveliso kunye neefektri.

Ibali abalimi yesondo udidi

XVII kwekhulu kwimbali Russia lixesha ngokuzalwa ihlume yokuqala yongxowankulu. Ngu ubukumkani Alexei Mikhailovich na imbonakalo manufactories, kuquka intaba le Urals. Ukususela kule nto kwaye nasisihlo enxulumene kwengqiqo njengabalimi sathathwa. Oku kuchazwe yi imfuneko yokusebenzisa ukusebenza kwamashishini amatsha kwiimeko agqibezele nje (ngo-1649) le serfdom. Zonke abalimi kwelo xesha yahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini ezinkulu: i ngamakhoboka kunye chernososhnye (zikarhulumente).

Owokuqala ayikwazanga ngokukhululekileyo kuqashwe, kwaye yokugqibela engafuni nemigodi kunye nomsebenzi metallurgical ngokunxulumene ubungqongqo yabasebenzi. Kwimeko ngoosomashishini icele uncedo kwimeko yokunqongophala kakhulu kwabasebenzi. Emva kwexesha ukuqala ku Mnikeni abalimi izityalo karhulumente kunye nemeko ukuba abalimi uza kuhlawula kubo irhafu lovoto kunye nerhafu. Kwixesha elizayo umkhuba bebanika sandiswa mveliso karhulumente.

Abalimi zibangelwa mveliso

Ekuqaleni, umsebenzi abalimi eyabelwe ezo mveliso, babegqalwa njengabantu ziyintsikelelo - okt uncedo okwethutyana emva komsebenzi mveliso, ezifana: imigama iinkuni, amalahle, intsimbi, isinyithi. Bekucingelwa ukuba abalimi kufuneka asebenze isixa-mali eza kuhlawula abalimi eFreyistata okuhlawula okubafaneleyo. Kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha izinto zatshintsha. Abaphathi mveliso ngakumbi nangakumbi umdla ekusebenzeni off abalimi, abaninzi babo baba mgodini. Le misebenzi ezongezelelweyo zaye zahlawulwa, kodwa ubuncinane. nabalimi abhalwa phantsi Peter 1 yaqala ukufumana intlawulo obungabangeli mdla yonke iRashiya umsebenzi mveliso ngexesha kumsebenzi entsimini ehlotyeni. Farmer kunye nehashe - 10 eesenti, kunye horseless - 5 eesenti. Kodwa, njengesiqhelo eRashiya, imithetho azisoloko kunakuqala. Yaye ekubeni ke kuyimfuneko ukuba isicelo emsebenzini "umphefumlo bomntu" zonke, ilungu losapho abadala bakwazi ukusebenza ukuba ngonyaka isityalo uyise ubudala, oonyana abaselula. Ngokusebenzisa ulawulo zezityalo yafumana ilungelo kubohlwaya abasebenzi bawuthobele. nabalimi okubangelwa kubonwa njengento kubukhoboka. Kwashiya abaninzi imithombo ezibhaliweyo izikhalazo yabanini mveliso, yaye argument kubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba kwiintshukumo anti-karhulumente, ingakumbi kwimvukelo Emelyana pugacheva. Ngenxa yoko, indawo abalimi kubalelwa kwisityalo, kuyenzeka ukuba nenani serfdom.

abalimi possessional

Ukususela ngo-1649 wanamathela esinakho ngayo, namatshawe kunye izinduna kwi ilifa abalimi, kuquka ithuba ixabiso labo. Ke kaloku uPetros 1 wajongana imfuneko ukunceda ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba abanazo ekusombululeni umba wokusetyenziswa ngenxa mveliso yabo. Ngoko ke, lo mthetho yakhutshwa 1721, nto leyo evumela ukuba kuthengwe manufactories abalimi wabanumzana, ukuba amalungiselelo ngokwabo amashishini zabo zabucala. Eli qela loluntu ngokuba abalimi possessional. Babengenako athengise okanye mortgage ukusahlula ukusuka kwisityalo kwaye lisebenzise abasebenzi yabo imisebenzi amazwe. Ngoko ke, urhulumente feudal siyisombululile lengxaki yokusweleka zabasebenzi kushishino abatsha Russian. Ngenxa yoko, abalimi ngenkulungwane ye-18 kuvunyiweyo - oku akuyi possessional. Kwixesha elizayo, umlinganiselo amagama kutshintsha.

Okubangelwa possessional kunye nabalimi ngenkulungwane ye-19

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha, urhulumente wayeka isenzo bechaza izityalo ze abalimi karhulumente. Oku kucacisa yombhodamo rhoqo kwi Urals kunye nezikhalazo abaninizo. Ngowe-1807, Alexander ndathatha ezomenza lokuphelisa eli qela lamafama. Inkoliso yabo abaxolelweyo imisebenzi mandatory ngakwicala zesityalo, ihleli ubuncinane kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza rhoqo. Ngelishwa, eli lungiselelo usebenza kuphela Urals. elithi "nabalimi okubangelwa" liyalahleka ngokungqinelana ne sikhundla ngo-1807. Oku, Noko ke, kwakungathethi ukupheliswa kokuxhatshazwa abalimi isityalo yonke. Inani eliqingqiweyo abalimi ababesele abalimi phantsi, owaziwa ngokuba "abasebenzi ufunwayo." Bona ngokusemthethweni Wabubona ulinganiswa abalimi possessional. Kuphela emva kokuba kupheliswe of serfdom kushishino phambene kunye nezinye mveliso kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele yabasebenzi eqeshiweyo.

ezinye izibalo

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala isibakala wobhaliso abalimi ukuya mveliso busuka emva kunyaka 1633, nangokwemimiselo ubuninzi, baba ngabantu kancinane abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. Uninzi ngokubonakalayo kule nkqubo senzeka kwisiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-18, emva kokuba yotshintsho uPetros. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, esi didi abantu abangaphezu kwama-312 000. Emva yotshintsho ka-1861, amafama ngaphezu 170,000 wafumana possessional ukuthanda kukumkani-umkhululi.