Isivumelwano eMunich ngo-1938 - ewolo okanye impazamo? indaba

ngosuku Autumn kwindawo yokuhlala Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Führerbau waqokelela zindwendwe ezibalulekileyo. Ngaba isiphumo singesiso elide kakhulu thethwano ekuthiwa- yesiVumelwano Munich (1938). Lamanga okanye impazamo - ntoni na? De kube ngoku, ababhali-mbali abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo bathi ngalo mbandela, kwakunye nabameli nezopolitiko iimfuno ngobume nesayensi ezahlukeneyo, ngamnye kubo wathi. abaphengululi Western buyanceda uyingenise kwezinye uhlobo lokongamela Daladier kunye Chamberlain. Kaloku, ukuthemba ukuba ababephesheya bonke umlinganiselo, yaye enobuqhophololo uHitler ekhohlisa kubo. Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye? Yintoni eMunich isiVumelwano best of 1938? Ukungcatshwa okanye impazamo? Okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho?

Inguqulelo Western yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi

Emva kokuwa yiSoviet Union, kodwa kunoko sele kule minyaka yokugqibela ubukho bayo, kwihlabathi uncwadi emkhosini-zembali Kwabonakala ke ukukhankanywa yokuqala iziganeko angaziwayo ngaphambi kuhlaselwa kaHitler. Ngaphezu koko, malunga nemvelaphi iimfuno ukuba declassify itekisi epheleleyo ngesivumelwano non-ndlongo etyikitywe Molotov kunye Ribbentrop ngoAgasti 1939, ngokwaneleyo ngokucacileyo injongo esicaciswe yezi mpapasho yayikukuba ukwahlula ityala phakathi lwamaNazi Germany kunye USSR Stalin ngenxa kokuqhambuka Second World War. Kungekudala, ugxininiso yayikukwenza abantu ukuhleka ngakumbi. Oyena nobangela weso phantse ekuhleni wabhengeza eSoviet Union kunye kaHitler indima yaba, kunoko, lixhoba elimsulwa. Ezinye amazwe ilungu imfazwe, nabo kwaba ngathi ukuba icace kule nkalo. France amaxhoba, ukuba wothuka lokusayina uzinikele Keitel, hit abaphumeleleyo. Britain, njengoko unamathelene nalo ngo-1944 eMelika, wakhokela imfazwe ilungisa ngenxa yenkululeko nedemokhrasi. Poland eyeke yawa phantsi Ukuhlasela oluBomvu Army kunye Wehrmacht, hit ezivela macala omabini.

Nantso utoliko iziganeko, ukususela kumhla ka-Agasti 23, 1939. Kutheni na ukuba uthethe nayo? Ngenxa ukuba ngobulumko Ungashiya izivumelwano ngaphambi, uguqulelo ikhangeleka kwimvu, siyavakala kwaye icacile. Yaba ityala Stalin kaThixo. Kaloku, sekunjalo, Kakade ke, Hitler. Ngoko ke, nje kancinane. yonke hypothesis iqala ukuwa, xa sikhumbula iziganeko konyaka odlulileyo, oko kukuthi isiVumelwano eMunich 1938 Betrayal okanye kokuphosakeleyo oko ke, kulo mzekelo Akukhathaliseki. Kubalulekile nje izibakala.

imvelaphi kwamamdla

Izibakala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwi Sudetenland, inxalenye yeCzechoslovakia, amaJamani awayehlala - abathathu kunye nabantu nesiqingatha sesigidi. Ngaphandle kwabo, kukho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi Czechs kunye umgca enamandla ezinqatyisiweyo sokuzithethelela, wajika ukuya eJamani. Ke eCzechoslovakia, eli lizwe bebeye lolu shishino, ingakumbi yezixhobo, kwaye ingqalelo ngeendlela ezininzi, hayi ubuncinane eYurophu, kubandakanywa amandla imikhosi exhobileyo. Yaye kwiimeko ezinjalo abayi kakuhle kakhulu Hitler wagqiba ukuba unikeze Sudetenland kunye nayo yonke into ekuwo. Kwaye ke izicwangciso ekhompyutheni bonke abanye yeCzechoslovakia, nangona kunjalo, ukuba oko ungaxeleli mntu, xa athe asayina isivumelwano Munich ka-1938. Oku, enyanisweni, kuba akazange acele mntu. Ngoko bonke yaba.

ukulingana kwamandla

Chancellor German wasebenzisa ubuchule ebizwa phakathi abadlali ikhadi eBluff. Wathi nje ukuba ukulungele ukusebenzisa amandla wamajoni, ukuba akayi kuvuka amnike phezulu Sudetenland ngoxolo kwaye ngokuzithandela. Enyanisweni, ukuba kungenzeka oku ku Germany wayengekho. Ngelo xesha, ubuhlakani amandla yaseJamani yaba 37 iyantlukwano nxamnye 36 Czech, kodwa umda elisentshona Reich kulo mzekelo, wahlala ngokungakhuselekanga. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ekhubekisayo olunempumelelo kuzo zonke izimiso zomkhosi, umhlaseli kufuneka ubuncinane noludumileyo oluphindwe-amathathu. A iinqaba Sudeten yaba imiqobo enzima. Mna lo uNeville Chamberlain? Okanye ingqondo British (apho British ngokwabo nkulu wayeyoliswa kakhulu) isipho ngokutya isonka?

Ukongeza zixatyiswe uqikelelo lwamanani eCzechoslovakia ekwindla ka-1938, oko baba nethuba ingalo. Ilizwe yabamba indawo ayo aphambili yokuthumela amanqaku zokhuselo, kunye namatanki (kamva bengamabanjwa amaJamani) eyabangela ukuba ipesenti ethile imikhosi kwitanki German ngoJuni 1941.

abaxazululi

States aye asayina isivumelwano Munich, basilela ukufikelela ukusilela. Ukusuka Germany - Adolf Hitler, ukususela Italy - Benito uMussolini. Lo kwicala elinye. Namhlanje sonke siyazi ukuba banesifo emva kwexesha, baba kula mazwe kolawulo ngokungenalusini karhulumente. Emva koko, ngo-1938, nto leyo nayo le mfihlakalo. Kwaye phezu kwelinye, emele amandla lwentando yesininzi? Ukusuka London weza uNeville Chamberlain, kwaye ukusuka eParis - Edouard Daladier. Yonke into! abameli eSoviet ayizange wabuza, kodwa ke oku akumangalisi. Strange kwenye - ungamenywanga, kunye nomongameli Czechoslovak Edvard Benes. Eneneni, xa wayelapha nam?

indawo Poland kaThixo

Alithandabuzeki elokuba, Second World War - iphepha ezinkulu kakhulu kwimbali Poland. Noko ke, unyaka phambi kokuwa kwakhe phantsi Ukuhlasela lo Wehrmacht eli lizwe ayephila awukhathalele ngokuqinisa imida yayo - yena baze bakwazi ukwandisa kubo! Ngoko nangoko emva kokuba umsebenzi we-Sudetenland amaJamani, izibonda ukubeka phambili mandikhethe ku Prague, intsingiselo apho ngokubanzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiSivumelwano eMunich. Chaza oko kwenziwa njengemfuneko ukukhulula kummandla Cieszyn. Thembela impendulo yaye abazange baguquke amabutho zabo kummandla, apho abemi lalingamakhulu amabini anamanci asibhozo amawaka baba izibonda uhlanga. Kamva, Churchill uya kubiza ezi iintshukumo "leengcuka ukunyoluka."

Ngubani "lokuzicengezela" Hitler

Kakuhle eli Isivumelwano Munich ilula: Britain neFransi sanyanzeleka ukuba eCzechoslovakia ukuba enze umnyinyiva indawo kubingelelwe uHitler. Ithenwa, ukufika eLondon, wavuthulula uxwebhu esayiniweyo wathembisa uxolo lukanaphakade. Njengokuba kude njengoko unyanisekile, ubuntu oluthembekileyo uya kuze yaziwe, kodwa intelekelelo malunga oku kwenzeke. Isibakala sokuba kumda wesangqa motion jikelele proclivities militarist iJamani wathunyelwa East, kwaye yanelisekile ngokubanzi nosopolitiki yasentshona. Ithemba ukuba ivumba ingeniso, inkokeli lwamaNazi ukuba umoya, bekuya kuba siyazikhohlisa kakhulu, nkqu Chamberlain kunye Daladier. pranks Polish akazange neentloni ngumongameli waseFransi kunye yinkulumbuso eBritani, kunye uHitler abangazange baqhoboshele ukubaluleka kubo, esazi ukuba kuyo nayiphi na imeko uya kufumana kuphela kummandla Těšín. Ke Benito uMussolini, weza eMunich nje "enye inkxaso".

iziphumo

Germany iye umgomo wayo. AmaJamani got namashishini aphezulu-zobugcisa kunye izixhobo kunye neengcali, izinto ekrwada angamatshijolo, i umda evulekileyo, lube iinqaba zexabiso, kwaye inani elikhulu iimveliso zokhuselo esele zenziwe - evela zokuzenzela (izigidi) ukuya amatanki, kungekhona kakhulu xa mihla, Kakade, kodwa kwi Wehrmacht akubi ngcono.

esilawulwa ziimvakalelo wokuthand ePoland. Amathuba industrial yelizwe (ikakhulu metallurgical) ngaxeshanye yonyuke phantse isiqingatha, yaye oku ngaphandle nayiphi na ilahleko.

ICzechoslovakia salahlekelwa kakhulu. Kwaye ngoku, akucaci kutheni Benes baziphethe ngokunyaniseka yaye abazange sinike ukuze bazikhusele. Kodwa kwakukho umntu, yaye kwakungekho nto. UHitler ngokobuqu kakhulu ekomelezeni Sudeten, beqonda ukuba ukuhlasela wayeza kuba gembula. Field Marshal Keitel asecaleni eNuremberg, bathi Wehrmacht kwakunzima uwine umkhosi Czechoslovak ngo-1938 kwi imeko yangoku ngoko. Ke ukuba wangenelela kwimeko kumazwe lesithathu (France, iBritani, eSoviet Union), le mfazwe kuphela ngokukhawuleza koyisa Germany. Ke konke oku akuzange kwenzeke ...

Intsingiselo zazo zanamhlanje

Ngoko ke yintoni yesiVumelwano Munich ngo 1938? "Betrayal, okanye impazamo?" - lo mbuzo nto kubaluleke kangaka ngoku, emva phantse asixhenxe engamashumi, ukuba hayi ezinye imiba yomthetho. Emva kwemfazwe, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zagqiba imigaqo izixhobo yaseYurophu kunye jikelele elawula. Nangona yiSoviet Union eyayikho, akukho namnye weza intloko yakhe ngokutsha iziphumo iinkomfa e Yalta kunye Potsdam, kodwa emva 1991 kwabakho ungquzulwano esemthethweni engaqhelekanga. Omnye izivumelwano, abathathi-nxaxheba abayeke, indawo yayo yathathwa yi-Russia ozimeleyo, ichase isilingo ukubonisa kuye abanye, mhlawumbi, "abahlobo yasentshona" bethu akuphumelelanga. Apha ke Ndakhumbula malunga kwizihlomelo eziya efihlakeleyo 1939 ngonyaka kunye nezinye insidiousness Iosifa Stalina. Kodwa malunga 1938 eMunich kulityalwa. Mhlawumbi absentmindedly ...