Yintoni entsha iye yaziswa kulawulo izixeko phantsi Peter I: burmisterskie Chamber, uMantyi oyiNtloko

Umbuzo iye yaziswa kulawulo olutsha lwedolophu phantsi Peter I, yenye imixholo ephambili ekufundeni indlela yembali Russian lwe ngenkulungwane ye-18. Le ngokutsha kufuneka ingqalelo kwimeko ukuguqula imisebenzi yomlawuli jikelele, leyo xa ucinga iwonga elitsha lizwe kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele kwaye utshintshe indlela yalo ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuhlawulwa zasekhaya entsimini yolawulo, hayi nje kuphela kweli ziko kodwa endle.

ngumba

Uhlalutyo into entsha lwaqaliswa kulawulo izixeko umlawuli wokuqala, simele siqale noko neenjongo wabasukela phantsi kolawulo irhuluneli kunye yotshintsho kukhal 'endala. iimfuno Military (kuba uninzi wolawulo uPetros Omkhulu, ilizwe lethu Alwa imfazwe elide Sweden sokufikelela kwi kuLwandle eBaltic) efunekayo iingeniso zerhafu abasisigxina kunye rhoqo kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo karhulumente. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwirhuluneli benza utshintsho lommandla, ngenjongo enye, oko inxaxheba kulawulo ezidolophini. Noko ke, yena ke wafuna nabanye abarhwebi amandla,, njengoko kuchasene irhafu ephezulu, leyo anikeziweyo. Kodwa msebenzi yakhe ephambili ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle yerhafu ebuncwaneni iimfuno yomkhosi kunye weenqanawa.

Inqanaba lokuqala

Nesihloko "Yintoni eye lwaqaliswa kulawulo emizini uPetros I entsha" kufuneka uqale ukonyulwa izigaba ezibini kule ngokutsha. Eyokuqala libhekisa ku-1699, xa umlawuli elizayo wazisa Institute onyuliweyo bailiffs, nto leyo ke ingeniswe kwi bale dolophu. Ngenxa yoko, baye basuswa kolawulo kwirhuluneli.

amagosa amatsha zikhethwe eyabarhwebi, ekubeni abanini eziphambili emizini yaye, ke ngoko, iindidi eziphambili berhafu. Baye ufikelelo ngqo kukumkani, kwaye isicelo kuye, ngokudlula abhide. Le mizi badalwa burmisterskie Chamber, owathi wangenisa le Moscow City Hall. Umsebenzi ongundoqo wolawulo omtsha wawuza ukuqokelela irhafu kunye nemisebenzi kaNondyebo kaRhulumente, kwakunye nolawulo phezu abanini imicimbi enkundla kunye nezorhwebo kunye nabenzi.

umlenze yesibini

Kuba ngokutsha lweedolophu uPetros ndabuya ngo-1720. Ehlabathini xesha urhulumente wakhe wayesebenza kulawulo lwengingqi. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ke ukumkani wagoduka waya le ngxaki inobuzaza yolawulo wesixeko.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, umantyi oyintloko zadalwa, apho ibekwe komkhulu, yaye ukusuka apho ezilawulwa onke amagunya kamasipala. Phezu komhlaba, wamisa ofisi yakhe, ziye zagqitywa ukususela bailiffs kunye Aldermen. Njengoko imfazwe yayiphela, * uKhesare waya indlela yokusebenza kwenkqubo entsha kwindawo enoxolo.

Ngoku amagosa esixeko sanyanzeleka nje kuphela ukuqokelela irhafu kunye nemisebenzi, kodwa kwakhona ukuthatha unonophelo ekuphuculeni zabo iindawo elabelwe. Le yokugqibela ibaluleke ngakumbi sibone oko entsha lwaqaliswa kulawulo imizi ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Okokugqibela bailiffs kunye Rathmann kwafuneka umsebenzi esweni ukhuseleko (ukutsho oko, kwafuneka ukudala abasemagunyeni amapolisa) ziquka izibhedlele, izikolo, almshouses. Ukongeza, abemi kwakhona ukuba isebenziseke ngenjongo yokuqokelela irhafu sele yahlulwe imifela ezimbini: rhoqo kwaye engaphumi. Iqela lokuqala luquka abanini, ukuya wesibini - umntu ongazange isakhiwo yabucala.

Guild naye ulawulo yayo. amalungu bahlangana iindibano wakhetha. Abo benza umsebenzi ophantsi, ukukhetha iintloko zabo desyatskih. Ukongeza, imibutho yobugcisa zayilwa imodeli West yaseYurophu. Ngoko ke, lo mlawuli yokuqala wazama ukukhuthaza uphuhliso karhulumente zikamasipala, nangona kunjalo, oku utshintsho asiphumelelanga.

iziphumo

Peter I ukuzama ukungena yelizwe self-government kwi imodeli kwamazwe aseYurophu khange kube yimpumelelo ngenxa yezizathu olulula kakhulu; oomantyi abazange babe nezinto ukumelana nemisebenzi yabo. Ngapha koko, yonke imali imirhumo irhafu baya mali karhulumente, ngelixa neemali sixeko abakhe hayi enyanisweni.

Noko ke, kubonisa into yokuba oku yimpumelelo kakhulu utshintsho waze Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kuhlala phantsi kweemeko ubunyani Russian, nangona engazange kwakhokelela ukuba umasipala wedolophu .