Uthando lu ... Abaphili bezilwane. Abadlali beContemporary Artists

Ukuphatha ... Igama alilona liqhelekileyo kuthi. Wonke umntu uye wamva ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe, kodwa akusiyo wonke umntu onokuzichaza ngokucacileyo intsingiselo yeli gama. Kwaye kuyabuhlungu, kuba iRashiya isoloko idume ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba inceba kunye nokuxhaswa kwakuyingxenye ebalulekileyo yezithethe zayo ezide.

Yintoni inceba?

Ukuba ucela nabani na odibana naye, yiyiphi intambo, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abanokufana naloo nto, ngokukhawuleza, banike impendulo ecacileyo. Ewe, wonke umntu uye weva ngabantu abacebileyo abancedisa ngemali kwiimyuziyam, kwiimfesane, kwizibhedlele, kwimibutho yezemidlalo yabantwana, abaculi beemvumi, abaculi kunye nezimbongi. Kodwa ngaba lonke uncedo luhlinzekwa ngokuxhomekeka? Kukho isisa kunye nenkxaso. Indlela yokwahlula ezi ngcamango komnye nomnye? Ukuqonda le miba enzima kwaye uncede eli nqaku.

Ukuxhaswa kwempahla yinto ephathekayo okanye enye inkxaso engabonakaliyo yabantu ababonelelwa kwimibutho, kunye nabameli beenkcubeko nobugcisa.

Imbali yekota

Imvelaphi yayo ingenxa yomntu wembali wangempela. UGuy Tsilniy Maecenas - lowo igama lakhe liye ligama lekhaya. Umntu ohloniphekileyo ongumRoma, ummelwane wase-Osttavian umbusi, wayedume ngokunceda abondlo abanetalente nabalobi batyhutshiswa ngabasemagunyeni. Wawasindisa ekufeni umbhali we-immortal "Aeneid" iVil Virgil kunye namanye amanani enkcubeko abanobomi babo babesongelwa ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko.

Kwakukho nabanye abasebenzisa ubugcisa baseRoma, ngaphandle kweGu Maecenas. Kutheni igama lakhe liba ligama lekhaya kwaye liba lixesha langoku? Inyani kukuba bonke abanye abacebisi abacebileyo abanqwenela ukuba bancengezele iidemon okanye iingcali ezihlazo ngenxa yokwesaba umbusi. Kodwa uGuy Maecenas wayenempembelelo enamandla kwi-Octavian Augustus, kwaye wayengesabi ukulwa nentando yakhe nomnqweno. Wagcina i Virgil. Isibongo sasixhasa abachasayo bezopolitiko kwaye ngenxa yale nto yahlaselwa. Yaye yedwa oza kumhlangula nguye nguMphathiswa. Ngako oko, igama labanye abaxhamlileyo lalahleka kwiinkulungwane, kwaye yena wahlala ekhunjweni kwabo baye bancedwa ngobomi bakhe bonke.

Imbali yokuvela koxhaswa

Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza umhla ochanekileyo wokubonakala kobubele. Ukungathandabuzeki kukuba yinto yokuba uncedo lokubonelela uncedo kubameli bezobugcisa ukusuka kwicala elinamandla kunye nobutyebi behlala njalo. Izizathu zolu luncedo zahlukile. Omnye uthanda ubugcisa kwaye wazama ngokunyanisekileyo ukunceda izimbongi, abaculi kunye neemvumi. Kwabanye abantu abazizityebi, oku kungaba ngumvuzo kwifashoni, okanye umnqweno wokuzibonakalisa nje ngokuba ngumnikeli onobubele kunye nentloko kwimeko yoluntu lonke. Amagunya, ngakwelinye icala, azame ukukhusela abameli bezobugcisa ukuze bahlale bephantsi.

Ngaloo ndlela, kwakunobuncwane kwixesha emva kokuvela koburhulumente. Kwaye ngexesha lexesha elidlulileyo, kwaye kwi-Middle Ages, iingqungquthela kunye nabaculi babesesigxina esiphezulu kwabameli begunya. Kwakubakho ubukhoboka basekhaya. Le meko iqhubekile kude kube nokuwa kweprogram ye-feudal.

Ngethuba lolawulo lolawulo lobukhosi lithatha uhlobo lweempesheni, amabhaso, izihloko ezihloniphekileyo, izikhundla zenkundla.

Utyando kunye nokuxhomekeka - ngaba kukho uhluko?

Kukho ukudideka kunye nesigama kunye nemiqondo yokuthandana, inceba kunye nenkxaso. Bonke baya kuthatha uncedo, kodwa umahluko phakathi kwabo usabalulekile, kwaye kuya kuba yimpazamo ukulingana. Kuyafaneleka ukuqwalasela ngokubanzi iinkcukacha umbuzo wegama lesiqhelo. Kuzo zonke iingcamango ezintathu, ukuxhaswa kunye nokuxhaswa kweentlobo kuyahluka kakhulu kunomnye. Ikota yokuqala ithetha ukubonelela ngoncedo phantsi kweemeko ezithile, okanye utyalo-mali kwimeko. Ngokomzekelo, inkxaso yoluculi inokubonelelwa ngemeko yokuba umfanekiso we-sponsor udale okanye igama lakhe likhankanywe kumajelo. Ukubeka nje, uxhaso lubandakanya ukufumana inzuzo ethile. Ukuxhaswa ngumsebenzi ongenabugovu kunye noncedo olukhulu kwezobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko. AmaMaecenas akajolise ekufumaneni izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo kuye.

Isihloko esilandelayo sinobubele. Yisondelene kakhulu nombono wobubele, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwabo awubonakali. Inika uncedo kwabasweleyo, kwaye isisiseko esiyinhloko sivelwano. Umbono wothando unobanzi obubanzi, kwaye ulawulo lusebenza njengoluhlobo oluthile.

Kutheni abantu besenza umsebenzi?

Abantu baseRashiya nabanikeli bezobugcisa baye bahlala behluke kwiiNtshonalanga kwiindlela zabo zokunceda abaculi. Ukuba sithetha ngeRashiya, apha ukuxhaswa yizinto eziphathekayo, ezenza ukuba ube nemfesane, umnqweno wokunceda ngaphandle kokukrazula nayiphi na inzuzo. Kwasekunjalo, kwiNtshona, kwakukho umzuzwana wokuzuza kwi-charity ngohlobo lweentlawulo zerhafu okanye ukuxolelwa kwabo. Ngako oko, akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ngokugqibezela.

Kutheni, ukususela ngekhulu le-XVIII, i-Russian philanthropists iqala ukunyanzelisa ubugcisa kunye nesayensi, ukwakha iilayibrari, iimyuziyam kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa?

Amandla amakhulu okuqhuba apha apha zezi zizathu ezilandelayo-ukuziphatha okuphezulu, ukuziphatha kunye nenkolo yabathathi. Umbono woluntu uxhasa ngokucacileyo imbono yenceba nenceba. Izithethe ezichanekileyo kunye nokukhuliswa kwenkolo kwakhokelela kwinto eqaqambileyo kwimbali yaseRussia, njengemifuno yokuphilisa ekupheleni kweXIX-yokuqala ye-XX yeenkulungwane.

Ulawulo lweRashiya. Imbali yokuvela kunye nesimo sengqondo sikaRhulumente kulolu hlobo lomsebenzi

Uthando kunye nokuxhaswa kweRashiya kunemasiko emide kunye nezulu. Baxhunyiwe kuqala kwixesha lokubonakala kobuKristu e-Kievan Rus. Ngaloo xesha, uthando lwalukho nje ngoncedo lwabantwini. Okokuqala, izinto ezinjalo zenziwa yicawa, ukuvula amakhaya asebekhulile, abakhubazekileyo kunye nezifo, nezibhedlele. Isiqalo sothando sasibekwa nguPrince Vladimir, enyanzelekile ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwicawa nakwiimonasteri ngokunyanzela uluntu.

Abalawuli abalandelayo baseRashiya, ukuphelisa ubuchwephesha bokucebisa, ngexesha elifanayo baqhubeka nokunyamekela abasweleyo ngokwenene. Izibhedlele, ii-almshouses, amakhaya abantwana abantwana abagulane abangekho mthethweni kunye nezigulane ezigula ngengqondo baqhubeka nokwakhiwa.

Utyando eRussia luphuhliswe ngempumelelo kubafazi. Ekhethekileyo ngokubonelelwa ngoncedo kuMpress u-Catherine I, uMaria Feodorovna no-Elizaveta Alekseevna.

Imbali yokuxhaswa eRashiya iqala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, xa ithe yaba enye yeendlela zobubele.

Abaqalayo baseRashiya bobugcisa

Umphathi wokuqala wobugcisa kwimbali yaseRashiya nguAlexander S. Stroganov. Omnye wabanini-mhlaba abakhulu belizwe, inani lidume kakhulu njengelungelo lokuxhamla kunye nomqokeleli. Ukuhamba ngokubanzi, iSrogroganov ithathwa ngokuqokelela imifanekiso yokudweba, amatye kunye neengqekembe. Inani elizinikele ixesha elide, izibonelelo kunye nezibonelelo ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko nobugcisa, kwaye zanikela ngoncedo nenkxaso kwiingoma ezidumileyo njengeGabriel Derzhavin noIvan Krylov.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe u-Count Stroganov wayengumongameli osisigxina we-Imperial Academy of Arts. Ngelo xesha, wayejongene neThala leeNcwadi zikaRhulumente kunye noMlawuli walo. Kwakuye kwenyathelo lokuba ukwakhiwa kweKathedral yaseKazan kwaqala ngokubandakanyeka kwezakhiwo zaseRashiya, kungekhona abantu basemzini.

Abantu abanjengoStroanov, bavulele indlela eya kubaphathi abathandayo, bengenabugovu kwaye bancede ngokunyanisekileyo ukuphuhlisa inkcubeko nobugcisa eRashiya.

Idolophu eyaziwayo yeDemidovs, abasunguli be-metallurgical industry yaseRashiya, ayayaziwa nje ngegalelo layo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni imboni yelizwe, kodwa nangenxa yothando lwayo. Abameli bobukhosi babenakekela iYunivesithi yaseMoscow kunye nokusekwa kweengxowa-mali kubafundi abavela kwiintsapho ezifumana umvuzo ophantsi. Bavula isikolo sokuqala sorhwebo kubantwana abarhwebi. Uncedisa rhoqo ikhaya likaDemidov leMfundo. Ngelo xesha baxakeke kwiqoqo leqoqo lobugcisa. Yaba yinto enkulu kunazo zonke kwihlabathi ezizimeleyo.

Omnye umphathiswa odumileyo kunye nomphathi wekhulu le-XVIII-Count Nikolai Petrovich Sheremetev. Wayeyinyaniso yezobugcisa, ngokukodwa i-theatre.

Ngesinye isihlandlo wayedume ngokutshatyalaliswa ngokutshata ne-serf yakhe, umlingisi wendlu yaseshashalazini ePraskovie Zhemchugova. Wafa kusasa waza wambetha umyeni wakhe ukuba angayishiyi uthando. Count Sheremetev wagcwalisa isicelo sakhe. Wasebenzisa inxalenye yenkunzi-mali ukuze ancedise abenzi bokusebenza kunye nabafazi abangenabomi. Kwiqhinga lakhe, ukwakhiwa kweNdlu yaseH hospice yaseMoscow kwaqala. Kwakhona watyala imali ekwakhiweni kweevenkile kunye neecawa.

Igalelo elikhethekileyo kwiklasi yomrhwebi ekuphuhliseni ububele

Abaninzi ngoku banengqondo engalunganga malunga nabarhwebi baseRashiya beXIX-XX. Yakhiwe phantsi kweempembelelo zamafilimu aseSoviet kunye nemisebenzi yokubhala, apho le ndlu yoluntu ibonakaliswe ngendlela engabonakaliyo. Zonke iipolisi zabathengisi zikhangeleka zingakhange zifundiswe, zijolise kuphela kwinzuzo nangayiphi na indlela ngabantu, ngelixa bengenalo mfesane nenceba kubamelwane babo. Le ngcamango ephosakeleyo. Ewe, iimeko ezikhoyo zihlala zikhona kwaye ziya kuba njalo, kodwa inxalenye enkulu yabathengisi yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yokufundisa kunye nenolwazi, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubala, ubuqaqawuli.

Kodwa phakathi kwabameli beentsapho ezintle, abaxhamli kunye nabaxhasi bezobugcisa bangabalwa kwiminwe. Utyando lwaseRussia luphela ngenxa yokufaneleka kweklasi yomrhwebi.

Siye sichaza ngokufutshane ngasentla, ngesizathu sokuba abantu baqale ukubandakanya ukuxhaswa. Kubaninzi abathengisi nabavelisi, uthando luye lwaba yindlela yokuphila, luye lwaba luphawu olubalulekileyo lwendalo. Apha wadlala indima yokuba abathengisi abaninzi bezityebi kunye nababhanki babeyinzala yabaKrestu abaKhe, abaye babonakalisa isimo sengqondo esikhethekileyo kwimali nobutyebi. Kwaye isimo sengqondo sabasomashishini baseRashiya kwimisebenzi yabo sasiluhluke kunokuba, ngokomzekelo, eNtshona. Kubo, ubuncwane abuyena umntwana, ukurhweba akusiyo inzuzo yenkxaso, kodwa kunoko uxanduva olumiselwe nguThixo.

Ephakanyiswe kwiinkcubeko ezinzulu zonqulo, oosomashishini baseRussia-abaxhasi babekholelwa ukuba ubutyebi bunikezwa nguThixo, ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba kuthwale uxanduva lwayo. Enyanisweni, babekholelwa ukuba banyanzelekile ukuba bancede. Kodwa oku kwakunganyanzelekanga. Yonke into yenziwe ngedingo lomphefumlo.

Abatumi beRussia abaziwayo bekhulu le-19

Eli xesha libhekwa njengeliso olukhulayo kwiRashiya. Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho okuye kwaqala kwanegalelo ekwenzeni ukuphazamiseka kwabantu kunye nobutyebi babantu abazizityebi.

Abathengisi abadumileyo beXIX-XX zeenkulungwane ngabo bonke abameli beklasi lorhwebi. Abameli ababalaseleyo yiPavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov kunye nomzalwana wakhe ondumeleyo uSergei Mikhailovich.

Ndimele ndithi abathengisi baseT tretyakov babengenabo ubutyebi obukhulu. Kodwa oku akuzange kubangele ukuba baqoke ngokucophelela ukudweba ngamatye ahloniphekileyo, bachithe imali eninzi. USergei Mikhailovich wayenomdla kwipeyinti yaseNtshona Yurophu. Emva kokufa kwakhe, ukuqokelelwa komnakwabo kwakufakwe kwimifanekiso yokudweba nguPavel Mikhailovich. Kubonakala ngowe-1893, igalari yobugcisa yayinegama lababini abathandekayo baseRashiya. Ukuba sithetha kuphela malunga nokuqokelelwa kwepeyinti nguPavel Mikhailovich, ngoko ke uNondye wasebenzisa i-ruble yesigidi kwisigidi sakhe. Okuyinqabileyo ngexesha elo mali.

Waqala ukuqokelela iqoqo lakhe lodwebo lwaseRashiya uTrakoakov ebusheni bakhe. Ngaloo xesha wayenomgomo ochanekileyo - ukuvula igalari kawonkewonke yoluntu ukuze ubani akwazi ukutyelela ngaphandle kwentlawulo kwaye ajoyine ubugcisa bobugcisa obuhle baseRussia.

Kubazalwana baseTrtyakov sinesityekiso esihle kwiRashiya yaseTransakov.

UMaecenas Tretyakov wayengesiye yedwa umgcini wezobugcisa eRashiya. U-Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, ummeli wobukhosi obudumileyo, ngumsunguli kunye nomakhi we-Russia. Akazange anqwenele ukudumo kwaye akazange akhathalele ngokupheleleyo umvuzo. Ukuthanda kwakhe kuphela kukuthanda ubugcisa. U-Savva Ivanovich ngokwakhe wayeyindalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwimvelo, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wawubunzima. Ngokweziganeko, yena ngokwakhe unokuba ngumculi we-opera omangalisayo (wayenikwe ukuba enze kwinqanaba le-opera yase-Italy), kunye nomdwebi.

Indawo yakhe uAbrtsevo yajika yaba yindwendwe yabavakalisi baseRussia. Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, kunye no-Shalyapin behlala belapha. Bonke uMamontov banikezela uncedo lwezezimali kunye nokukhuselwa. Kodwa umgcini wanikela inkxaso enkulu kwi-arts art.

Umsebenzi kaMontontov wothando wenziwa ngabantakwabo kunye nabalingani bezoshishino njengezinto eziyintsikelelo, kodwa oku akuzange kumyeke. Ekupheleni kobomi bakhe, u-Savva Ivanovich wachitheka waza waphuma ejele. Wayelungele ngokupheleleyo, kodwa akakwazanga ukubandakanya ishishini. Kuze kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe, wayexhaswa ngabo bonke abo awalunceda ngokungazenzisiyo.

U Savva Timofeevich Morozov ungumntu othobekileyo othobekileyo wobungcali oye wanceda i-Art Theatre ukuba imeko yakhe ayiyi kukhankanywa kulo mbandela kumaphephandaba. Kwaye bonke abanye abameli balobu bukhosi banikela uncedo oluxabisekileyo ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko nobugcisa. USergei Timofeevich Morozov wayemthanda ubugcisa bokubukisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa baseRashiya, ukuqokelela okuqokelelweyo kwakuyiziko leMyuziyam yaseMoscow. U-Ivan Abramovich wayengumphathi we-Marc Chagall engaziwayo.

Ixesha langoku

Inguqulelo kunye neziganeko ezilandelelanayo zaphazamisa izithethe eziphawulekayo zesiRashiya. Kwaye emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union kwadlula ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba abatsha abatsha baseRussia babonakale. Kubo baxhomekeke kwintsebenzo yenkqubo ehleliweyo. Ngelishwa, umxholo wobubele, owuqala unyaka oya kuYurophu, ogqithiseleyo kakhulu kwiindaba. Amatyala ambalwa kuphela ayaziwa kwawonkewonke, kwaye ininzi yomsebenzi wabaxhasayo, abathandi kunye neziseko zokuncedisa zidlula ngabantu. Ukuba ngoku ubuza nabani na odibana naye: "Ziziphi iimashoni zanamhlanje owaziyo?", Akukho mntu uya kuphendula lo mbuzo. Kwaye kunjalo abantu abanjalo kufuneka bazi.

Phakathi koosomashishini baseRussia ababandakanyeka ngokuzithandana, okokuqala, umongameli wenkampani ebambe iqela "Interros" uVladimir Potanin, owathi ngonyaka ka-2013 wachaza ukuba uya kubaphethe yonke inzuzo yakhe ngenjongo yokunceda. Le nto yayingummangalisa ngokwenene. Wasekela i-fund enegama lakhe, elijongene neeprojekthi ezinkulu kwinkalo yemfundo nenkcubeko. NjengoSihlalo weBhodi yeTrasti yeHermitage, sele esinikele kuye i-ruble ezigidi ezi-5.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, omnye noosomashishini zinhanha kunye anempembelelo eRashiya, ngumseki le fund uthando "umsebenzi ezamahala", nto leyo ngezimali mali usomashishini lobuqu. The Foundation wachitha iinkqubo ngaphezulu kwama-400, mali leyo eyayifikelela kwi abangama phantse billion 7 engange. Deripaska ukwenza kwimisebenzi sa kwinkalo yemfundo, inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko, kunye nemidlalo. Kwakhona, le ngxowa-mali ibonelela ngoncedo kwi Hermitage, zemidlalo ezininzi, yoonongendi kunye namaziko emfundo kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Xa indima ngokuthanda abantu baseRashiya yanamhlanje ayikwazi ukwenza ishishini kuphela inkulu, kodwa amagosa kunye nezakhiwo zorhwebo. Charity benza "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" kunye nezinye iinkampani ezininzi kunye neebhanki.

Ndingathanda ukukhankanya Dmitriya Borisovicha Zimina, umseki OJSC "Vimpel-Communications". Ukususela ngo-2001, ukufikelela inzuzo oluzinzileyo inkampani, umhlala wazinikela ngokupheleleyo sa. Waseka ibhaso "Illuminator" yaye "Dynasty" fund. Ngokutsho Zimin ezininzi, yonke imali eyinkunzi wanikela ukuya yesisa free ngokupheleleyo. Wadala lo seSiseko sele nokuxhasa inzululwazi esisiseko eRashiya.

Kakade ke, ukuphana namhlanje bengekafiki umgangatho yabonwa kwi "igolide" kwinkulungwane XIX. Ngoku ke zineengxaki, ngelixa ngokuthanda abantu kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo zizinikile inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi ye ukuxhasa.

Ingaba kukho ikamva kwabaswele Russia?

April 13 kwaphawula iholide emangalisayo - uSuku van'wankumi kunye umxhasi ubugcisa eRashiya. Umhla ke iphelelwe ukuya lokuzalwa uGayo Maecenas, umxhasi ongumRoma neembongi kunye namagcisa, kwaye ogama lakhe liye laziwa elithi "van'wankumi". Umqalisi lo mthendeleko yaba Hermitage, bemelwe yi umqondisi uMikhail Piotrovsky. Le mini yesibini igama - noMhla Enkosi. Okokuqala wakukhankanya ngo-2005 yaye sinethemba lokuba kwixesha elizayo uya kuphulukana ukufaneleka kwayo.

Ngoku kukho isimo sengqondo luyathandabuzeka kwabakhweli. Esinye sezizathu eziphambili ezibangela ukuba oku sengqondo luyathandabuzeka kubantu abazizityebi kwiimeko ezikhoyo namhlanje, zonke ezithile ngokwezinga eyomeleleyo zentlalo. Akukho namnye eliphikisa ukuba ngokufuthi ingeniso evela ubutyebi alwamkelekanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba isininzi sabantu ithetha. Kodwa kukho inani labantu abazizityebi kunye nabo ukunika izigidi kuphuhliso kunye nokugcinwa inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko, kunye nezinye iinjongo yesisa. Yaye oko bekuya kuba bhetele xa urhulumente bakhathazeka yokuba amagama labathengi usebenzo zobugcisa Russian ziye kwaziwa ukuba kwisangqa ngeendidi zabantu.