YeTyuwa. ammonium nebhiKharbonati

Yintoni netyuwa?

Iklasi of anemichiza ezibandakanya zesiqinisekiso metal okanye ammonium zesiqinisekiso, uhamba kunye anion le moiety asidi unalo igama generic - ityuwa. Zahlula-hlulwe eqhelekileyo (okanye medium), asidi, basic, kabini, ukuphilisa (crystalline ukuphilisa) ezintsonkothileyo.

Kuba iityuwa luphawulwa ukutshintshwa epheleleyo ukuse- hydrogen molecule acid kwi yesinyithi okanye ammonium zesiqinisekiso, ezifana eqhelekileyo (okanye medium) isodiyam sulphate Na2SO4 okanye calcium carbonate CaCO3.

Ukuba molecule asidi ukuse- hydrogen ngokungaphelelanga ubanjelwe zesiqinisekiso, iityuwa acid ezo zibizwa, umzekelo, ammonium yesoda NH4HCO3 okanye sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3.

Ukuba molecule wenqwelwana nga endaweni epheleleyo kunye noluphakathi lwamaqela hydroxyl kwi ngokugqibeleleyo acid, i ityuwa exonxiweyo kuthiwa basic, umzekelo, digidroksokarbonat ubhedu (CuOH) 2CO3.

Kwifomula iqulethe iityuwa ezimbini kabini iyatshi- ezahlukeneyo, umz, aluminiyam kwaye potassium kwi potassium alum Kal (SO4) 2 • 12 H2O.

Kwifomula, ityuwa mixed iqulethe ezimbini anion ezahlukeneyo, umz, iblitshi CaCl (OCl).

Ukubunjwa iityuwa ukuphilisa ziquka iimolekyuli zamanzi crystallization, umz, sulfate ubhedu (blue) CuSO4 • 5 H2O.

Iimolekyuli luqulathe neetyuwa ezintsonkothileyo okanye zesiqinisekiso esimbaxa anion ezintsonkothileyo, umz, chloride tetraammintsinka (II) [(Zn (NH3) 4)] Cl2.

Njengoko iityuwa kwakhiwa amagama?

amagama ababini amagama neetyuwa. Lokuqala - igama anion, leyo umi kwimeko nominative. Igama yesibini (kwimeko genitive) livela igama zesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo: sodium sulphate Na2SO4, intsimbi sulfate (II) FeSO4, intsimbi sulfate (III) Fe2 (SO4) 3, calcium carbonate CaCO3, chloride lobhedu CuCl2. Le iityuwa Isihloko acid phambi igama irekhodwa anion isimaphambili "hydro" okanye isimaphambili "in-", ukuba kwi molecule wahlala omnye unsubstituted hydrogen zesiqinisekiso. Ukuba hydrogen uhlala ukuse- ezimbini, lo gama erekhodiweyo isimaphambili anion "dihydro". Imizekelo hydrogencarbonate (okanye yesoda) NaHCO3 isisombululo (oku ityuwa eyaziwa ngokuba nesoda yokubhaka), sodium dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4.

Ammonium yesoda. ifomula

Xa ifomula asidi asidi ityuwa NH4HCO3, apho zesiqinisekiso Ammonium ifakiwe nayo anion HCO3- ezenziwa endaweni nanonelela molecule esiti hydrogen zesiqinisekiso ukuya ammonium ion kakuhle ityala. Oko kukuthi, zinemoletyhule kunikwa ityuwa asidi liquka Ukuqwalaselwa Ammonium NH4 +, ezinxulumene omnye anion kokuba uqambe HCO3- hydrogencarbonate. Le ndlela yokubala kakhulu kwinkqubo Hill ibhalwe njenge: CH5NO3. Ubunzima eziphilayo ubuncwane yi 79,06. e. m.

izakhiwo

Ammonium yesoda yikhompawundi kwiQela imbonakalo - it ziikristale ezingenambala kunye efestileni rhombic. Konga 1,586 g / cm3 (kwi-20 ° C). Le landisa umphunga ukusuka kuma-59 mm. HG. Art. (Ngelo 25,4 ° C) ukuya 278 mm. HG. Art. (Ngelo 45 ° C).

ammonium yesoda ayikho enyibilikayo ethanol kunye acetone. Kakhulu enyibilikayo emanzini; ne lobushushu ukwandisa ukunyibilika ukunyuka yetyuwa acid ukusuka 11.9 g / 100 g (kwi-0 ° C) ukuya 36.6 g / 100 g (kwi-40 ° C).

Ammonium yesoda abole kunye release CO2 sele kwi-20 ° C. Xa amaqondo obushushu 36-70 ° C ityuwa abole e izisombululo zolwelo. Ngenxa yoko, ammonia kwiwebhsayithi, wavelisa amanzi kunye necarbon dioxide: NH4HCO3 → NH3 ↑ + CO2 ↑ + H2O.

Ngenxa yokuba haydrolisis i isisombululo zolwelo sokungamelani okwanamhlanje obrak. Xa ufaka kanzulu isisombululo ammonia ezikhandelwa ityuwa eqhelekileyo: NH4HCO3 + NH3 → (NH4) 2CO3.

Phantsi yesenzo asidi kunye alkalis iginya ityuwa asidi quadratic yokusabela: NH4HCO3 + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O + CO2 ↑ okanye NH4HCO3 + 2 NaOH → Na2CO3 + NH3 • H2O + H2O.

Ammonium yesoda. indawo yolwamkelo

Njengabo bonke hydrogencarbonates, asidi ammonium ityuwa iyafumaneka yi yokupasa elide carbon dioxide nge isicombululo ammonium ityuwa eziziisekondari: (NH4) 2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NH4HCO3.

Phantsi ubushushu wobulali (30 ° C) iityuwa eliphakathi kwenzeka yokubola yayo thermal ukuya ammonia netyuwa acid: (NH4) 2CO3 → 2 NH4HCO3 + NH3.

Ukuba amanzi dutywa carbon dioxide kunye ammonia kunokwenzeka kwakhona nokufumana olune ammonium ityuwa: NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NH4HCO3.

isicelo

ammonium yesoda lisetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya: udlala indima yokuba arhente kwemichiza leavening ekuvelisweni kweti i-confectionery kunye yokubhaka iimveliso. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukuze kushenxiswe uvavanyo entsha usebenzisa ibhiKharbonati yesoda NaHCO3. Kodwa isicelo yawo engafanelekanga phantsi, kuba zisancumisa okanye izicatshulwa baxovula de nokubhaka kukhokelela ukuba kususwe ngokukhawuleza kakhulu yabumba ukusabela gas గుర్తులు ibhaloni, yaye kulo mzekelo, intlama angeke iluhlaza yaye kulula.

Ammonium yesoda isetyenziselwa kwezikhumba kunye bokudaya amalaphu textile: inkqubo yokususa idayi unfixed (okanye stripper) ngumxube we neetyuwa iquka ammonium yesoda.

Le into ezisetyenziswa kwezolimo njengoko ukubola yomxhesho (ukubola kunamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ukhuseleko), kwakunye isichumiso ngenxa iitapile, imifuno kunye ukudla. Isetyenziswa iimpawu zakhe isantya okanye esiphikisa iinkqubo nitrification lomhlaba.

Ammonium yesoda lisetyenziswa imigodi uranium, amashishini metallurgical, ngokunjalo amayeza (ekuvelisweni iivithamini). In organic ezwi na umbandela ekrwada ekuveliseni kweekhemikhali, ezifana neetyuwa.