Le iinxalenye umnqonqo. umsebenzi spinal

inkqubo spinal kugqalwa kakhulu yamandulo ndawo yomzimba. Ubunzima le nxalenye umntu omdala malunga 34-38 Ebudeni yokuqhubela phambili kwisabelo esisezantsi e-nervous system ngexesha ratio ngendaleko phakathi ubungakanani ingqondo kunye umnqonqo batshintsha baxhasa lokuqala. Emva koko, thatha sihlolisise, yintoni na isakhiwo, nto leyo yenza umsebenzi.

eziphilayo jikelele

Umnqonqo liqumrhu zezindlu semilo engagunyaziswanga. ubude bayo ngabantu - malunga nama-45, abafazi - 41-42 cm Kukho amacandelo ahlukeneyo umnqonqo .. inxenye yomzimba ngasinye ineenkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, inxalenye esifubeni unalo njengomlinganiso sagittal (xa moya i emva isisu) - malunga ne-8 mm. Netoti kule ndawo - 10 mm. Ukuqina iqala khona apho kwicandelo-II III (entanyeni). Kweli candelo ubukhulu ifikelela 13-14 mm. ubukhulu Ngaloo sagittal - 9 mm. Kwicandelo, nto leyo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya yesibini empontshwa sacral Isiqwenga sangqa malunga 12 mm. Sagittal ubukhulu balo - 9 mm. Umzimba yonke yahlulwe iinxalenye ezithile (inani uziziqwempu umnqonqo ziza kuboniswa ngezantsi). Okulandelayo cinga isakhiwo izinto abakhoyo.

ziqwempu umnqonqo: umzobo, inkcazelo

Umzimba yenziwa efanayo kwezinye iindawo ngamnye (homomorphic). ziqwempu umnqonqo idityaniswe ababhexeshi-luvo kunye kwindawo ethile apha emzimbeni. Ubude indawo ethile yomzimba eyahlukileyo. Inani lilonke uziziqwempu umnqonqo - 31. Kancinane iziqalelo zone coccygeal. Xa isakhiwo sangoku:

• Ezi ziqwempu empontshwa (5).
• Sacral (5).
• Ibele (12).
• Coccygeal (1).
• Ezi ziqwempu yomqolo wesibeleko (8).

Kwi akhawunti yokugqibela malunga 23.2% obude kobume yonke. Uninzi (56.4%) Ahlale inxalenye thoracic. 7.3% ye ubude akhawunti kwindawo sacral. ziqwempu umnqonqo ngaphandle ke angasemva kwaye phambi ilungelo alternating zeemoto zikhondo - iinkqubo luvo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isakhiwo akuthethi ukuzalisa isitishi yonke. Kulo mba, inxalenye spinal ephakamile igama elifanayo omqolo. Umahluko phakathi yesibini kunye nokunyuka ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi.

indawo

Ukwahluka ngamnye sites skeletopy. Umzekelo, kummandla esezantsi isahlulo empontshwa nga kubekwa abadala ukusuka wesithathu emazantsi XI yomzimba omqolo thoracic ukuya disc phakathi omqolo empontshwa yokuqala neyesibini. Malunga nalo msebenzi ethile mbono. Ukuba zikhondo eliphezulu yandisa kwicala ezinqamlezayo, i ezansi ijelo, kungona imveliso kuthelekiswa kwigalelo inxalenye foramen intervertebral. izinto zakutshanje nkqo badla kwimimandla ebekwe ngezantsi kwinqanaba apho umnqonqo iphela. Konke oku uphakathi filament ekupheleni umqadi. Wabiza i "poni".

filum terminale

Into yesibini intambo empontshwa emqolo waya imfundo ekhethekileyo oludala. Ibizwa ngokuba "ukuphela intambo." It abunjwe mater ikakhulu pia. Xa uninzi zone yayo ephezulu kukho iiseli zemithambo-luvo. intambo ukuphela yeentlobo ezimbini. Kungaba lwangaphakathi. Kule meko nangabo kwi meninges ukuya vertebra sesibini sacrum. Isiphelo vulu inokuba lwangaphandle. Kulo mzekelo, nangabo ngaphaya vertebra yesibini coccyx. Cu engaphandle kukhethwa iquka ukuqhubeka imicu nokuqina. Ukuphela engaphakathi linobude intsontelo malunga-16, kwaye engaphandle - 8 cm.

dissymmetry

ziqwempu umnqonqo engekho macala ngokupheleleyo. ubude ukungalingani kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo nokukhutshwa ezingcanjini ambona kwinqanaba lophuhliso osandul. Emva kokuzalwa dissymmetry ngokokunyuka ixesha. Oku ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu kule ndawo thoracic. Xa amaphiko root dissymmetry into ucaca ngakumbi kwi ngaphambili. Kuyabonakala ukuba, le meko kubangelwe ngumahluko kulusu kunye izihlunu innervation wamacala yasekhohlo kunye nelungelo umntla.

Ezi mpawu yangaphakathi izinto

Makhe sihlolisise ngokufutshane isakhiwo intambo ingxenye umnqonqo. isiqalelo ngasinye ekhoyo idiskhi - ipleyiti akhiwe tyaba. Kwinqanaba le nxalenye ukwandisa uxhulumaniso neuronal. ukuma kwabo nazo tye. Phakathi zama kukho unxibelelwano nkqo neuronal. Ngoko ke, izinto angamelwa ngokohlobo amacwecwe ale mfumba. Nabo ke, zadityaniswa uqhagamshelo interneuron. Xa ukuyilwa iingcambu cipande na axons inxaxheba weeseli esihambelanayo iimpondo zisecaleni umnqonqo. Bona ziqulathe imicu novelwano kunye efferent motor preganglionic; e amaphiko iingcambu iqulethe isakhiwo afferent. Bona luvo iinkqubo ganglion. I iyonke Imali ekhoyo imicu amaphiko iingcambu - malunga-1 million abantu kwicala ngalinye; izinto phambi eshiyekileyo ifunyanwa ngawo kwisakhiwo malunga 200 000. Njengoko ajike ratio ye-5: 1. abameli

zasendle ukuxhaphaka inani amaphiko iingcambu phezu kwabo okuzenzela anokufumaneka ngaphambili, hayi kukubi. Ngokomzekelo, xa iimpuku, umlinganiselo yeempuku 2.5 kunye izinja: 1. Oku, ngoko, livela omnye iipateni yendaleko yophuhliso e-nervous system ekuyo. Ihlala yokuba lokusekwa input amajelo banento ngaphezu veki. Kunye yokugqibela abazinzileyo ngakumbi. Inani of luvo kwi ngomva kunye cipande inemvelaphi ingxenye eyodwa spinal badla iyahluka. Umahluko inokuba ukuya kwi-59% izakhiwo kwicala apho zingaba ngaphantsi.

into gray

Imilo cross-somhlathi uyafana amaphiko ibhabhathane kuluxela okanye ileta N. Kukho nangasemva, ngaphambili kwicala iimpondo. isimo sabo kuyahlukana ecaleni umnqonqo. Kwisayithi, eliqingqiweyo iimpondo osecaleni ngomva, nguye ukwakheka reticular yohlobo umnatha. into Gray kuthatha malunga 5 cm ³ (malunga 17.8%) umqulu zizonke umnqonqo. Inani luvo ezikhoyo ibe malunga nezigidi 13.5. Ayavumelana ngokwamaqela amathathu: eyodwa, umqadi, radicular. Grey Umba sisigqeba ekhethekileyo isixhobo. Apha, wabeka ezinye imisebenzi umnqonqo. Ukuluma ovelayo kwimicu afferent enkosi Intanethi ithathe indawo apha downlink kwaye kwicala uplink. Bona, ku ochred yabo bandiqumbise impendulo motor ngokubanzi.

into emhlophe

Iqulethe kwingqikelelo, commissural kunye kweeneural associative. Le yokugqibela zophahla ukwandisa isakhiwo circumferentially hina, hi umnqonqo. indlela Commissural kwakhiwa spike emhlophe. Kuxhomekeke phakathi phambi mba noqhoqhoqho yaye ndiyingwevu eliphakathi (ngokudibanisa iihafu zayo). Kwelivi umendo (phansi (efferent) kunye enyukela (afferent)) yokunxibelelana ebuchotsheni.

igazi

ubonelelo igazi ikhutshwa phandle womnatha ezininzi nemithambo. Baya kumka kuyo kwinxalenye engentla subclavian, lengqula kunye yegazi vertebral. Kwakhona aba kusuka isahlulo apho amacandelo yesibini neyesithathu ka umnqonqo. Kule ndawo, igazi ivela amasebe aorta. Ngaphezu amathandathu imithambo radicular bafundelane ngezibini, ezo abunjwe malunga mingxuma intervertebral kwahluka ezincinane (150-200 micrometers) ubukhulu. Nikeza igazi kuphela iingcambu, kwaye iqokobhe ezikufutshane kuyo. Ukutya, enyanisweni, le umnqonqo ababandakanyekayo malunga 5-9 imithambo ezinkulu (400-800 mm) abanjalo. Zonke iimpahla uhlobo lwesigypsy. Bengena itshaneli kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo nge ekunene, ekhohlo nge emngxunyeni. Bayibiza buti kwemithambo okanye umva-medullary. Inani le inkulu kuzo lonke ixesha. Released iibhedi ezintathu nemithambo:

• Upper okanye cervico-amaphiko. Yena ummandla apho kukho iinxalenye intambo C1 nomnqonqo - Th3.
• Eliphakathi okanye avareji. Oku kuquka amacandelo Th4-Th8.
• Lower. It uyasondla indawo ngezantsi kwinqanaba ingxenye Th9.

Umthambo sobuKristu spinal kunabela nje ngamaqhekeza ezimbalwa eso sakhiwo. Ngapha koko, loo nto imelwe ngesitya enye. Kuyinto kwempahla anastomoses ezininzi imithambo ezinkulu radicular-medullary. Blood flow kwi kwemithambo akudala spinal eya kumacala ahlukeneyo. Kumacandelo eliphezulu - ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, phakathi - ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, umzantsi - phezulu phantsi.

imisebenzi ephambili

Kukho imisebenzi ezimbini eziyintloko umnqonqo. I yokuqala - nje yokudala, owesibini - Uhanjiso. kwilungu ngalinye unxulunyaniswa amalungu athile kwaye iqinisekisa umsebenzi wabo kunye nokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, izinto sacral ke imilenze kunye namaziko zangasese yaye zinoxanduva umsebenzi kwezi nkalo umzimba. Enye okanye omnye umbuzo thoracic esinxibelelana amalungu efanelekileyo kunye nezihlunu. izinto Upper ezinxulumene intloko nezandla. umsebenzi reflex ye umnqonqo ezi ikhaliphe ezilula iMbonakalo-ngqo yoBume. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, kuquka impendulo intlungu - umntu osusa isandla sakhe, umzekelo. Kwakhona kolu didi zaziwa idolo-jerk reaction. Xa ngokubonakala ezi khemikhali, ingqondo akakwazi inxaxheba. Le ngcamango kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kunye nezilwanyana. Xa engekho entloko isele ukuba ukuphendula zombini ezintweni ukuzenza nezo bawe phantsi intlungu. Intambo Conductive emqolo list transmission ukubetha. Okokuqala, ukuba uyenyuka. Uplink indlela angxamele yavakala ebuchotsheni, yaye ukusuka apho kuthunyelwa ibe umyalelo umva na igunya. Ngenxa kule uqhagamshelwano wire siboniswa, nawuphi na umsebenzi ngengqondo: ukuthatha, hamba, Vuka, ilifti, cut, baleka, ulilahle, ukuzoba. Njengoko umbexeshi umsebenzi umnqonqo ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa izenzo ukuba abantu uqaphele, yenza yonke imihla emsebenzini okanye ekhaya.

uphondo lateral

Ezi zinto kufuneka imisebenzi yabo. Ezi mpondo lateral (indawo eliphakathi kwi mba grey) zicwangciswe novelwano yawo isakhiwo iseli luvo. Ngoncedo lwabo, intsebenziswano kunye nezibilini. Ezi seli babe iinkqubo abaqhagamshelwe kunye iingcambu sobuKristu. Le ndawo ukhandwa endleleni; kwi iinxalenye kumacandelo aphezulu ezimbini umnqonqo lo mmandla reticular - inyanda inani elikhulu imithambo-luvo ukuba ezinxulumene neendawo ze kusebenze cortical ebuchotsheni kunye nomsebenzi reflex. Umsebenzi nocamba umcimbi engwevu namhlophe, ingcambu ngaphambili kanye amaphiko ekuthiwa asabela reflex. Sami ikhaliphe wayebize, ngokwenkcazelo, Pavlov, unconditioned.

Ukwenyuka indlela

iintambo Front zenkqunto ezimhlophe zininzi iindlela, nganye ezisebenza umsebenzi othile:

• Corticospinal (pyramidal ngaphambili) linoxanduva ukutshintshwa neemvakalelo mafutha ukusuka uthinte yobuchopho ngaphambili kwi iimpondo amaphiko.
• spinothalamic Front inikeza ubuntununtunu oyivileyo.
• Le umqadi Leventhal kunye Gel'd - Imicu umcimbi ezimhlophe ukubophelela eziba vestibular 8 izibini luvo-luvo motor cranial kwi iimpondo ngaphambili.
• indlela Tectospinal yakha reflex yokhuselo, apho neyayanyaniswa zizinto olubonakalayo okanye ekuva. Oku kufezwa amaziko zonxibelelwano phantsi neuron ebonwayo nobuchopho eziba kwi iimpondo cipande.
• beam Longitudinal inikezela uququzelelo kunye nezinye nezihlunu ocular, ngokubopha inxalenye aphezulu umnqonqo kunye umphanda.
• Ngomendo unyuka ubabonisa nzulu ngokwentshukumisa uvakalelo. Isiphumo ingqiqo komzimba ebantwini. Kwathi ke la ngenxa spinothalamic, imbobo tectospinal kunye cortico-spinal.

iyehla

transfer umfutho evela ngumonzakalo ebuchotsheni ku mba ezingwevu iimpondo cipande kuthwalwa cortico-nomqolo umsele lateral. Krasnoyaderno indlela fluid inika ulungiso oluzenzekelayo kwezihlunu kunye nentshukumo kumgangatho ienjini. Le ijelo elisetyenziswa ibekwe phambi yokuxazulula-pyramidal. Ngu krasnoyaderno indlela kwicala spinnotalamichesky spinnomozzhechkovy fluid bengingqi kunye nangesemva.

features ubudala

Temporary utshintsho inkxalabo isakhiwo umnqonqo, kunye nesimo sendawo yawo. Kwisiqingatha sesibini kwexesha Palsy kwaphawula ezinye kade ekukhuleni kwayo. Ngokukodwa, ukuba libe lisalele ngasemva uphuhliso kwikholam spinal. Kwaye iya ku ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo. Kwiintsana cone ingqondo ibekwe kwi vertebra empontshwa wesithathu, kwaye iphela nge omdala kwi wokuqala okanye kowesibini. Ngeli xesha lonke lokukhula ubude ngesakhiwo inyuswe 2.7 p. Oku advantageously zifumaneka amacandelo thoracic. isakhiwo Weight kwandisa amaxesha malunga 6-7. Ukukhula mba ezimhlophe kunye izimvi umnqonqo udlula akulingani ngokwaneleyo. Lo mqulu yaligqiba yokuqala 14 neyesibini - 5 amaxesha. Oku kungenxa yokuba awakho uphuhliso layo iyunithi segmental sigqityiwe ngaphambili ngaphezu ezayo endleleni-luvo.

Ekuphetheni

Phakathi umnqonqo nobuchopho, inkqubo luvo, onke amalungu omzimba womntu wamisela ulwalamano olukhethekileyo. Kucingwa i "iirobhothi iphupha". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho mntu, nkqu irobhothi eziphuhlileyo ayikwazi ukwenza zonke izenzo kunokwenzeka neentshukumo, nenokuthi maxa wambi ichaphazeleke omzimba zebhayoloji. Ezi oomatshini banamhlanje wotshi yalungiselelwa ukuba enze imisebenzi ethile. Amaninzi ezi iirobhothi zisetyenziswa kwimveliso indibano-line ezenzekelayo. spinal intambo beyunithi njengepesenti abameli ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi yezilwanyana amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, isele - 45, Ufudo - 120, amabuzi - 36, macaque - 12 izinja - 18, yaye abantu - 2. Xa isakhiwo umnqonqo kakhulu ngokucacileyo iimpawu zoyilo efanayo ibonakale kunye neepateni kwimimandla luvo central.